A collection of Greek, Roman and Byzantine texts on medicine, written in Latin, that was mainly used as medical school textbook or reference manual between the 13th and 16th centuries. The Articella grew around a synthetic exposition of classical Greek medicine written in Baghdad by the Nestorian Christian Hunayn bin Ishaq (Johannitius), who frequently translated from Greek to Syriac to Arabic. His synthesis was based on Galen's Ars medica (Techne iatrike; Questions on medicine for students) and thus became known in Europe as Isagoge Ioannitii ad tegni Galieni. The collection includes works of Hippocrates, Galen,Theophilus Protospatharius, Johannitius, and the Byzantine physician Philaretus. As a medical library in one convenient volume, which underwent six editions in the 15th century and many other editions in the first half of the 16th century, the work reflects changing attitudes to various ancient texts and translations through the evolution of its contents.  ISTC no. ia01142500. Digital facsimile from the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek at this link.

Rhazes was the first to devote an entire treatise to diseases of children. Although he lived so many years before the advent of printing, he was still regarded as an authority in the 15th century and his works were among the earliest medical books to be printed. Sudhoff included the above work in his Erstlinge der pädiatrischen Literatur, Munich, 1925.  ISTC No. ir00175000.

As with several 15th century printed medical compendia, this work contains texts by authors in addition to Rhazes, including Galen, and Hippocrates.

The writings of Hippocrates began to appear in print in the 1480s, and only a few of the works attributed to Hippocrates were printed in the 15th century. Though the date of this edition is unstated within the book itself, the ISTC ih00277500 attributes it to "about 1481", making it, and an edition of Hippocrates' De insomniis Ed: Andreas Brentius also attributed by ISTC ih00277000 to Rome: Oliverius Servius, "about 1481", possibly the earliest printed editions of any of Hippocrates's works. Digital edition of De insomniis from the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek at this link.

One of the two earliest dated printings of the Hippocratic Oath. Digital facsimile from the Dombibliothek Freising at this link. ISTC No. ip00298000. It is possible that an undated edition attributed to 1481 (Entry No. 6929) preceded this. The Hippocratic oath was also published in print in another dated edition: Franciscus Argilagnes (ed.) Articella seu Opus artis medicinae, Venice, Hermannus Liechtenstein, 1483. Digital facsimile from the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek at this link. ISTC No. ia01143000.

The first English translation of the oath by John Read appeared in Francisco ARCEO, A most excellent and compendious method of curing woundes in the head, and in other partes of the body, London: Thomas East, 1588.

Considering the central importance of Galen's writings in medicine from the time he wrote well through the sixteenth and even the seventeenth century, and the need for physicians to make sense of such a large number of his texts, it does not seem surprising that the first printed bibliography of any medical author would be De divisione librorum Galeni by the fourteenth century Italian physician Gentile da Foligno (Gentilis Fulginas) who appears to have been one of the first European physicians to perform a dissection on a human (1341). Gentile's very brief listing was first published in the collective volume, containing over ten short texts, entitled Articella su Opus artis medicinae edited by Franciscus Argilagnes of Valencia, and published in Venice by Hermannus Liechtenstein on March 29, 1483. The Articella was used as a textbook or reference work in the early medical schools. Among the other works published in that volume was the first printing (in Latin) of the Hippocratic Oath. Digital facsimile of the 1483 Articella from the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek at this link. ISTC No. ia01143000.

The most popular and influential medical work by Maimonides, the most famous of early Jewish physician/philosophers. This is a collection of about 1500 aphorisms derived from Galen, and divided into 24 treatises. In the 25th and final treatise Maimonides discusses Galen’s teleological ideas from the Biblical standpoint. See also No. 53. The collection also includes translations of works by Mesue and Hippocrates by Gerard of Cremona, and a translation of Rhazes by Aegidius Lusitanus (Aegidius de Scalabis).  ISTC no. im00077000. Digital facsimile from the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek at this link.

The best edition of the Opuscula of Rhazes, containing the second printing of the celebrated Liber ad Almansorem, not to be confused with Liber nonus ad Almansorem, as well as De aegritudine puerorum (No. 6313), and other works by Rhazes. This edition also contains the first edition of Rhazes’ De proprietatibus membrorum et nocumentis sexaginta animalium. 

The Liber ad Almansorem first appeared in its entirety in 1481 with 14 other titles, including the first printed edition of Hippocrates On Airs, Waters, and Places, a pioneering work in anthropology. When republished in 1497, additional works by Rhazes, Maimonides and Avenzoar were included for a total of 23 separate titles. (Works by Hippocrates, Mesue, and Maimonides also included here were previously published in 1489, a later edition of which was issued in 1500, and 1508.)  ISTC No. ir00176000. Digital facsimile from the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek at this ink. 

The first collected edition of the Hippocratic collection in the Latin translation of Marco Fabio Calvo of Ravenna, dedicated to Pope Clement VII.

"This volume, which preceded the first, Aldine, edition of the Greek text by a year, 'changed what was known of Hippocrates almost beyond recognition.' In the sixteenth century the influence of Galen remained greater than that of Hippocrates, and many aspects of Renaissance Hippocratism remained to be investigated. Nonetheless, it is clear that the name of Hippocrates was invoked by physicians seeking an alternative to aspects of academic Galenism—so that an appeal to an authority even more venerable than Galen on occasion served to justify criticism of current beliefs and practices, if not innovation. Moreover medieval Hippocratic spuria began to be weeded out and the Epidemics are likely to have had some influence upon descriptions of patients and diseases.

"Fabio Calvo's original plan was apparently to publish a printed edition both of the Greek text and of his own Latin translation of the Hippocratic corpus, although as it turned out, only the translation was printed. A scholar of ascetic and frugal character—of which his vegetarianism was considered especially impressive evidence—he embarked on his work on Hippocrates when he was already an old man. As a friend of Raphael, for whom he translated Vitruvius into Italian, and an enthusiast for Roman antiquities, he also undertook the production of an illustrated volume on the urban geography of ancient Rome. Fabio Calvo finished collating and writing out his own copy of the Greek text of the Hippocratic corpus in 1512. His main source was fourteenth-century manuscript—then believed to be of considerably greater antiquity—in his own possession. But he also consulted one of the oldest and most important Hippocratic manuscripts, a twelfth-century codex that has been among the papal books since Charles of Anjou gave it to Clement IV in 1266" (Nancy G. Siraisi, "Life Sciences and Medicine in the Renaissance World," Grafton (ed) Rome Reborn. The Vatican Library and Renaissance Culture [1993] 181-83).

First edition of the Greek text of the works of Hippocrates, issued by Aldus Manutius of Venice one year after the first complete edition in Latin was issued in Rome. The Aldine text was edited by Aldus's brother-in-law Gian Francesco Torresani d'Asola, using a fifteenth-century manuscript now in Paris (BNF MS gr. 2141), with corrections provided by a second manuscript from the library of Cardinal Bessarion (Venice, Bibliotheca Marciana MS gr. 269). The Aldine Torresani edition corrected some errors in the Latin translation by Marco Fabio Calvo published the previous year, and also included a few works not in Calvo's edition.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

A Byzantine anatomical and physiological treatise almost entirely abridged from Galen's "De usu partium corporis humani," from which Theophilus now and then differed, and which he sometimes appears to have misunderstood. "In the fifth book he has inserted large extracts from Hippocrates' 'De Genitura,' and 'De Natura Pueri."'He recommends in several places the dissection of animals, but he does not appear ever to have examined a human body: in one passage he advises the student to dissect an ape, or else a bear, or, if neither of these animals can be procured, to take whatever he can get, 'but by all means,' he adds, 'let him dissect something' " (Wikipedia article on Theophilus Protospatharius). This is apparently the only surviving medical treatise by Theophilus. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

This translation by surgeon John Read contains the first printing of John of Arderne's writings on his operation for the cure of anal fistula, written originally about 1376. At one time John of Arderne practiced at Newark-on-Trent; he moved to London in 1370. See the edition by Sir D’Arcy Power, Treatises of fistula in ano, haemorrhoids, and clysters, London, Kegan Paul, 1910. See also No. 5557. Digital facsimile of the 1910 edition from the Internet Archive at this link. Prefixed to the translation is A complaint of the abuses of the noble art of chirurgerie, written in verse by Read.

Read's translation also contains the first English translation of the Hippocratic Oath.

The French humanist physician Foës produced the first Greek & Latin edition of the complete extant works of Hippocrates. His edition was the most significant before that of Littré.

The above bilingual edition was the result of 22 years of continuous labor, remains the most significant edition overall. For a detailed bibliography of modern editions and translations see Paul Potter, Short handbook of Hippocratic medicine, Quebec, 1988. Digital facsimile of the Littré edition from the Internet Archive at this link.

Between 1932 and 1934 Javal and Bourdeaux and Javal and Leblanc of Paris published an illustrated edition of the Littré translation in 4 volumes, with 64 color plates by Kuhn-Régnier in the art-deco style. This may be the only art book style illustrated edition of Hippocrates' complete works ever published.

Francis Adams, surgeon of Banchory, Scotland, prepared this partial translation to acquaint his contemporaries with “the opinions of an author, whom I verily believe to be the highest exemplar of professional excellence which the world has ever seen”. It was both the first English translation of 18 "genuine" works from the Hippocratic corpus, and the last English edition of the Hippocratic writings intended to serve as actual medical instruction. Other works of the corpus remained untranslated into English until the resumed publication of the Loeb Classical Library edition beginning in 1988. The first four Loeb volumes were published in 1923–1931, and six further volumes between 1988 and 2012. Digital facsimile of the 1849 edition from the Internet Archive at this link.

Greek text of the Hippocratic corpus with facing Latin translations. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

A Greek-French edition with extensive notes and commentaries by J. E. Pétrequin, surgeon-in-chief of the Hôtel-Dieu of Lyon. Operations attributed to Hippocrates included trephination and paracentesis; his most important successes were in the reduction of fractures and dislocations.

This Greek edition, originally planned to include the whole collection in seven volumes, was abandoned in 1907 with the founding of the Corpus Medicorum Graecorum series.  Both editions employ manuscripts and methods unknown to Littré to achieve a decisive improvement on his text.

Edition of Bibliothèque nationale de France, fonds arabe 6734, a Syriac manuscript copied on 10 October 1205 by a physician, probably a Jacobite or Melchite naned Behnam, but nothing in the codex indicates the author/translator of the Syriaque or Arabic text. Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.

Greek–English edition in the Loeb Classical Library. 

“The first book ever written on medical geography, climatology, and anthropology” (Garrison). The Latin translation of this text was first published in Rhazes’ Liber ad Almansorem, Milan, 1481. See No. 39.1. The standard Greek edition is Hippokrates überdie Umwelt. Herausgegeben und übersetzt von H. Diller, Corpus Medicorum Graecorum, I, 1,2, Berlin, 1970.

Hippocrates may be regarded as the first malariologist; he clearly and fully described the intermittent fevers; he was acquainted with seasonal and topographical variations in the distribution of malaria; and he recognized an association between marshes and fevers.

The earliest known description of puerperal fever.

Hippocrates introduced the inductive method of studying epidemics.

This includes the first mention of epilepsy in children. Hippocrates grouped all convulsive attacks together as ερα νο̂σος, the sacred disease. He did not employ the word έπίληψις, (which seems first to have been used in the 10th century by Avicenna) but the terms ρόν νόσημα, παθος παίδειον and νόσημα παίδειον. The standard Greek edition is Die hippokratische Schrift Über dieheilige Krankheit. Herausgegeben, übersetzt und erläutert von H. Grensemann, Berlin, 1968.

The first description of the association of proteinuria and chronic renal disease.

This collection of translations was partly reprinted with an introduction by G.E.R. Lloyd, and the addition of three new translations by I.M. Lonie as Hippocratic Writings, Harmondsworth: Penguin Classics, 1978.

Edition of the Greek text with facing French translation and commentary of On regimen of the Hippocratic Collection. The treatise dates to the late 5th or early 4th century BCE. 

Greek text with facing French translation and commentary of a group of treatises from the Hippocratic Collection about generation or considered to be about it: On generation, and On the nature of the child, both dated to 430-420 BCE, On diseases IV (loosely connected to the former two and generation), of mid 4th century BCE, and On the eight-month infant, of the early 4th century BCE.

Edition of the Greek text with facing French translation and commentary of a group of treatises from the Hippocratic Collection concerning anatomy, physiology, and pathology with the following possible periods of origin:

• Des lieux dans l'homme (On places in man) possibly ca. 450 BCE
• Du système des glandes (On glands) early 4th century
• Des fistules (On fistulas)  and Des hémorroïdes (On Hemorrhoids) both dating to 450-400 BCE
• De la vision (On sight)  late 5th century
• Des chairs (On flesh) possibly dating to 450-400 BCE
• De la dentition (On dentition) possibly early 4th century

Includes 3332 numbered entries of works concerning Hippocrates and the Hippocratic corpus with index of author's names with their Latin form (particularly helpful for Renaissance Latinized names) and index of modern authors. 

Greek text with facing French translation and commentary of On diseases II from the Hippocratic Collection, possibly from the second half of the fifth century BCE.

Iintroductory material in French; text in Greek.

A systematic attempt to gather the names and locations of manuscripts on the individual treatises that circulated in the Latin West before 1500 under the name or aegis of Hippocrates of Cos.

Edition of the Greek text with facing French translation and commentary of On winds and On the art of medicine from the Hippocratic Corpus. Both treatises date to the final decades of the 5th cent. BCE. On winds claims that diseases are caused by air. On the art aims to demonstrate the efficacy of medicine.

There have been several supplements, etc. "This index contains the entire vocabulary (with the exception of the article and a few particles) of the complete writings constituting the Corpus Hippocraticum. Quotations are in agreement with the edition by E. Littré, which still is the most important edition to date and has frequently been reprinted. Also incorporated were several texts not included in Littré’s edition and those lemmata from the glossaries of Erotianus and Galenus which are not preserved in the Hippocratic writings. But most importantly the material has been supplemented and corrected by means of a systematic evalution of the most recent critical editions and a re-examination of the original manuscripts. This approach combines two advantages: A standardized form of the quotations in accordance with Littré’s edition is coupled with abundant information on the tradition of all the writings, especially those which, until now, have not been republished in a critical edition. – With regard to the presentation of the material the index maintains a balance between a rigid concordance and a dictionary. Organizational principles of primary importance are the grammatical categories and varitations in the meanings of the words; additionally characteristic word combinations ans noteworthy dialectal forms are given particular attention while uncommon words are furnished with a Latin translation. The work is prefaced with an objective introduction in German containing, among other data, a complete list of the Hippocratic writings together with information on their tradition, their different editions, and where possible, their chronology." (http://www.v-r.de/en/index_hippocraticus_cui_elaborando_interfuerunt_sodales_thesauri_linguae_graecae_hamburgensis/sd-2/376, accessed 01-2017).

One of the most emblematic treatises of the Hippocratic Collection. The author, a physician presumably associated with Hippocrates but otherwise unidentified, illustrates the value of scientific medicine sometime between 420 and 380 BCE.

Translated into English by M. B. DeBevoise as Hippocrates (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1999).

Translated into English by M. B. DeBevoise as Hippocrates, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999.

Revised edition (2013) is available online at this link: http://cmg.bbaw.de/online-publikationen/hippokrates_2013_02.pdf

Greek text with facing French translation and study of four short treatises of the Hippocratic Collection on anatomy and traumatology of different periods and origins: On sores (probably 5th cent. BCE), On the nature of bones (probably late 5th cent. BCE), On the heart (possibly between 300 and 250 BCE), and On anatomy (late 5th century or 4th century BCE).

Epidemics V and VII are dated sometime around mid 4th century BCE, and compiled by a member of Hippocrates' circle.

Until Hippocrates epilepsy was believed to be religious in origin; Hippocrates provided the first medical description of the disease. 

A gynecological treatise from the Hippocratic Collection. This one is supposed to come from the School of Cnidus or to use Cnidian material and is generally dated to mid 4th century BCE.

This treatise on prognostication in acute diseases was possibly written by Hippocrates himself; or if not, by a physician close to him, sometime during the second half of the 5th century, before 410 BCE.

Greek text with facing French translation. Epidemics I and III, by a physician of Hippocrates' milieu, possibly by Hippocrates himself, sometime around 410 BCE

"The name of Hippocrates has been invoked as an inspiration of medicine since antiquity, and medical practitioners have turned to Hippocrates for ethical and social standards. While most modern commentators accept that medicine has sometimes fallen short of Hippocratic ideals, these ideals are usually portrayed as having a timeless appeal, departure from which is viewed as an aberration that only a return to Hippocratic values will correct. Recent historical work has begun to question such an image of Hippocrates and his medicine. Instead of examining Hippocratic ideals and values as an unchanging legacy passed to us from antiquity, historians have increasingly come to explore the many different ways in which Hippocrates and his medicine have been constructed and reconstructed over time. Thus scholars have tended to abandon attempts to extract a real Hippocrates from the mass of conflicting opinions about him. Rather, they tend to ask why he was portrayed in particular ways, by particular groups, at particular times. This volume explores the multiple uses, constructions, and meanings of Hippocrates and Hippocratic medicine since the Renaissance, and elucidates the cultural and social circumstances that shaped their development. Recent research has suggested that whilst the process of constructing and reconstructing Hippocrates began during antiquity, it was during the sixteenth century that the modern picture emerged. Many scholastic endeavours today, it is claimed, are attempts to answer Hippocratic questions first posed in the sixteenth century" (publisher).

"Hippocrates’ Aphorisms enjoyed great popularity in the ancient and medieval world and, according to Maimonides, it was Hippocrates’ most useful work as it contained aphorisms, which every physician should know by heart. They were translated into Hebrew several times, but it was Maimonides’ Commentary on Hippocrates’ Aphorisms that made the work influential in Jewish circles. For the composition of his commentary, Maimonides consulted the Aphorismsthrough the commentary by Galen, translated by Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq. This edition of Maimonides’ Arabic commentary and its Hebrew translations, the first with an English translation based on the Arabic text, is part of a project undertaken by Gerrit Bos to critically edit Maimonides’ medical works" (publisher).