Librium. With four co-authors.

Transmission of leprosy to animals. See also J. exp. Med., 1960, 112, 445.

Polyomavirus (papovavirus) shown to be capable of transforming cells in culture.  Full text from PubMedCentral at this link.

Simian virus type 40, a polyomavirus found in both monkeys and humans.

Important experimental technique (Shumway); reported eight heart homotransplants.

The first fully-implantable pacemaker. 

Attempts to list and annotate every reference of fundamental importance in the development of 21 selected diseases.

First radioimmunoassay of a hormone, a test capable of estimating nonogram or even picogram quantities. For this technique Yalow shared the 1977 Nobel Prize with R. Guillemin and A. Schally.

Kouwenhoeven and colleagues developed closed-chest cardiac massage without thoracotomy. Kouwenhoeven has been called "the father of cardiopulmonary resuscitation."

Scribner, Quinton, and Dillard made repeated dialysis possible by their development of indwelling Teflon–Silastic arteriovenous shunts. These became known as Scribner Shunts.

Education for the deaf.

English translation, 1970.

First demonstration of the value of the operating microscope in microsurgery.

Continues and supplements Nos. 5352 and 5352.1

Contains an extensive bibliography.

Live virus vaccine. With M. V. Milovanovič, and A. Holloway.

A romantic and inspirational historical novel about Hippocrates by the great Canadian neurosurgeon.

Covers England and Wales only.

Describes 2289 rare books primarily concerning surgery, military medicine, and orthopaedics, donated by H.Winnett Orr (1877-1956).

Kendrew's second paper reporting the first solution of the three-dimensional molecular structure of a protein, for which he shared the 1962 Nobel Prize in chemistry with Max Perutz, who solved the structure of the related and more complex protein, hemoglobin, two years after Kendrew’s achievement. With R. E. Dickerson, B. E. Strandberg, R. G. Hart, D. R. Davies, D. C. Phillips, and V. C. Shore.

An edition of BnF Ms. suppl. turc 693.

The first comprehensive textbook on pancreatic disease.

First collected edition, in English translation, published by the Bollingen Foundation created by Paul and Mary Mellon. Vol. 19, General bibliography, was revised and brought up to date for a second edition in 1990. Vol. 20 is a general index to the 18 textual volumes in the set. See the Wikipedia article on The Collected Works of C. G. Jung.

Bibliography of British works on butterflies and moths from the early seventeenth to late eighteenth centuries. Includes biographical information on the authors covered. Plates are mainly portraits of the authors.

Literature on "selected diseases" presented in chronological order, beginning with auricular fibrillation and ending with trichinosis, emphasizing cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.

Catalogue of the collection formed by Smith, provost of the University of Pennsylvania. The collection was augmented by the university after its donation by Smith.

"This is the original report of the first fully implantable pacemaker that was designed by Elmqvist and surgically inserted under the skin of a patient in October 1958. It is an abstract of their presentation that signalled (along with events in Minneapolis) the birth of the modern pacemaker industry" (W. Bruce Fye).

Braunwald was the first woman to perform open heart surgery. She was the first woman surgeon certified by the American Board of Thoracic Surgery, and the first woman elected to the American Association for Thoracic Surgery. In 1960, at the age of 32, she led the operative team at the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) that implanted the first successful artificial mitral human heart valve replacement, which she had designed and fabricated. This paper described the first and second attempts that Braunwald and Morrow made to replace the mitral valve with a prosthesis. The first patient did not survive, but the second patient lived. 

The original paper on LISP, the first programming language designed for symbolic computation, which made the development of artificial intelligence programming possible. Part 2 was never published. Digital text from jmc.stanford.edu at this link.

Houston described four individuals who developed "edema of the lungs" as a result of high elevation activities. "He described chest X-rays with edema and non-specific changes on EKG. Even though these cases had been termed high altitude pneumonia in the past, Houston indicated that these cases were 'acute pulmonary edema without heart disease' " (Wikipedia article on High-altitude pulmonary edema, accessed 6-2020).

Contains an unusually extensive bibliography.

While working in the laboratory of Paul Doty at Harvard University, Marmur discovered that the denaturation of DNA was reversible (DNA hybridization) and depended on salt- and GC-content. Marmur and Doty accurately described the conditions for the optimal renaturation of DNA complementary strands, upon denaturation by high temperatures. They proposed that high temperature was required to block the formation of weak bonds between non-complementary strands and to guarantee the proper pairing of complementary molecules. With J. Eigner and C. Schildkraut. Digital facsimile from PubMedCentral at this link.
See also J. Marmur and D. Lane, "Strand separation and specific recombination in deoxyribonucleic acids: Biological studies," Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci (U.S.A.) 46, 453-461. Digital facsimile of that paper from PubMedCentral at this link.

Jacob and Monod received their share of the Nobel Prize in 1965 for their discoveries concerning the operon and viral synthesis. The first operon they described was the lac operon in E. coli. Their operon theory suggested that in all cases, genes within an operon are negatively controlled by a repressor acting at a single operator located before the first gene. Later, it was discovered that genes could be positively regulated, and also regulated at steps that follow transcription initiation. Therefore, no generalized regulatory mechanism is possible because different operons have different mechanisms. Today, an operon is defined as a functioning unit of DNA containing a cluster of genes under the control of a single promotor, transcribed together into a single mRNA strand. 

Ethambutol for the treatment of tuberculosis. With C. O. Baughn, R. G. Wilkinson and R. G. Shepherd.

On September 21, 1960, Starr successfully inserted a “ball-in-cage” prosthetic valve (the Starr-Edwards heart valve) into a patient’s mitral valve, which was severely diseased as a result of rheumatic fever. This was the first replacement of the mitral valve in a human. See also Starr & Edwards, "Mitral replacement: Clinical experience with a ball-valve prosthesis," Annals of Surgery, 154 (1961) 726-740.

See A. N. Matthews, "The development of the Starr-Edwards heart valve," Tex .Heart Inst J. , 25 (1998) 282–293.

With R. Sephton Smith and R. M. Hardisty.

Miller demonstrated the immunological function of the thymus.

Oldendorf described his experimental system for reconstructing the appearance of soft tissues by measuring radiodensity discontinuities (differences in tissue attenuation) but it was not fully recognized that very high efficiencies could be achieved until the work of Hounsfield (see No. 2700.4).

Readings from primary sources, with commentary.

Includes cardiovascular surgery.

With E.S. McDonough, L. Ajello and R.J. Ausherman.

Total hip replacement; Charnley arthroplasty.

Revised and enlarged English translation with deceptive title: Tonometry: physical fundamentals, development of methods and clinical application, New York, Hafner, 1966.

Biparietal fetal cephalometry by ultrasound.

Describes 2105 items with paginations. Reprinted 1977.

Theory of differential inactivation of the X-chromosome. See also Amer. J. hum. Genet., 1962, 14, 135-48.

The codons in DNA specifying amino acids in proteins. 

Jacob, Monod, and André Lwoff shared the Nobel Prize in 1965 for their discovery of a gene whose function is to regulate the activity of other genes.

Demonstration of the existence of “messenger” RNA. The following paper (pp. 581-85) by F. Gros et al. is also relevant.

Nirenberg shared the Nobel Prize in 1968 with H. G. Khorana and R. W. Holley for his work on DNA. With Matthaei he demonstrated that messenger RNA is required for protein synthesis and that synthetic messenger RNA preparations can be used to decipher various aspects of the genetic code.

Introduction of the potassium-argon dating method to paleoanthropology, showing that lava at the base of the site of Olduvai Gorge was about 1.8 million years old, and proving that fossils, Australopithecus (Zinjanthropus) boisei, found in Olduvai Bed 1 dated from this time. With J.F. Evernden and G.H. Curtis.

The most complete bibliography to date on this subject.  Regarding Young, see the unusually interesting obituary in The New York Times at this link.

"Fifty copies of this collection of papers have beem printed for private circulation." Half title and cover title of the volume: Mannerism and Medical Illustration.

Muller was one of the earliest proponents of a genetics-first theory for the origin of life. 

Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.

The Hayflick limit. Hayflick demonstrated that a population of normal human fetal cells in a cell culture will divide between 40 and 60 times. The population then enters a senescence phase. 

Digital facsimile from Jstor at this link.

The most comprehensive history of chemistry, with many bibliographical references. Vol. 1, pt. 2 never published.

"The Army Veterinary Service has three major missions: (1) Inspection of food used by the military including its processing and the sanitary inspections of the establishments producing it; (2) provision of a comprehensive animal service; and (3) conduct of veterinary laboratory services concerned with food and various types of research. All of these missions assist the Army Medical Service to protect the health of human beings and animals.

"The veterinary animal service, as might have been expected, was the major activity of the Veterinary Corps in World War I. Great numbers of horses and mules were used, in a ratio of one animal to every three men. The outcome of major campaigns frequently depended upon the size and efficiency of animal transport. In World War II, which was a war of men and machines, the ratio was 1 animal to every 134 men. Obviously, in such a war, food inspection was the principal task of the Army Veterinary Service, and medical service for animals was of somewhat lesser importance. In World War I, an estimated 20 percent of Veterinary Corps personnel were utilized to inspect the Army's subsistence supply. In World War II, between 90 and 95 percent were used for this purpose...." (Foreward).

Digital text available from U.S. Army Medical Department Office of Medical History at this link.

Kennedy coined the term nocebo in this paper.

Sperry and colleagues, including Michael Gazzaniga, conducted extensive experiments on an epileptic patient who had had his corpus collosum, the "bridge" between the left and right hemispheres of the brain, split so that the connection was severed. At first the patient seemed normal, but experimentation showed that certain activities, such as naming objects or putting blocks together in a prescribed way, could only be done when using one side of the brain or the other. (Since the right eye connects to the left brain, the left hand to the right brain, and so on throughout the body, the stimulus would be given to the side of the body opposite the brain hemisphere being tested.) These abilities were not absolute, but it seemed that the left hemisphere specializes in language processes and the right is dominant in visual-construction tasks. Sperry's work helped chart the brain and opened fields of new psychological and philosophical research. For his "left brain - right brain" research Sperry shared the Nobel prize in 1981.

Foucault's first major book, translated into English as Madness and civilization: A history of insanity in the age of reason (1964).

"The authors used ferritin as an electron dense tracer, such that they could visualize both the structure of the capillary wall and the pathways taken by the ferritin moelcules across the wall....This report confirmed that the basement memrane of the glomerular capillary wall efficiently retards the passage of large macromolecules, but the questions addressed in this report remain challenging more than half a century later" (Feehally et al, Landmark papers in nephrology [2013] 1.3 pp. 6-7).

Digital facsimile from PubMedCentral at this link.

"....based on analysis of 2200 wild and cultivated plant specimens with clearly defined archaeological contexts... Part I is a systematic ethnobotany with pertinent citations of the botanical and archaeological literature, and includes a list of plants according to their uses. Part II is a chronological and regional treatment of plants integrated with useful summaries of the archaeological contexts from which the plants came. This section enables the reader to view the course of plant domestication form the states of premaize, incipient agriculture to the stage of intensive agriculture when some 50 cultivated plants were utilized...." (publisher)

I. An essay on the development of natural history, especially botany, in Japan; on the influence of early Chinese & Western contacts; on Japanese books & wood-block illustration.

II. An exhibition of Japanese books & manuscripts, mostly botanical, held at the Clements Library of the University of Michigan, in commemoration of the hundredth anniversary (1954) of the first treaty between the United States and Japan.

Facsimile copy and first publication in print of the original manuscript catalogue published to mark the 125th anniversary of the founding of the National Library of Medicine, Washington, 1961. The first (manuscript) catalogue listed only 130 titles on 23 unnumbered leaves. Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.

"The pioneers of modern cardiopulmonary resucitation describe their breakthrough technique of combining mouth-to-mouth ventilation, closed chest compressions, and transthoracic defibrillation to treat cardiac arrest" (W. Bruce Fye).

Digital facsimile from PubMedCentral at this link.

Order of authorship in the original publication: Yardley, Hendrix. The authors made the first observations of previously uncultured, unseen and unidentified bacilli associated with Whipple's disease, suggesting that it was caused by an infection. 

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

House, an otologist, pioneered exploration of the internal auditory canal and removal of acoustic neuromas through the microscope. His success stimulated neurosurgeons to pursue the application of the operating microscope in neurosurgical procedures.  See also House, "Historical review and problem of acoustic neuroma," Arch. Otolaryng., 80 (1964) 601.

Primarily a history of the National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses [NACGN], which existed for the express purpose of "promoting unity within the nursing profession and furthering the cause of democracy."  Integration in the nursing profession reached a sufficient point that in 1951 the NACGN voted for the formal disestablishment of the NACGN, and merger with the American Nurses' Association.

Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.

Probably the first publication on the Holter Monitor, which was released for commercial production in 1962.

Abstract

Chronicles the rise of the patent medicine trade from its beginnings in colonial America until passage of the first federal food and drug law. Digital text available from quackwatch.org at this link.

Ch. 4: "Review of biomedical systems for MR-3 flight."
Ch. 5: "Results of preflight and postflight medical examinations"
Ch. 6: "Bioinstrumentation in MR-3 flight."
Ch.7: "Physiological responses of the astronatu in the MR-3 flight."

Digital facsimile from nasa.gov at this link

Ch. 3: "Results of the MR-4 preflight and postflight medical examination conducted on astronaut Virgil I. Grissom."
Ch. 4: "Physiological responses of the astronaut in the MR-4 space flight."
Ch. 5: "Flight surgeon's report for Mercury-Redstone Missions 3 and 4."

Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.

With E. C. Cameron, B. A. Cheney, A. G. F. Davidson, and K. G. Henze.

Vol. 1: Primitive, classical and oriental. Vol. 2: Prostitution in Europe and the New World. Vol 3: Modern sexuality.

Written under the auspices of the Industrial Medical Association, this history emphasizes 20th century achievements.

With R. Ryhage, B. Samuelsson and J. Sjovall. In this and subsequent papers Bergström and colleagues elucidated the chemical structure of prostaglandins. Nobel Prize, 1982.

Homograft valve placed below coronary orifice, a single page report. The first complete report on the "Ross procedure" was "Homotransplantation of the aortic valve in the subcoronary posittion,"  J. thorac. cardiovasc. Surg. 47 (1964) 713-19.

Use of transthoracic direct current countershock of very short duration to avoid the vulnerable period in the cardiac cycle.

Gowans and colleagues showed that the lymphocyte is the immunologically competent cell. 

A mycoplasma shown to be the cause of some cases of primary atypical pneumonia, or "walking pneumonia." With M. F. Barile.

With G. Hetenyi and W. R. Feasby.

Coronary arteriography. Sones first performed this technique in 1958, and first published a more detailed account of it in a 1960 book chapter: "Cinecardioangiography," pp. 130-144 in B. L. Gordon (ed.) Clinical cardiopulmonary physiology, 2nd ed., New York, 1960. "The 1960 book chapter includes a 6-page discussion of the technique of selective coronary arteriography (which is illustrated with 12 frames depicting the opacification of the right and left coronary arteries). Sones describes the special coronary catheter he had designed in 1959 and explains that he had performed the selective procedure in more than 200 patients" (W. Bruce Fye).

Also issued as Bildgeschichte der Zahnheilkunde. Zeugnisse aus 5 Jahrtausenden.  Parallel texts in German, English, French, Italian, and Spanish!

The “Harrington rod” system for scoliosis and spine fracture surgery.

Isolation of rubella virus. It was simultaneously isolated by P. D. Parkman, et al. (No. 5509.2.)

Isolation of the rubella virus.

Revised edition, Bombay, 1969.

Lists and describes 719 books, pamphlets, and broadsides, 506 almanacs, 25 magazines, and 224 newspapers published in the area now forming the U.S.A.

Vol. 1: Books printed before 1641; Vol. 2-3: Books printed from 1641-1850, A-E, F-L; Vol. 4: Books printed from 1641-1850, M-R; Vol. 5 Books printed from 1642 to 1850, S-Z.

I: MSS written before ad 1650. II-III: MSS written after ad 1650. Addenda in 1. Anzeiger dtsch. Altertum dtsch. Lit., 1970, 81, 49-55. Supplementary catalogue (1999).

Demonstration that somatic and germinal nuclei are genetically equivalent. Using somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT),  Gurdon (Nobel Prize 2012) transplanted cell nuclei from mature intestinal tadpole cells into enucleated eggs, which developed into normal tadpoles. This contradicted the textbook dogma that adult cells are irrevocably assigned to their specific functions and cannot assume new ones. The egg was able to reprogram the introduced nucleus and direct its genes to switch from the duties of an intestinal cell to those appropriate to a developing egg.

Written about in the early 13th century by the poet, chronicler and physician Peter of Eboli, the didactic poem, De balneis Putelolanis (The baths of Pozzuoli) was the first widely distributed medieval guidebook to medicinal baths, of which there were 35 in the Pozzuoli region, near Naples. Of copies made from the 13th to 15th centuries, 20 survived, 10 of which were illuminated, each with one miniature for each of the 35 baths described. These are the only surviving examples of medieval secular book illumination on a subject of predominantly local interest as opposed to herbals or romances. The facsimile edition cited is of the 13th century copy in the Bibliotheca Angelica, Rome. Digital facsimile of a 15th century illuminated manuscript of the text from Roderic.uv.es at this link. Digital facsimile of a 14th century manuscript from the Fondation Martin Bodmer at this link. 

First English translation: Higher cortical functions in man. New York: Basic Books, 1966.

This very carefully documented book convincingly proved the disastrous effects of DDT in the environment, and generated a storm of controversy. It was later credited with founding the "environmental movement" in the United States; it is also credited with founding the science of of ecotoxicology.

Edition with new Afterword published in 1987.

Demikhov coined the term transplantology, and this work, first published in Russian in 1960, and translated and published in 1962 in New York, Berlin and Madrid, was the first monograph on transplantation of organs and tissues. Includes an extensive study of the historical literature and also an extensive bibliography of references in Russian and western languages.

Records of the first conference on "biomedical data processing" held in a medical school in the United States. 

1457pp. The first edition of 1932 had only  314pp.

"In 1962, Dr. C. Henry Kempe and his colleagues led the identification and recognition of child abuse with the defining paper, The Battered Child Syndrome. This paper was regarded as the single most significant event in creating awareness and exposing the reality of child abuse. It gave doctors a way to understand and identify child abuse and neglect, along with information about how to report suspected abuse" (http://www.kempe.org/about/history/, accessed 02-2017).

Digital facsimile from itsites.harvard.edu at this link.

The first handbook published in England on what later came to be called emergency medicine. Ellis, appointed to the Leeds General Infirmary in 1952, was the first "Casualty" consultant in England, and remained so until his retirement in 1969. His book mainly covered aspects of trauma but also included a final chapter on resuscitation.

Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.

The first history of medical ethids in the United States. Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.

A pioneering large-scale project in plant distribution cartography, containing 10-km square distribution maps for all non-critical native and frequently occurring alien vascular plant species found in Britain and Ireland. Followed by: Critical supplement to the Atlas of the British flora, edited by F. H. Perring, Assisted by P. D. Sell. (London: Published for the Botanical Society of the British Isles by Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd., 1968). See 50 years of mapping the British and Irish flora 1962-2012 by Michael Braithwaite and Kevin Walker (London: The Botanical Society of the British Isles, 2012).

The authors isolated a virus from the brain of a child who died of encephalitis in Powassan, Ontario, and named it the Powassan virus. They posited a tick vector and possible rodent natural hosts.

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

A history of the founding and earliest years of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons in England.

An augmented version of this bibliography is available from library.medicine.yale.edu at this link.

From the 15th to near the end of the 19th century attempts were made to decontaminate mail which had been in contact with plague, smallpox, cholera, and other contagious diseases. 

Order of authorship in the original publication: Dussoix, Arber. The authors discovered that restriction of DNA from infecting bacteriophage was due to the attack and breakdown of the modified bacteriophage's DNA by specific enzymes of the recipient bacteria. This was a key development in understanding the restriction modification system (RM system).

Order of authorship in the original publication: Stanier, Niel. For much of the 20th centurty prokaryotes were regarded as a single group of organisms, classified on the basis of their biochemistry, morphology and metabolism. In this paper the authors established the division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, defining prokaryotes as organisms lacking a cell nucleus.

Ch. 3: "Life support systems and biomedical instrumentation."
Ch. 8: "Aeromedical preparation and results of postflight medical examinations."
Ch. 9: "Physiological responses of the astronaut."
Ch. 10: "Astronaut preparation."

Digital facsimile from nasa.gov at this link.

Completed and edited for publication by Sue M. Goldie after the death of William J. Bishop.

Shimomura (Nobel Prize 2008) reported the discovery of green fluorescent protein (GFP) in a single footnote in this paper that was otherwise devoted to an entirely different bioluminescent protein: photoprotein aequorin. This may be the only time that the Nobel Prize was awarded for a discovery reported in a single footnote.

Order of authorship in the original publication: Shimomura, Johnson, Saiga.

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

Eccles shared the Nobel Prize with A. L. Hodgkin and A. F. Huxley in 1963. See No. 1310.1.

First published in German, 1959.

An anthology of outstanding achievement in the growth of pharmacology.

4th ed., 1976, revised by G. Sonnedecker.

With nine co-authors.

Clinical use of vinblastine (for Hodgkin’s disease and other lymphomas) and vincristine (for acute leukemias of childhood). With J. G. Armstrong, M. Gorman, and J. P. Burnett. Preliminary communication in J. Lab. clin. Med., 1959, 54, 830.

FitzPatrick Lectures 1960-61. This book traces the changing clinical methods throughout the centuries to show how they arose and how they have grown into their present forms.

Hughes is credited with inventing the coronary care unit, and the "crash cart"

Hemolytic plaque assay for enumerating antibody-forming cells.

Idiotypes. With M. Mannik and R.C. Williams. Kunkel and his team discovered idiotypy independently of Jacques Oudin and Philip Gell.

Pepys and five co-authors showed that thermophilic actinomycetes, especially Micropolyspora faeni, were the cause of farmer’s lung due to mouldy hay.

First human liver transplant (three patients; one died during operation, the second after 7.5 days, and the third after 22 days). With five co-authors.

Bacterial inhibition test for phenylketonuria.

Introduction of the balloon catheter in arterial embolectomy. With J. J. Cranley, R. J. Krause, E. S. Strasser and C. D. Hafner.

Holdsworth classification of spinal injuries.

Standard classification of growth plate fractures in children.

“Perhaps the most scholarly investigation of the origin of syphilis” (Wesley Spink).

Over 1,700 items.

Contains 4,460 references.

See No. 3659.1.

The texts of cuneiform medical tablets with extensive indices listing all known parallel passages.

A continuation of No. 6303.

5th ed., 1972.

A biographical history.

One of the first papers on the application of lasers in medicine. In 1961 Goldman became the first researcher to use a laser to treat a human skin disease when he treated melanoma. The method later became popular in removing birthmarks and tattoos without leaving much scarring. With D. J. Blaney, D. J. Kindel Jr., and E. K. Franke. See also Goldman, L., Blaney, D. J., Kindel, D. J. Jr, Richfield, D., Franke,  E. K.,  "Pathology of the effect of the laser beam on the skin," Nature 197 (1963) 912– 914.

Colden was the first distinguished American woman botanist. Her work is known only from an untitled manuscript by her on the flora of the lower Hudson River Valley of New York that is preserved in the Natural History Museum (London), portions of which are here reproduced in facsimile. The manuscript's title page was added by Ernst Gottfried Baldiner in 1801. The manuscript includes 340 ink drawings by Colden, and in some cases includes folklore suggesting medicinal uses for particular plants. Colden died in childbirth at the age of 42.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Cormack showed that changes in tissue density could be computed from x-ray data. Because of limitations in computing power no machine was constructed during the 1960s. Cormack's papers generated little interest until Godfrey Hounsfield and colleagues invented computed tomography, and built the first CT scanner in 1971, creating a real application of Cormack's theories. Cormack continued with "Representation of a Function by its Line Integrals, with Some Radiological Applications. II," Journal of Applied Physics 35 (1964) 2908-13.  

English translation: History of the International Committee of the Red Cross. Volume I: From Solferino to Tsushima. (Geneva: Henry Dunant Institute, 1985).

Gell-Coombs classification of hypersensitivity. Prior to development of this classification, all forms of hypersensitivity were classified as allergies, "and all were thought to be caused by an improper activation of the immune system. Later, it became clear that several different disease mechanisms were implicated, with the common link to a disordered activation of the immune system. In 1963, a new classification scheme was designed by Philip Gell and Robin Coombs that described four types of hypersensitivity reactions, known as Type I to Type IV hypersensitivity. With this new classification, the word "allergy" was restricted to type I hypersensitivities (also called immediate hypersensitivity), which are characterized as rapidly developing reactions" (Wikipedia article on Allergy, accessed 01-2017).

"Of the more than 3 million Jewish Poles that perished during the Holocaust, approximately 3,000 were physicians.  It was the goal of the Alliance members to memorialize those physicians who perished during the Holocaust. The published volume was the product of the work of the original members of the Alliance, the original US members and those physicians who successfully immigrated to the US after the Nazi invasion. Therefore, this volume can be likened to a yizkor book for Polish Jewish physicians....

"Part Three of the volume is entitled “Martyred Physicians”.  It is an alphabetical listing of 2,465 summaries of Polish physicians who were known to have perished or disappeared during the Holocaust.  Each listing has a short summary of basic biographical information about the physician and the details of the physician's death if known" (http://www.jewishgen.org/databases/Holocaust/0065_Polish_Martyred_Physicians.html, accessed 01-2017).

A complete account of Yonge's life from the age of ten until the age of 61. "It is considered to be the most important diary of the 17th century after those of Samuel Pepys and John Evelyn.^[1] In it Yonge mentioned famous people he had seen in his travels, dropping names and in some cases giving a frank opinion." (Wikipedia article on James Yonge, accessed 01-2017). Digital facsimile of the 1963 edition from the Hathi Trust at this link.

Mills headed the first 24/7 year-round emergency care center in the U.S. established at Alexandria Hospital, Virginia, in 1961. This method of staffing a 24/7 emergency medical facility became known as the "Alexandria Plan." 

Sperry's chemoaffinity hypothesis, which states that neurons make connections with their targets based on interactions with specific molecular markers^[1] and, therefore, that the initial wiring diagram of an organism is (indirectly) determined by its genotype. The markers are generated during cellular differentiation and aid not only with synaptogenesis, but also act as guidance cues for their respective axon."  Digital facsimile from PubMedCentral at this link.

Translated into English as The birth of the clinic: An archaeology of medical perception (1973).

An annotated bibliography of the literature to June 1962. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

First description of progressive supranuclear palsy as a distinct disorder. The authors recognized the same clinical syndrome in 8 patients and described the autopsy findings in 6 of them in 1963.

See also J. B. Barlow, W.A. Pocock P. Marchand, M. Denny, "The significance of late systolic murmurs," Am Heart J., 66 (1963) 443- 452

Barlow revolutionized thinking about the pathophysiology of mitral regurgitation when he defined the mitral valve prolapse syndrome, which was termed Barlow's syndrome. "Barlow entered the international cardiology scene in 1963 with publication of his landmark paper on the midsystolic click and late systolic murmur, subsequently known as Barlow's syndrome. It was Barlow who demonstrated the fact that the midsystolic click(s) and late systolic murmur were in fact associated with billowing of the mitral valve leaflets and mitral regurgitation, respectively" (Profiles in Cardiology, 460-461).

"In 1959 Bernard Lown commenced research in his animal laboratory in collaboration with engineer Barouh Berkovits into a technique which involved charging of a bank of capacitors to approximately 1000 volts with an energy content of 100-200 joules then delivering the charge through an inductance such as to produce a heavily damped sinusoidal wave of finite duration (~5 milliseconds) to the heart by way of paddle electrodes. This team further developed an understanding of the optimal timing of shock delivery in the cardiac cycle, enabling the application of the device to arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, and supraventricular tachycardias in the technique known as "cardioversion" (Wikipedia article on Defibrillation, accessed 4-2020).

McCulloch and Till discovered the blood-forming stem cell, the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC), through their pioneering work in mice. McCulloch and Till began a series of experiments in which bone marrow cells were injected into irradiated mice. They observed lumps in the spleens of the mice that were linearly proportional to the number of bone marrow cells injected. They hypothesized that each lump (colony) was a clone arising from a single marrow cell (stem cell). With Andrew Becker they demonstrated that each nodule arose from a single cell.

Evidence that stem cells are capable of self-renewal. (Order of authorship in the original publication: Siminovitch, McCullch, Till). Digital facsimile from tspace.library.utoronto.ca at this link.

Condensed and extensively revised as Populations, species and evolution. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1970.

Alexander Rich discovered polysomes, clusters of ribosomes which read one strand of mRNA simultaneously. Order of authorship in the original publication: Warner, Knopf, Rich.

Digital facsimile from PubMedCentral at this link.

In this paper Tinbergen (Nobel Prize 1973) defined Tinbergen's Four Questions, or complementary categories of explanations for animal behavior. that form the basis of ethology: Causation, Ontogeny, Survival Value, and Evolution. 

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

Hueston described Dupuytren's diathesis, including early onset, bilateral involvement, postive family history, and presence of ectopic lesions. He noted that patents presenting Dupuytren's diathesis experience more severe and rapidly progressive contractures, and have increased risk of recurrence following intervention.

Later, factors associated with the diathesis were refined to include male sex, age of onset earlier than 50 years, bilateral disease, Garrod's pads, and Northern European descent. With all factors present, a 3-fold increase in recurrence can be expected following treatment of contractures. Of all the clinical manifestations of Dupuytren's disease, Garrod's pads have been shown to have the highest association with aggressive disease. Hindocha S, Stanley JK, Watson S, Bayat A., "Dupuytren’s diathesis revisited: evaluation of prognostic indicators for risk of disease recurrence," J. Hand Surg. Am., 2006, 31, 1626-1634. Dolmans GH, de Bock GH, Werker PM., "Dupuytren diathesis and genetic risk," J. Hand Surg. Am., 2012, 37, 2106-2111

Traces the origins of pharmacy in ancient civilizations and its development in England from medieval to modern times.

Black received the Nobel Prize in Medicine for development of Propranolol, the first beta-blocker effectively used in the treatment of coronary heart disease and hypertension.  R. G. Shanks, L. H. Smith and A. C. Dornhorst.

Absorbed fluorescent treponemal antibody (FTA-ABS) test. With W. E. Deacon and P. E. Meyer.  The text is available from the NLM PubMedCentral at this link.

Order of authorship in the original publication: Epstein, Barr. Discovery of the Epstein-Barr virus, a human herpes virus causing infectious mononucleosis, and implicated in Burkitt’s lymphoma and other forms of cancer. The Epstein-Barr virus was the first human cancer-causing virus discovered. This was the authors' first publication of the discovery. A few issues of Nature later they followed this paper with a second paper, No. 2660.18.

Order of authorship in the original publication: Epstein, Achong, Barr. Presence of herpes-like virus particles in Burkitt’s tumor cells reported. The Epstein-Barr virus was the first human cancer-causing virus to be discovered.

Subcoronary homograft valve; report on 44 patients, of whom 41 survived. Barratt-Boyes was a pioneering cardiac surgeon in New Zealand.

Heart transplant from a chimpanzee into a man; unsuccessful. Hardy was expecting the donor heart to be obtained from a relatively young patient dying of brain damage, but the patient went into terminal myocardial failure before a human organ could be obtained. The recipient was a prisoner serving a life sentence for murder; he died 18 days after the operation. Westaby and Bosher, Landmarks in cardiac surgery (Oxford, 1999) 259-260.

The paper has seven co-authors.

With J. G. Gorman and W. Pollack.

Reprinted with new introduction by Joel D. Howell, San Francisco, Norman Publishing, 1990.

A compilation of pioneer contributions to the technology and methodology of diagnostic roentgenology.

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty.

First successful reattachment of a completely amputated human limb.

Introduction of niridazole (Ambilhar).

Based on material collected by James Rawling Elliott (1905-1958).

Full descriptions of 922 items; some illustrated.

Prize lectures 1901-70, with biographies of prize-winners. See http://www.historyofmedicine.com/id/10396

14 papers delivered at the 3rd British Congress on the History of Medicine and Pharmacy, 1962, and a classified bibliography of British hospital history by E. Gaskell (pp. 225-79).

Descriptions of the portraits by D. Piper. Wolstenholme and J.F. Kerslake edited Vol. 2 of the study, with essays by R. Ekkart and D. Piper, Oxford, Elsevier, 1977.

Order of authorship in the original publication: Nishimura, Jacob, Khorana. Digital facsimile from PubMedCentral at this link.

Hamilton’s mathematical theory of kin selection as an explanation for the evolution of social behavior (including supposedly altruistic behavior), is the foundation of sociobiology.

First report on Homo habilis.

Definitive 386-page throughly documented study of the carcinogenic and pulmonologic effects of smoking, and the addictive aspects of nicotine. It was published under the supervision of Surgeon-General Luther Terry. Digital facsimile from profiles.nlm.nih.gov at this link.

From the Wikipedia article on MEDLINE, accessed 12-2016:

MEDLINE (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, or MEDLARS Online) is a bibliographic database of life sciences and biomedical information. It includes bibliographic information for articles from academic journals covering medicine, nursing, pharmacy, dentistry, veterinary medicine, and health care. MEDLINE also covers much of the literature in biology and biochemistry, as well as fields such as molecular evolution.

Compiled by the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM), MEDLINE is freely available on the Internet and searchable via PubMed and NLM's National Center for Biotechnology Information's Entrez system.

MEDLARS (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System) is a computerised biomedical bibliographic retrieval system. It was launched by the National Library of Medicine in 1964 and was the first large scale, computer based, retrospective search service available to the general public.^[1]

Initial development of MEDLARS[edit]

Since 1879, the National Library of Medicine had published Index Medicus, a monthly guide to medical articles in thousands of journals. The huge volume of bibliographic citations were manually compiled. In 1957 the staff of the NLM started to plan the mechanization of the Index Medicus, prompted by a desire for a better way to manipulate all this information, not only for Index Medicus but also to produce subsidiary products. By 1960 a detailed specification was prepared and by the spring of 1961 a request for proposals was sent out to 72 companies to develop the system. As a result, a contract was awarded to the General Electric Company. The computer (a Minneapolis-Honeywell 800) which was to run MEDLARS was delivered to the NLM in March 1963, and Frank Bradway Rogers(Director of the NLM 1949 to 1963) said at the time "..If all goes well, the January 1964 issue of Index Medicus will be ready to emerge from the system at the end of this year. It may be that this will mark the beginning of a new era in medical bibliography."

MEDLARS cost $3 million to develop and at the time of its completion in 1964, no other publicly available, fully operational electronic storage and retrieval system of its magnitude existed. The original computer configuration operated from 1964 until its replacement by MEDLARS II in January 1975.^[2][3]

MEDLARS Online

In late 1971, an online version called MEDLINE ("MEDLARS Online") became available as a way to do online searching of MEDLARS from remote medical libraries.^[4] This early system covered 239 journals and boasted that it could support as many as 25 simultaneous online users (remotely logged-in from distant medical libraries) at one time.^[5] However, this system remained primarily in the hands of libraries, with researchers able to submit pre-programmed search tasks to librarians and obtain results on printouts, but rarely able to interact with the NLM computer output in real-time. This situation continued through the beginning of the 1990s and the rise of the World Wide Web.

In 1996, soon after most home computers began automatically bundling efficient web browsers, a free public version of MEDLINE was instigated. This system, called PubMed, was offered to the general online user in June, 1997, when MEDLINE searches via the Web were demonstrated, in a public ceremony, by Vice President Al Gore.^[5]

Database

The database contains more than 26 million records^[6] from 5,639 selected publications^[7] covering biomedicine and health from 1950 to the present. Originally the database covered articles starting from 1965, but this has been enhanced, and records as far back as 1950/51 are now available within the main index. The database is freely accessible on the Internet via the PubMed interface and new citations are added Tuesday through Saturday. For citations added during 1995-2003: about 48% are for cited articles published in the U.S., about 88% are published in English, and about 76% have English abstracts written by authors of the articles.

Retrieval

MEDLINE uses Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) for information retrieval. Engines designed to search MEDLINE (such as Entrez and PubMed) generally use a Boolean expression combining MeSH terms, words in abstract and title of the article, author names, date of publication, etc. Entrez and PubMed can also find articles similar to a given one based on a mathematical scoring system that takes into account the similarity of word content of the abstracts and titles of two articles.^[8]"

Focuses on neurophysiology, especially the work of Sechenov and Pavlov. Originally published in Moscow, 1946.

DENDRAL is considered the first expert system because it automated the decision-making process and problem-solving behavior of organic chemists. The project consisted of research on two main programs, Heuristic Dendral and Meta-Dendral,^[4] and several sub-programs. It was written in Lisp (programming language). Digital facsimile from the National Library of Medicine at this link.

Describes aspects of the pioneering automated multiphasic screening and diagnosis program at the Kaiser Foundation Health Plan, the origins of their medical informatics system, developed by Collen and colleagues at Kaiser with the help of mathematicians/statisticians Dantzig and Neyman. Also by Robert M. Baer and A. B. Siegelaub. Collen directed the development of medical informatics at Kaiser Permanente. By 2017 this was probably the most advanced system of electronic medical records management. Digital facsimile from PubMed Central at this link.

Translation of the medical and anatomical portions of the Etymologiae. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.