Middleton, surgeon in the U.S. Volunteers, recommended the placement of volatile bromine in all patient wards. He developed a method of applying bromine deep into muscular layers after wound debridement then injecting bromine subcutaneously and applying it topically to exposed surfaces. A second application was only applied in cases where the gangrene odor returned. Through this process Goldsmith achieved a mortality of 2.6 percent for those treated with bromine, as against 43.3 percent with those treated by other methods.
Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.