A treatise on medical ethics and the duties of the physician influenced by Christian religious beliefs. Translated into English by W.P. Grant as Medical etiquette (Handbook of elementary deontology). With a preface by Sir Dyce Duckworth (London, 1910). Digital facsimile of the 1910 edition from wellcomecollection.org at this link.

Appia became one of the original five founders of what was later named the International Committee of the Red Cross. English translation as The ambulance surgeon or practical observations on gunshot wounds, edited by T. W. Nunn and A. M. Ediwards, Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1862. Digital facsimile of the 1859 edition from wellcomecollection.org at this link. Digital facsimile of the English translation from Google Books at this link.

Roger Boppe, L'homme et la guerre. Le Docteur Louis Appia et les débuts de la Croix-Rouge. Geneva: Muhlethaler, 1959.

Digital facsimile from BnF Gallica at this link.

"The G-spot, also called the Gräfenberg spot (for German gynecologist Ernst Gräfenberg), is characterized as an erogenous area of the vagina that, when stimulated, may lead to strong sexual arousal, powerful orgasms and potential female ejaculation.^[1] It is typically reported to be located 5–8 cm (2–3 in) up the front (anterior) vaginal wall between the vaginal opening and the urethra and is a sensitive area that may be part of the female prostate.^[2]

"The existence of the G-spot has not been proven, nor has the source of female ejaculation.^[3][4] Although the G-spot has been studied since the 1940s,^[2] disagreement persists over its existence as a distinct structure, definition and location...."(Wikipedia article on G-spot, accessed 9-2021)

The "G-spot" was named in a paper published in 1981: Frank Addiego ,Edwin G. Belzer Jr., Jill Comolli, William Moger, John D. Perry & Beverly Whipple, "Female ejaculation: A case study," Journal of Sex Research, 17 (1981) 13-21.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

The author was a military surgeon on Napoleon's Egyptian campaign. Digital facsimile from BnF Gallica at this link. (32pp.)

Dorothea Dix played an instrumental role in the founding or expansion of more than 30 hospitals for the treatment of the mentally ill in various U.S. states. This was probably the first of her many publications advocating for the humane treatment of the mentally ill. Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.

Digital facsimile from BnF Gallica at this link.

Beveridge's "... report to Parliament on Social Insurance and Allied Services was published in November 1942. It proposed that all people of working age should pay a weekly national insurance contribution. In return, benefits would be paid to people who were sick, unemployed, retired or widowed. Beveridge argued that this system would provide a minimum standard of living "below which no one should be allowed to fall". It recommended that the government should find ways of fighting the "five giants on the road of reconstruction" of Want, Disease, Ignorance, Squalor and Idleness. Beveridge included as one of three fundamental assumptions the fact that there would be a National Health Service of some sort, a policy already being worked on in the Ministry of Health" (Wikipedia article on Sir William Beveridge, accessed 9-2021).  Digital facsimile from pombo.free.fr at this link.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link

Murray was in the Bengal Medical Service from 1782 to 1802.  This was his report to the Directors of the East-India Company. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Digital facsimile from BnF Gallica at this link.

Karikó and Weissman discovered the nucleoside modifications that suppress the immungenicity of RNA, leading to their patents for the application of non-immunogenic, nucleoside-modified RNA (modRNA). This technology was licensed by Pfizer BioNTech and Moderna to develop their mRNA COVID-19 vaccines. Order of authorship in the original publication: Karikó, Buckstein, Ni, Weissman.

In 2023 Karikó and Weissman shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for their discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19."

Digital facsimile from sciencedirect.com at this link.

Digital facsimile from Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

Digital facsimile from Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Digital facsimile from wellcomecollection.org at this link.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

The Library of Congress attributes this anonymous work to Philippe Sylvestre Dufour, but characterizes Jacob Spon as the "supposed author." They also state as follows:   "Attributed also to Jacob Spon. cf. Paris. Bibl. nat. Cat.-  "La première partie de cet ouvrage est traduite du traité de Naironi sur le café: seconde est extraite de P. Alexandre de Rhodes, de Nieuhoff; la troisième est une réimpression de la traduction par René Moreau de l'ouvrage de Antoine Colmenero."--Nouvelle biographie générale, t. 15, col. 68.-  An additional part, "Du chocolate dialogue," is from the Spanish of Bartolomeo Marradon."

Digital facsimile from loc.gov at this link.

Digital facsimile of the 1631 edition from bdh-rd.bne.es at this link .

Translated into French in 1643 as Du chocolate discours curieux, divisé en quatre parties. Par Antoine Colmenero de Ledesma medecin & chirurgien de la ville de Ecija de l'Andalouzie. Traduit d'espagnol en françois sur l'impression faite à Madrid l'an 1631. & esclaircy de quelques annotations. Par René Moreau.... Plus est adjousté un dialogue touchant le mesme chocolate. Digital facsimile of the French translation from the Hathi Trust at this link.

Translated into English as A curious treatise of the nature and quality of chocolate. VVritten in Spanish by Antonio Colmenero, doctor in physicke and chirurgery. And put into English by Don Diego de Vades-forte. London: By I Okes, 1640. Full text of the 1640 edition from Early English Books Online at this link.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

"This book is about the hospital ward, also called the nursing unit or inpatient unit. Part 1 gives a history of nursing unit floor plans since roman times. Part 2 reviews contemporary planning problems. Part 3 contains the yale studies in hospital function and design, concerned with hospital problems of today. Part 4 considers the structure and possible future applications of the concept of progressive patient care" (publisher).

This work is typically referred to as Disquisitio de sexu plantarum. Translated into English as A dissertation on the sexes of plants translated from the Latin of Linnaeus by James Edward Smith. London: Printed for the author, and sold by George Nicol, 1786.

"The Linnaeus Link Project is an international collaboration between libraries with significant holdings of Linnaean material. It is funded, maintained and co-ordinated by the Linnean Society of London.  Its main aim is to be a comprehensive, online Union Catalogue of Linnaean publications, facilitating research for scholars worldwide by enabling them to identify locations of titles with a single internet search.

"It also acts as the official bibliography of works by and relating to Linnaeus and his legacy by using and continuing the bibliographic work of Basil Soulsby."

Issued in parts. Images by Sowerby; text by  Sir James Edward Smith. Only Sowerby is credited on the title page. Includes 2,592 hand-colored plates of British plants. 

"Buyers of this work today must exercise extreme caution. Because of its popularity, editions were published over many years, sometimes with images produced from worn out plates, parts from earlier editions and other bibliographic nightmares. The second edition of this work was merely a restrike of the first, and mixed editions were routinely produced. Sets of the final edition (usually in 13 volumes of quarto size, with 1,936 plates), designated the third edition, appeared as late as 1892, and were illustrated with crude lithographic (albeit hand-colored) copies of Sowerby's original engravings. There are also pirated editions" (Lawrence H. Conklin, "James Sowerby, his publications and collections," Minerological Record, Vol. 26, July-August, 1995).

Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.

Boerhaave's syndrome: complete, transmural laceration of the lower part of oesophagus with exit of the gastric content into the mediastinum in the patient with a pre-existing oesophageal disease. This typically occurs after forceful emesis. Boerhaave described this syndrome in the context of a patient he treated in 1723--Baron Jan von Wassenaer, Grand Admiral of the Dutch Fleet and Prefect of Rhineland, who vomited after a meal and developed left-sided chest pain and died 18 hours later. At post mortem the following were found: a tear of the left posterior wall of the oesophagus 5 cm above the diaphragm, emphysema, and food in the left pleural space.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Catalogues 1150 anatomical preparations in the anatomical museum at Kiel. Foreward by anatomist/pathologist Johann Leonhard Fischer (1760-1833) who was responsible for much of the collection.

"... the first in-depth study of a powerful intellectual and social influence: the radical empiricism of the Paris Clinical School. After the French Revolution, Paris emerged as the most vibrant center of Western medicine, bringing fundamental changes in understanding disease and attitudes toward the human body as an object of scientific knowledge. Between the 1810s and the 1860s, hundreds of Americans studied in Parisian hospitals and dissection rooms, and then applied their new knowledge to advance their careers at home and reform American medicine.

By reconstructing their experiences and interpretations, by comparing American with English depictions of French medicine, and by showing how American memories of Paris shaped the later reception of German ideals of scientific medicine, Warner reveals that the French impulse was a key ingredient in creating the modern medicine American doctors and patients live with today. Impressed by the opportunity to learn through direct hands-on physical examination and dissection, many American students in Paris began to decry the elaborate theoretical schemes they held responsible for the degraded state of American medicine. These reformers launched an empiricist crusade "against the spirit of system," which promised social, economic, and intellectual uplift for their profession. Using private diaries, family letters, and student notebooks, and exploring regionalism, gender, and class, Warner draws readers into the world of medical Americans while investigating tensions between the physician's identity as scientist and as healer" (publisher).

"Ailing seventeenth- and eighteenth-century French men and women, members of their families, or their local physician or surgeon, could write to high profile physicians and surgeons seeking expert medical advice. This study, the first full-length examination of the practice of consulting by letter, provides a cohesive portrayal of some of the widespread ailments of French society in the latter part of the early modern period. It explores how and why changes occurred in the relationships between those who sought and those who provided medical advice. Previous studies of epistolary medical consulting have limited attention to the output of one or two practitioners, but this study uses the consultations of around 100 individual practitioners from the mid-seventeenth century to the time of the Revolution to give a broad picture of patients and physicians perceptions of illnesses and how they should be treated on a day-to-day basis.... (publisher).

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Digital facsimile from BnF Gallica at this link.

Digital facsimile from diva-portal.org at this link.

Digital facsimile from Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

https://www.kew.org/science/our-science/projects/joseph-hooker-correspondence-project

"Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker (1817 – 1911) was a trailblazing botanist and explorer and Kew’s second Director. Detailing plant diversity and economic botany throughout his many expeditions, he remains an influential figure to modern botanical science. 

"During his career he was also a prolific correspondent, writing to family, friends and colleagues, including Charles Darwin, and we are fortunate to hold an extensive archival collection at Kew. The Joseph Hooker Correspondence project is working to make his letters held in Kew’s archive, and other institutions’, available online. The project originally began with a partnership between Kew and the University of Sussex to produce digital images and full transcriptions of Hooker's Indian letters. Staff at Kew are continuing the project with the digitisation and transcription of further series of Hooker's correspondence. A team of expert remote volunteers transcribe the letters.

"The formation of this online repository, comprised largely of previously unpublished archive material, is intended to facilitate academic research in such fields as botany and other natural sciences, horticulture, British imperialism, garden history, the history of science and the history of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Kew also hopes to bring knowledge of Joseph Hooker to a wider audience and to extend awareness of the extent and significance of his work."

"Currently available online are:
•    Letters from Hooker’s Expedition to India (1847-1851), including accounts of his pioneering exploration and plant hunting in the Himalayas.
•    A series primarily composed of letters from Hooker to pre-eminent American botanist Asa Gray, with whom he went on a plant hunting tour of America in 1877 and shared a lifelong scientific dialogue.
•    Letters written by Hooker during his time as assistant surgeon and unofficial botanist to James Clark Ross’s expedition of discovery to Antarctica (1839-1843)
•    Other letters have been digitised and transcribed and will be available shortly.." (accessed 10-2021)

[Start date of this project is not posted on its website; to fit this into the chronology I have estimated the date at 2010.]

"Our project has so far obtained electronic copies of 5,688 letters, of which 2,748 were written by Wallace and 2,159 were sent to him. The remaining 781 are third party letters which either pertain to him, or were written by Wallace's close relatives and contain information useful to scholars interested in his life. The letters were found in 245 public and private collections around the world, and in 245 articles and books" (accessed 10-2021).

Vol. 1 catalogues spectacles from the collections of Carl Zeiss, Otto Hallauer, and Pierre Marly. Translated from the German by Frederick C. Blodi with an introduction by Wolfgang Pfeiffer, ‘A Short History of Spectacles’ by H. W. Holtmann, ‘A Contribution to the History of Contact Lenses’ by Hans-Walter Roth Ulm. Vol. 2,  titled "The Arts and Spectacles over Five Centuries," illustrates spectacles in important art collections, with accompanying illustrations of spectacles from the collections detailed in vol 1.

Includes two hand-colored lithographs depicting costumes of "plague doctors" -- one from the Middle Ages in Marseille, the other from Marseille in 1819; the similarities are striking! Digital facsimile from wellcomecollection.org at this link.

"During the French occupation of Egypt, Napoleon designated Kasr al-Aini a hospital for his troops in 1799, and then afterwards proposed the opening of a school to teach local Egyptian students the medicine required to treat the troops. This is how, after practicing for a time at Marseilles, Clot was invited by Muhammad Ali, Viceroy of Egypt to direct the Kasr al-Aini (Qasral-‘Ayni) School of Medicine at the Army hospital of Abou Zabel which later transferred to Cairo.^[2]

"The Viceroy of Egypt was determined to keep his army in good health and had sent emissaries to recruit doctors in Europe. On 24 January 1825, Clot sailed for Cairo on the Bonne Emilie with 20 other European doctors destined to assist him. Clot arrived in Egypt with the title of Surgeon-in-Chief of the Armies. As there was no medical care system in Egypt at that time, he began by instituting French Army regulations for the Egyptian army camps.

"The Army Medical School had a difficult beginning with religious officials set against dissection of corpses for anatomy lessons, but this was the foundation for modern medicine in Egypt. Clot was made chief surgeon to Muhammad Ali Pasha, viceroy of Egypt, at Abu Zabal, near Cairo.^[4] He shaped the Kasr El Aini Hospital and schools for all branches of medical instruction, as well as facilities for the study of the French language; and, notwithstanding the most serious religious difficulties, instituted the study of anatomy by means of dissection" Wikipedia article on Antoine Clot, accessed 10-2021).

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

"Mediterranean quarantines investigates how quarantine, the centuries-old practice of collective defence against epidemics, experienced significant transformations from the eighteenth century in the Mediterranean Sea, its original birthplace. The new epidemics of cholera and the development of bacteriology and hygiene, European colonial expansion, the intensification of commercial interchanges, the technological revolution in maritime and land transportation and the modernisation policies in Islamic countries were among the main factors behind such transformations. The book focuses on case studies on the European and Islamic shores of the Mediterranean showing the multidimensional nature of quarantine, the intimate links that sanitary administrations and institutions had with the territorial organisation of states, international trade, political regimes and the construction of national, colonial and professional identities" (publisher).

Digital facsimile from Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

Contains some of the earliest attempts at printing copper plates in color. The plates were "engraved by [Elisha] Kirkall in what is generally called 'mezzotint printed in colour.' The phrase is misleading. ... Kirkall achieved a half-hearted imitation of true mezzotint by rather clumsily roughening the toned parts of the plate with a roulette and leaving the rest of it untouched. The so-called 'colour-printing' was equally elementary: many of the figures are merely printed in a mossy green and touched with water-colour; in a few of the others, two or three different coloured inks have been used in a single printing." (Wilfrid Blunt, The art of botanical illustration (1950), p. 133.)

"Historia Plantarum Rariorum depicted plants from the Chelsea Physic Garden and the Cambridge Botanic Garden. These plants had come from the Cape of Good Hope, North America, the West Indies, and Mexico. Elisha Kirkall produced the mezzotint engravings. Each plate was dedicated to a patron and showed an engraved coat-of-arms or monogram. Besides van Huysum, other artists were William Houstoun, Massey, G. Sartorys, and R. Sartorius. The work was published in five parts of ten plates each between 1728 and 1737, and was sold by subscription. The venture was not a financial success and publication ceased in 1737" (Wikipedia article on Jacob van Huysum, accessed 10-2021).

Digital facsimile from Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

An anatomy for artists, illustrated by Hermann Sachs.

Digital facsimile from wellcomecollection.org at this link. Second edition, revised, corrected, and expanded with 50 additional pages, Paris, 1812. Digital facsimile of the second edition from wellcomecollection.org at this link.

Palade first described the association of what were subsequently determined to ribosomes with membranes. He and Keith Porter subsequently named this structure the endoplasmic reticulum. Digital facsimile from PubMedCentral at this link.

In 1974 Palade shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Albert Claude and Christian de Duve "for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell."

"This describes the former Royal Naval Hospital at Greenwich, originally designed in 1664 by John Webb as a palace, and afterwards adapted for use as a Naval Hospital by Sir Christopher Wren, with the assistance of Nicholas Hawksmoor (1696-1752). The Painted Hall was decorated by James Thornhill (1708-1727), and the Chapel remodelled by James Stuart (1779-1789). At the centre of this magnificent baroque complex stands Inigo Jones's earlier Queen's House (1616-1638). The buildings were in use as a Naval Hospital from 1705 to 1869" (https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/art-artists/book/an-historical-account-of-the-royal-hospital-for-seamen-at-greenwich).

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Perhaps the most widely revised and reprinted of all of Tardieu's works. 4th revised & enlarged edition, 1881; 7th revised and enlarged edition, 1904; new revised edition, 1907, 1925, 1939. Digital facsimile of the 4th edition from BnF Gallica at this link.

Digital facsimile from wellcomecollection.org at this link.

In this review article Owen coined the term Dinosaur (pp. 102-103). In surveying fossil bones and teeth found by Gideon Mantell, William Buckland, and others, he observed that three genera--Iguanodon, Megalosaurus, and Hylaeosurus--shared similarities in the structure of their vertebrae and elephant-like posture. For this reason Owen classified them as a sub-order in the Saurian order, and called them Dinosauria, meaning terrible lizards. Digital facsimile from Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

First description of the "method of loci," the memory technique as known as the "memory palace." Because of its wide use during the Middle Ages this text survives in hundreds of medieval manuscripts. Fourteen printed editions appeared in the 15th century.

ISTC No. ic00672000 . Digital facsimile from the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek at this link.

Fluvoxamine, an antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class, used primarily for the treatment of major depressive disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). It is also used to treat anxiety disorders, including panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Digital facsimile from PubMedCentral at this link.

Digital facsimile from Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.