https://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/consortium/index.html

"Welcome to the History of Medicine Finding Aids Consortium, a discovery tool providing keyword search services across a union catalog of finding aids describing archival collections broadly related to the history of medicine and its allied sciences. We currently index over 8,000 finding aids from 48 special collections and archival repositories throughout the U.S.

The Consortium leads you to the rich primary source information found in historical documents, personal papers, business records, and more. Finding aids provide contextual information about these collections, often with detailed inventories, to help researchers locate relevant materials.

Links to finding aids direct users to web sites hosted by the participating institutions. All questions regarding the collection contents should be directed to the owning institution."

"Functionally, however, the greatest difference between the two publications [Index Medicus and the Index-Catalogue] was that the Index-Catalogue was a government publication and Index Medicus was not. For its entire run, the Index-Catalogue was published by the Surgeon-General's Office of the US Army, while Index Medicus was privately published by a series of small publishers, who had difficulty making the work profitable. In this period (1879–1926), the Index-Catalogue had a secure source of funding, while Index Medicus was expected to be self-supporting. As Billings wrote in his introduction to the first volume of Index Medicus:

It has often been suggested that it is highly desirable that [the Index-Catalogue] should be supplemented by some current publication, which should show all recent works, together with articles in periodicals, arranged by subjects [emphasis in the original], but until quite lately no proper means have been available for such an undertaking. Now, however, Mr. F. Leypoldt, of New York City, proposes to undertake the publication of such a current medical bibliographical serial.

"The role of Leypoldt has been described in different ways, but it is undeniable that, between 1879 and 1926, Index Medicus had a number of publishers, including Leypoldt in New York, George Davis in Boston, and the Carnegie Foundation in Washington. There was even a period (1899–1902) when publication of Index Medicus ceased and was briefly replaced by a Paris publication called the Bibliographica Medica. There were also years, such as 1895–1899, when the title page mysteriously read only “Published by the Editors, New York and Boston.” Sometimes (as in 1879), publishers were listed for London, Paris, Leipzig, Amsterdam, and St. Petersburg, and would-be contributors were advised to submit their publications to these Europeans offices for inclusion in Index Medicus. A certain collection development objective is implied here: the introductory letter already cited made it clear that, after indexing, the publications would be added to the collections of the library" (S. J. Greenberg & P. E. Gallagher, "The great contribution: Index Medicus, Index-Catalogue, and IndexCat," J. Med. Libr. Assoc. 97(2009) 108–113).

A second series, edited by Fletcher and F. H. Garrison, vols. 1-6, 1921-27. In 1927 the Quarterly Cumulative Index to Current Medical Literature (12 vols., 1916-26) was amalgamated with the Index Medicus to form Quarterly Cumulative Index Medicus (1927-56) which, with No. 6777, was superseded in 1960 by a new monthly Index Medicus with an annual Cumulated Index Medicus. The gap 1900-02 was partly filled by Bibliographia Medica, 3 vols., Paris, 1900-1903, and by Index Medicus Novus, Vienna, Nos. 1-12, 1899; Nos. 1-3, 1900. The first three series of Index Medicus were reprinted New York, Johnson Reprint, 1967. Bibliographia Medica was reprinted New York, Johnson Reprint, 1972.

In 1836 Surgeon General Joseph Lovell established a small collection of medical books for the use of his staff. This was the origin of the “Surgeon General’s Library.” John Shaw Billings did much to develop the library; he planned and started the Index Catalogue, the first large-scale subject index of any library, and the first truly comprehensive subject index of the published literature any science. Four years prior to the beginning of publication of the Index Catalogue Billings issued a Specimen Fasciculus of a Catalogue of the National Medical Library Under the Direction of the Surgeon-General, United States Army (Washington, 1876). In addition to showing the ambitious nature of his cataloguing plans, the fasciculus shows that Billings viewed the Library of the Surgeon General's Office as a national medical library. Series 1-4 indexes about 3,000,000 books, journal articles, and pamphlets. In the 5th series only monographs and theses are included. For continuation see Nos. 6784, 6786.9. In 1952 the name of the library was changed to Armed Forces Medical Library; it became the National Library of Medicine in 1956. See S. J. Greenberg & P. E. Gallagher, "The great contribution: Index Medicus, Index-Catalogue, and IndexCat," J. Med. Libr. Assoc. 97 (2009) 108–113.

The Index-catalogue is available online from the National Library of Medicine at this link.

Published weekly until June, 1950, then monthly, with author and subject indexes. Cumulated indexes semi-annually. Issued by the Army Medical Library prior to its naming as the National Library of Medicine. Superseded in 1960 by Index Medicus. Digital facsimile of vols. 1-36 from the Hathi Trust at this link.

Two quinquennial and one sexennial cumulations of annual volumes. 6 vols., 1950-54; 6 vols., 1955-59; 6 vols., 1960-65. Author and subject indexes. First series under title “U.S. Armed Forces Medical Library”. See also No. 6763; continued by No. 6786.9.

Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

From the Wikipedia article on MEDLINE, accessed 12-2016:

MEDLINE (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, or MEDLARS Online) is a bibliographic database of life sciences and biomedical information. It includes bibliographic information for articles from academic journals covering medicine, nursing, pharmacy, dentistry, veterinary medicine, and health care. MEDLINE also covers much of the literature in biology and biochemistry, as well as fields such as molecular evolution.

Compiled by the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM), MEDLINE is freely available on the Internet and searchable via PubMed and NLM's National Center for Biotechnology Information's Entrez system.

MEDLARS (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System) is a computerised biomedical bibliographic retrieval system. It was launched by the National Library of Medicine in 1964 and was the first large scale, computer based, retrospective search service available to the general public.^[1]

Initial development of MEDLARS[edit]

Since 1879, the National Library of Medicine had published Index Medicus, a monthly guide to medical articles in thousands of journals. The huge volume of bibliographic citations were manually compiled. In 1957 the staff of the NLM started to plan the mechanization of the Index Medicus, prompted by a desire for a better way to manipulate all this information, not only for Index Medicus but also to produce subsidiary products. By 1960 a detailed specification was prepared and by the spring of 1961 a request for proposals was sent out to 72 companies to develop the system. As a result, a contract was awarded to the General Electric Company. The computer (a Minneapolis-Honeywell 800) which was to run MEDLARS was delivered to the NLM in March 1963, and Frank Bradway Rogers(Director of the NLM 1949 to 1963) said at the time "..If all goes well, the January 1964 issue of Index Medicus will be ready to emerge from the system at the end of this year. It may be that this will mark the beginning of a new era in medical bibliography."

MEDLARS cost $3 million to develop and at the time of its completion in 1964, no other publicly available, fully operational electronic storage and retrieval system of its magnitude existed. The original computer configuration operated from 1964 until its replacement by MEDLARS II in January 1975.^[2][3]

MEDLARS Online

In late 1971, an online version called MEDLINE ("MEDLARS Online") became available as a way to do online searching of MEDLARS from remote medical libraries.^[4] This early system covered 239 journals and boasted that it could support as many as 25 simultaneous online users (remotely logged-in from distant medical libraries) at one time.^[5] However, this system remained primarily in the hands of libraries, with researchers able to submit pre-programmed search tasks to librarians and obtain results on printouts, but rarely able to interact with the NLM computer output in real-time. This situation continued through the beginning of the 1990s and the rise of the World Wide Web.

In 1996, soon after most home computers began automatically bundling efficient web browsers, a free public version of MEDLINE was instigated. This system, called PubMed, was offered to the general online user in June, 1997, when MEDLINE searches via the Web were demonstrated, in a public ceremony, by Vice President Al Gore.^[5]

Database

The database contains more than 26 million records^[6] from 5,639 selected publications^[7] covering biomedicine and health from 1950 to the present. Originally the database covered articles starting from 1965, but this has been enhanced, and records as far back as 1950/51 are now available within the main index. The database is freely accessible on the Internet via the PubMed interface and new citations are added Tuesday through Saturday. For citations added during 1995-2003: about 48% are for cited articles published in the U.S., about 88% are published in English, and about 76% have English abstracts written by authors of the articles.

Retrieval

MEDLINE uses Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) for information retrieval. Engines designed to search MEDLINE (such as Entrez and PubMed) generally use a Boolean expression combining MeSH terms, words in abstract and title of the article, author names, date of publication, etc. Entrez and PubMed can also find articles similar to a given one based on a mathematical scoring system that takes into account the similarity of word content of the abstracts and titles of two articles.^[8]"

Digital facsimiles from the Hathi Trust at this link.

Subject and author sections. Published quarterly, with annual and quinquennial (one sexennial-1965-70) cumulations. Discontinued after 1993 issues. Digital facsimile of the complete run from the Hathi Trust at this link.

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

"The Visible Human Project^® is an outgrowth of the NLM's 1986 Long-Range Plan. It is the creation of complete, anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of the normal male and female human bodies. Acquisition of transverse CT, MR and cryosection images of representative male and female cadavers has been completed. The male was sectioned at one millimeter intervals, the female at one-third of a millimeter intervals.

"The long-term goal of the Visible Human Project^® is to produce a system of knowledge structures that will transparently link visual knowledge forms to symbolic knowledge formats such as the names of body parts.

"The National Library of Medicine thanks the men and the women who will their body to science, thereby enabling medical research and development.

Further Information

• General Information
  • A description of The Visible Human Project^® image data and how to obtain it (includes license agreement documents).
  • The Visible Human Project^® FactSheet.
  • The Visible Human Project^® From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
  • The Visible Human Project^®: From Data to Knowledge: An update of ongoing National Library of Medicine VHP initiatives.
  • Digitally encoded videos - requires RealPlayer
• • Projects Based on the Visible Human Data Set
    • Applicationsfor viewing images
    • Sourcesof images and animations
    • Products
  • Mirror Sites
  • Tools
  • Media Productions
  • Related Projects"

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/

"PubMed comprises over 26 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. PubMed citations and abstracts include the fields of biomedicine and health, covering portions of the life sciences, behavioral sciences, chemical sciences, and bioengineering. PubMed also provides access to additional relevant web sites and links to the other NCBI molecular biology resources.

"PubMed is a free resource that is developed and maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM), located at the National Institutes of Health (NIH)" https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK3827/#pubmedhelp.PubMed_Quick_Start, accessed 12-2016.

From the Wikipedia article on PubMed, accessed 12-2016:

"PubMed is a free search engine accessing primarily the MEDLINE database of references and abstracts on life sciences and biomedical topics. The United States National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health maintains the database as part of the Entrez system of information retrieval.

From 1971 to 1997, MEDLINE online access to the MEDLARS Online computerized database had been primarily through institutional facilities, such as university libraries. PubMed, first released in January 1996, ushered in the era of private, free, home- and office-based MEDLINE searching.^[1] The PubMed system was offered free to the public in June 1997, when MEDLINE searches via the Web were demonstrated, in a ceremony, by Vice President Al Gore.^[2

In addition to MEDLINE, PubMed provides access to:

• older references from the print version of Index Medicus back to 1951 and earlier;
• references to some journals before they were indexed in Index Medicus and MEDLINE, for instance Science, BMJ, and Annals of Surgery;
• very recent entries to records for an article before it is indexed with Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and added to MEDLINE; and
• a collection of books available full-text and other subsets of NLM records.^[3]
• PMC citations

Many PubMed records contain links to full text articles, some of which are freely available, often in PubMed Central^[4] and local mirrors such as UK PubMed Central.^[5]

Information about the journals indexed in MEDLINE and available through PubMed is found in the NLM Catalog.^[6]

 https://medlineplus.gov/

"MedlinePlus is the National Institutes of Health's Web site for patients and their families and friends. Produced by the National Library of Medicine, the world’s largest medical library, it brings you information about diseases, conditions, and wellness issues in language you can understand. MedlinePlus offers reliable, up-to-date health information, anytime, anywhere, for free.

You can use MedlinePlus to learn about the latest treatments, look up information on a drug or supplement, find out the meanings of words, or view medical videos or illustrations. You can also get links to the latest medical research on your topic or find out about clinical trials on a disease or condition.

Health professionals and consumers alike can depend on it for information that is authoritative and up-to-date. MedlinePlus has extensive information from the National Institutes of Health and other trusted sources on over 975 diseases and conditions. There are directories, a medical encyclopedia and a medical dictionary, health information in Spanish, extensive information on prescription and nonprescription drugs, health information from the media, and links to thousands of clinical trials. MedlinePlus is updated daily and can be bookmarked at the URL: https://medlineplus.gov/." (accessed 12-2016).

From the Wikipedia article on MedlinePlus, accessed 12-2016:

"MedlinePlus is an online information service produced by the United States National Library of Medicine. The service provides curated consumer health information in English and Spanish.^[1] The site brings together information from the National Library of Medicine (NLM), the National Institutes of Health (NIH), other U.S. government agencies, and health-related organizations. There is also a site optimized for display on mobile devices, in both English and Spanish. In 2015, about 400 million people from around the world used MedlinePlus.^[2] The service is funded by the NLM and is free to users.

MedlinePlus provides encyclopedic information on health and drug issues, and provides a directory of medical services. MedlinePlus Connect links patients or providers in electronic health record (EHR) systems to related MedlinePlus information on conditions or medications.

PubMed Health^[3] is another NLM site that offers consumer health information, in addition to information for health professionals.

History

The National Library of Medicine has long provided programs and services for professional medical scientists and health care providers, including MEDLINE and the various services that access it, such as PubMed and Entrez. By the 1990s, more members of the general public were using these services as Internet access became widespread.^[4] But nonprofessional users could benefit from reliable health information in a layperson-accessible format.^[5][6][7] The National Library of Medicine introduced MedlinePlus in October 1998, to provide a non-commercial online service similar, for example, to the commercial WebMD. In 2010 another NCBI service, PubMed Health, complemented MedlinePlus in offering curated consumer health information; PubMed Health focuses especially on finding information about clinical effectiveness of treatments.^[8]

MedlinePlus initially provided 22 health topics in English, which expanded to almost 1000 health topics in English and Spanish, plus links to health information in over 40 languages. MedlinePlus was recognized by the Medical Library Association for its role in providing health information.^[9] The site scored 84 in the American Customer Satisfaction Index for 2010.^[10]"

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/digitalprojects.html

Also: Circulating Now: From the Historical Collections of the World's Largest Biomedical Library: https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/

"PubMed Central® (PMC) is a free archive of biomedical and life sciences journal literature at the U.S. National Institutes of Health's National Library of Medicine (NIH/NLM). In keeping with NLM’s legislative mandate to collect and preserve the biomedical literature, PMC serves as a digital counterpart to NLM’s extensive print journal collection. Launched in February 2000, PMC was developed and is managed by NLM’s National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/

"Free Access: A Core Principle of PMC

As an archive, PMC is designed to provide permanent access to all of its content, even as technology evolves and current digital literature formats potentially become obsolete. NLM believes that the best way to ensure the accessibility and viability of digital material over time is through consistent and active use of the archive. For this reason, free access to all of its journal literature is a core principle of PMC.

Please note, however, that free access does not mean that there is no copyright protection. As described on our copyright page publishers and individual authors continue to hold copyright on the material in PMC and users must abide by the terms defined by the copyright holder.

"How Journal Articles are Provided to PMC

PMC is a repository for journal literature deposited by participating journals, as well as for author manuscripts that have been submitted in compliance with the public access policies of participating research funding agencies. PMC is not a publisher and does not publish journal articles itself.

PMC offers publishers a number of ways in which to participate and deposit journal content in the archive. Journals that would like to participate in PMC must meet PMC’s minimum requirements, submit a formal application, and undergo a review of the scientific and editorial quality of the content of the journal as well as a review of the technical quality of their digital files. More information on requirements for PMC participation and the review steps is available at Add a Journal to PMC and in the FAQ.

"PMC’s Integration with other Resources

In addition to its role as an archive, the value of PMC lies in its capacity to store and cross-reference data from diverse sources using a common format within a single repository. With PMC, a user can quickly search the entire collection of full-text articles and locate all relevant material. PMC also allows for the integration of its literature with a variety of other information resources that can enhance the research and knowledge fields of scientists, clinicians and others.

"International Collaboration and Durability

NLM is collaborating internationally with other agencies that share the goals of PMC. Maintaining copies of PMC’s literature in other reliable international archives that operate on the same principles provides greater protection against damage or loss of the material. At the same time, the diversity of sites allows for the possibility of more and even greater innovation, ensuring the permanence of PMC over the long-term." (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/about/intro/,   accessed 12-2016).

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/consortium/index.html

"The History of Medicine Finding Aids Consortium is a project that explores the feasibility of crawling, indexing, and delivering web accessible content from external institutions in a union catalog format. The site leverages NLM's enterprise search engine IBM Data Explorer. Using a variety of crawl protocols that are target-site specific, we are able to crawl, index, and provide access to finding aids that exist in a variety of data formats such as xml, html, or pdf. By crawling and indexing content locally with referring links back to an owning repository, NLM can offer a multi-institutional discovery service, but is relieved of the burden of managing external data. Crawls are currently performed on a monthly basis. Our method and tools allow for a widely-inclusive harvesting and search, but at the expense of advance-level services such as author or subject-based browsing or searching. We encourage the use of EAD, as it could provide the consortium more functionality and hope the project evolves in that direction.

"We invite other repositories who focus their collecting in the history of medicine and its allied sciences to join. Partners must be able to respond to reference requests about their own collections. Please contact John Rees, Archivist and Digital Resources Manager if you are interested in joining or simply learning more about our techniques.

"NLM also offers its EAD infrastructure to help institutions create finding aids if they do not already do so. We offer a free online .net application to assist in creating EAD and a search and delivery platform, DLXS, outside the consortium environment.

"Current List of Participating Institutions

• NLM History of Medicine Division
• American Philosophical Society
• Bellevue Alumnae Center for Nursing History
• Boston Children's Hospital Archives
• The College of Physicians of Philadelphia
• Center for the History of Psychology, University of Akron
• Columbia University Health Sciences Library
• Cornell University Division of Rare and Manuscripts Collections
• DeWitt Wallace Institute for the History of Psychiatry Weill Cornell Medical College
• Drexel University College of Medicine
• Duke University Medical Center Archives
• Eskind Biomedical Library Vanderbilt University
• Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine
• George Washington University
• Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library
• Library of Congress
• Lloyd Library and Museum
• McGill University Osler Library Archives
• Medical Archives, Johns-Hopkins University Medical Institutions
• Minnesota Historical Society
• Mount Sinai Medical Center
• New Jersey Historical Society
• New York Academy of Medicine
• New York-Presbyterian Weill Cornell Medical Center
• NMHM Otis Historical Archives
• Ohio State University Medical Heritage Center
• Orbis Cascade Alliance, Archives West
• Oregon Health & Science University
• Rockefeller Archive Center
• Rutgers University
• Sophia Smith Collection at Smith College
• State Historical Society of Missouri
• UMBC Center for Biological Sciences Archives
• University of California-San Diego
• University of California-San Francisco
• University of Chicago Special Collections
• University of Mississippi Archives and Special Collections
• UPenn Barbara Bates Center for the Study of the History of Nursing
• University of Pittsburgh
• University of Rochester Medical Center
• University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
• UT Health Science Center at San Antonio
• University of Virginia Health Sciences Library
• University of Wisconsin Digital Collections, Archival Resources in Wisconsin
• Virginia Commonwealth University
• Washington University School of Medicine
• Wright State University Special Collections and Archives
• Yale University Library" (https://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/consortium/about.html, accessed 01-2017).

"Medicine on Screen is a curated portal to the National Library of Medicine (NLM) historical audiovisual collections. This site showcases unique, rare, and important medical films enriched with contextual information, scholarly essays, and related resources.

"NLM holds a world-renowned historical audiovisual collection of nearly 10,000 titles from the silent era to the present. These films cover a broad range of medical and health-related topics, from public health, surgery, and nursing to mental health, cancer, tuberculosis, child development, tropical medicine, genetics, and substance abuse. Some are public education films, some are professional training films, and some document scientific or medical research. The collection does not generally include Hollywood-type entertainment films, though the occasional celebrity name does appear, for example, Gene Kelly directed and starred in a WWII-era naval training film. Many of these films are rare, and in some cases NLM may have the only surviving copy.

"Medicine on Screen replaces the inventive NLM project Medical Movies on the Web, which debuted in 2013 under the direction of David Cantor, Michael Sappol, and Paul Theerman. Building on that foundation, Medicine on Screen adds fresh design, content, and functionality, and continues to highlight selected films from the Library’s audiovisual collections along with expert commentary that sets the films in historical context. In some cases, the films are supplemented with a bibliography and a selection of related materials from the collections of the Library and other repositories. Access to these and other digitized films is also provided through the NLM Digital Collections and YouTube channel."

Global Health Events web archive

"Collected by: National Library of Medicine

"Archived since: Oct, 2014

"Description: 

"A selective collection of over 12,000 web resources archived by the National Library of Medicine beginning in 2014 related to global health events, including the 2014 and 2016 Ebola outbreaks, Zika virus disease in 2015-2016, and the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. Included in the archive are websites and social media of government and non-government organizations, journalists, healthcare workers, and scientists in the United States and around the world, with an aim to collect and preserve a diversity of perspectives. Archived websites are primarily in English. NLM will continue to develop, review, describe, and add content to the collection.

"Subject:   Government - National,  Science & Health,  Spontaneous Events,  Ebola,  hemorrhagic fever,  Ebola virus disease,  Zika Virus,  Zika Virus Infection,  Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/plan/lrp17/NLM_StrategicReport2017_2027.html

"The strategic plan focuses on three essential, interdependent goals that will help guide the Library’s priorities over the next 10 years as it pursues its mission of collecting and integrating an expanding set of information resources, enabling them to be analyzed by tools emerging from the informatics and data science research front. Those goals are to:

1. Accelerate discovery and advance health through data-driven research;

2. Reach more people in more ways through enhanced dissemination and engagement; and

3. Build a workforce for data- driven research and health."

https://hmddirectory.nlm.nih.gov/

A world directory of history of medicine libraries edited and published online by NLM. The date this was first published is not stated. I entered it into this database in 2024 and arbitrarily assigned that date to the entry.