Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Digital facsimile from BnF Gallica at this link. Through a quirk in publishing history the English translation appeared in 1923 prior to the French edition as Pierre Curie by Marie Curie, Translated by Charlotte and Vernon Kellogg with an introduction by Mrs. William Brown Meloney and autobiographical notes by Marie Curie. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1923. Digital facsimile of the English translation from Google Books at this link. Marie Curie's "Autobiographical notes (pp. 153-242) appeared only in the English translation.

Ève Curie was Marie Curie's younger daughter. This biography was first published simultaneously in many languages. It was translated into English by Vincent Sheean and published in London by William Heinemann Ltd., 1938. Digital facsimile of the London edition from the Internet Archive at this link.

Because Derham died in 1735 this biography would have been written in the early part of the 18th century after the death of Ray in 1705. Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.

Jung's M.D. thesis, in which he dealt for the first time with spiritualism in psychological terms, reporting data gathered at seances, and formulated the prototype of his theory of synchronicity.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

"Livingstone’s most famous expedition was in 1866–73, when he traversed much of central Africa in an attempt to find the source of the Nile. This book contains the daily journals that Livingstone kept on this expedition, from his first entry on January 28, 1866, when he arrived at Zanzibar (in present-day Tanzania), to his last on April 27, 1873, four days before he died from malaria and dysentery in a village near Lake Bangweulu in present-day Zambia. In his more than seven-year journey, Livingstone was assisted by friendly African chiefs and at times by Arab slave traders, whose activities he abhorred. His journals contain detailed observations on the people, plants, animals, topography, and climate of central Africa, as well as on the slave trade. The journals also provide Livingstone’s account of his meeting with Henry Morton Stanley in the fall of 1871. Stanley had been sent by the New York Herald to find the explorer, but was unable to convince him to return to England. Livingstone’s last entry reads: “Knocked up quite, and remain—recover—sent to buy milch-goats. We are on the banks of the Molilamo.” After Livingstone’s death, his African servants Susi and Chuma saved the journals for transport to England, where they were edited and published by Livingstone’s friend Horace Waller" (wdl.org/en/item 2566/)
Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

The first work to state the animal nature of corals, which had previously been regarded as marine plants. It has been asserted that although unsigned, some of the plates are after drawings by Ehret.

Digital facsimile from Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

On p. 34 Ellis published with a separate part title, A botanical description of the Dionaea Muscipula, or Venus's Fly-Trap. A newly-discovered sensitive plant: In a letter to Sir Charles Linnaeus, Knight of the Polar Star, Physician to the king of Sweden, and Member of most of the learned societies of Europe from John Ellis, Fellow of the Royal Societies of London and Upsal. This included the first published image of the Venus Fly-Trap. Digital facsimile from huntbotanical.org at this link.

Catalogue of about 3300 plants in the botanical garden of Leiden University (106 illustrated), compiled, and with plates apparently drawn by the author. Hermann had only recently introduced many plants to Europe from the East Indies, Ceylon, the Cape and America. Most entries give the Latin name of the plant with references to the literature; some give more detailed descriptions. Hermann sailed with the VOC (Dutch East India Company) to Ceylon in 1672 and collected many plants there. As a professor of botany and medicine at Leiden, he directed the University botanical garden from 1679 to his death in 1695. He made it the richest garden in Europe during the Dutch golden age, always in competition with Jan Commelin at the Amsterdam botanical garden. Hermann's premature death prevented publication of a planned second part of this catalogue.

Since the frontispiece and all botanical illustrations are on integral leaves, references to copies with 107 "plates" apparently include the frontispiece. Digital facsimile from Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

Greek text of the Hippocratic corpus with facing Latin translations. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

This Byzantine treatise on gout underwent several editions between the 16th and 18th centuries. The translator Musurus worked with Aldus Manutius in the preparation of several editiones principes. The translation, for which the date of 1517 is usually assigned, was first published in the anthology of medical works written after Hippocrates and Galen issued by Henri Estienne in 1567. (No. 55). From the way Estienne stated the title, it appears that he was uncertain regarding authorship of the text. Digital facsimile of the 1567 work from Bayerische StaatsBibliothek at this link.

First printed edition of this Byzantine medical text.

The authors reported a cluster of 9 children seen at Colorado Children's Hospital with an acute neurologic illness characterized by extremity weakness, cranial nerve dysfunction, diplopia (double vision), facial droop, dysphagia (swallowing difficulties) dysarthria (weak or slurred speech) or both. Median age was 8 years. All had a preceding febrile illness with cold-like symptoms. Four had enterovrus (EV) D68 isolated from the nasopharynx. Polio virus was excluded. (Order of authorship in the original publication: Pastula, Aliabadi...Miller.) Digital facsimile from PubMedCentral at this link.

Related to this case cluster:

Patrick Ayscue, Keith Van Haren,....C. Glaser, "Acute flaccid paralysis with anterior myelitis- California, June 2012," MMWR, 63, 903-906. These authors reported on a case of classic Acute Flaccid Myelitis dating to August 2012 in the San Francisco Bay Area. The patient was 29 years old. Polio virus was excluded. They noted that a total of 23 cases of Acute Flaccid Paralysis with myelitis were identified between December 2012 and February 2014. For this cluster the mean age was 10 years, and only 2 of those patients had EV D68. Once again polio was excluded. At this time the diagnosis of these cases was "Acute flaccid paralysis with anterior myelitis." Digital facsimile from PubMedCentral at this link.

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for these references and their interpretation.)

The authors presented a retrospective study based on demographics, race, ethnicity, signs, lab results, MRI results of 59 patients identified between June 2012 and July 2015 who presented symptoms that they characterized as Acute Flaccid Myelitis (AFM). Of 45 tested only 9 had EV D68; certain others had other enterviruses. Polio was excluded in all patients, but almost all had limb weakness or paralysis and typical prodromal upper respiratory or gastrointestinal illness, and clinically, and by MRI, this illness was essentially indistinguishable from polio. (Order of authorship in the original publication: Van Haren, Ayscue, Waubant.)

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

The authors correlated increases of Acute Flaccid Myelitis (AFM) with EV-D68 outbreaks. They noted that EV-D68 infected mice exhibited paralyzed limbs, and they reported that EV-D68 had undergone genome evolutiion that enabled viral neurotropism. (Order of authorship in the original publication: Uprety, Curtis, Elkan...Graf.) Digital facsimile from cdc.gov at this link.

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

Kawasaki first reported this disease in 1961 in a four-year-old child with a rash and fever at the Red Cross Hospital in Tokyo; by the time he wrote this paper he had seen 50 cases. The mysterious novel illness was eventually called Kawasaki Disease.

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

The first report on Kawasaki Disease in English. By 1973, 6,000 cases of Kawasaki disease were reported in Japan.

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

The authors reported the case of a 6 month old baby who died from a myocardiac infarction after "recovering" from Kawasaki disease. Autopsy showed that the baby died from classical coronary artery thrombosis accompanied by congestive heart failure.

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

The authors concluded that a very common infectious agent, one that usually results in an asymptomatic infection, causes Kawasaki disease in a subset of genetically predisposed children. They argued that the available data supported the theory of a new RNA virus, without substantial homology to known viruses, will eventually be shown to be the infectious agent of Kawasaki disease. Digital facsimile from PubMedCentral at this link.

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

Discovery of the first Human Bocavirus (HBoV1), a new virus species associated with lower respiratory infection almost always in children. (Order of authorship in the original publication: Allander, Tammi, Eriksson).

"The Autobiography remained unpublished during Franklin's lifetime. In 1791, the first edition appeared, in French rather than English, as Mémoires de la vie privée de Benjamin Franklin, published in Paris. This translation of Part One only was based on a flawed transcript made of Franklin's manuscript before he had revised it. This French translation was then retranslated into English in two London publications of 1793, and one of the London editions served as a basis for a retranslation into French in 1798 in an edition which also included a fragment of Part Two.

"The first three parts of the Autobiography were first published together (in English) by Franklin's grandson, William Temple Franklin, in London in 1818, in Volume 1 of Memoirs of the Life and Writings of Benjamin Franklin. W. T. Franklin did not include Part Four because he had previously traded away the original hand-written holograph of the Autobiography for a copy that contained only the first three parts. Furthermore, he felt free to make unauthoritative stylistic revisions to his grandfather's autobiography, and on occasion followed the translated and retranslated versions mentioned above rather than Ben Franklin's original text.

"W. T. Franklin's text was the standard version of the Autobiography for half a century, until John Bigelow purchased the original manuscript in France and in 1868 published the most reliable text that had yet appeared, including the first English publication of Part Four. In the 20th century, important editions by Max Ferrand and the staff of the Huntington Library in San Marino, California (Benjamin Franklin's Memoirs: Parallel Text Edition, 1949) and by Leonard W. Labaree (1964, as part of the Yale University Press edition of The Papers of Benjamin Franklin) improved on Bigelow's accuracy. In 1981, J. A. Leo Lemay and P.M. Zall produced The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin: A Genetic Text, attempting to show all revisions and cancellations in the holograph manuscript. This, the most accurate edition of all so far published, served as a basis for Benjamin Franklin's Autobiography: A Norton Critical Edition and for the text of this autobiography printed in the Library of America's edition of Franklin's Writings.

"The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin also became the first full-length audiobook in history, which was voiced by actor Michael Rye and released in 1969.^[3

Digital facsimile of the first edition from Google Books at this link.

"This book discusses the perception of disease, healing concepts and the evolution of traditional systems of healing in the Himalayas of Himachal Pradesh, India. The chapters cover a diverse range issues: people and knowledge systems, healing in ancient scriptures, concept of sacredness and faith healing, food as medicament, presumptions about disease, ethno-botanical aspects of medicinal plants, collection and processing of herbs, traditional therapeutic procedures, indigenous Materia medica, etc. The book also discusses the diverse therapeutic procedures followed by Himalayan healers and their significance in the socio-cultural life of Himalayan societies.

"The World Health Organization defines traditional medicine as wisdom, skills, and practices based on theories, beliefs, and experiences indigenous to different cultures, used in the prevention, diagnosis, improvement or treatment of physical and mental illness and maintenance of health. In some Asian and African countries, 80% of the population depends on traditional medicine for primary health care. However, the knowledge of these conventional healing techniques and traditions associated with conveying this knowledge are slowly disappearing. The authors highlight the importance of safeguarding this indigenous knowledge in the cultural milieu of the Himachal Himalayas" (publisher).

Abstract:
"Traditional medicine use is common in developing countries and increasingly popular in the western world. Despite the popularity of traditional medicines, scientific research on safety and efficacy is limited. However documented fatalities and severe illness due to lead poisoning are increasingly recognized to be associated with traditional medicine use. As society becomes more globalized, it is imperative for pharmacists and health care providers to learn about the safety of traditional medical practices. The information presented educates and alerts pharmacists and health care providers about the potential of traditional medicines to cause lead encephalopathy. Case reports were located through systematic literature searches using MEDLINE, CINAHL, AMED, CISCOM, EMBASE and The Cochrane library from 1966 to the February 2007. Reference lists of identified articles and the authors' own files were also searched. Inclusion criteria were cases of human lead encephalopathy associated with traditional medical practices. There were no restrictions regarding the language of publication. Data were subsequently extracted and summarized in narrative and tabular form. We found 76 cases of lead encephalopathy potentially associated with traditional medicine. Ayurvedic medicines were associated with 5 cases (7%), Middle eastern traditional medicines with 66 cases (87%) and 5 cases (7%) with other traditional medicines. Of the 76 cases, 5% were in adults and 95% were in infants and young children. Of the 4 adult cases, at least one was left with residual neurological impairment. In infants and young children, among 72 cases 8 (11%) were fatal, and at least 15 (21%) had residual neurological deficits. Traditional medicine users should be screened for lead exposure and strongly encouraged to discontinue metal–containing remedies. Therefore, the United States Food and Drug Administration and corresponding agencies in other countries should require and enforce heavy metal testing for all imported traditional medicines and “dietary supplements”.

Available from PubMedCentral at this link.

Digital facsimile from BnF Gallica at this liink.

"Like many of the traditional medicines of South Asia, Ayurvedic practice transformed dramatically in the later nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. With Doctoring Tradition, Projit Bihari Mukharji offers a close look at that recasting, upending the widely held yet little-examined belief that it was the result of the introduction of Western anatomical knowledge and cadaveric dissection.

"Rather, Mukharji reveals, what instigated those changes were a number of small technologies that were introduced in the period by Ayurvedic physicians, men who were simultaneously Victorian gentlemen and members of a particular Bengali caste. The introduction of these devices, including thermometers, watches, and microscopes, Mukharji shows, ultimately led to a dramatic reimagining of the body. By the 1930s, there emerged a new Ayurvedic body that was marked as distinct from a biomedical body. Despite the protestations of difference, this new Ayurvedic body was largely compatible with it. The more irreconcilable elements of the old Ayurvedic body were then rendered therapeutically indefensible and impossible to imagine in practice. The new Ayurvedic medicine was the product not of an embrace of Western approaches, but of a creative attempt to develop a viable alternative to the Western tradition by braiding together elements drawn from internally diverse traditions of the West and the East" (publishers).

One of the only books on sexuality in colonial America.

A dictionary of Syriac names for plants used to make botanic drugs.

"... a comprehensive,well-illustrated study of the organization of the white matter pathways of the brain. Schmahmann and Pandya have analyzed and synthesized the corticocortical and corticosubcortical connections of the major areas of the cerebral cortex of the rhesus monkey. The result is a detailed understanding of the constituents of the cerebral white matter and the organization of the fiber tracts. The findings from the 36 cases studied are presented on a single template brain, facilitating comparison of the locations of the different fiber pathways. The summary diagrams provide a comprehensive atlas of the cerebral white matter. The text is enriched by close attention to functional aspects of the anatomical observations. The clinical relevance of the pathways is addressed throughout the text and a chapter is devoted to human white matter diseases. The introductory account gives a detailed historical background. Translations of seminal original observations by early investigators are presented, and when these are considered in the light of the authors' new observations, many longstanding conflicts and debates are resolved." (publisher).

Though this book is intended for clinical and neurosurgical applications, the authors take an historical approach. Chapter 1 is "Historical review of cross-sectional anatomy of the brain."

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Flechsig devided the cytoarchitecture of the human brain into 40 areas.

Hebb connected the biological function of the brain as an organ together with the higher function of the mind. He studied how the function of neurons contributed to psychological processes such as learning. In this work he introduced the theory of Hebbian learning, a neuroscientific theory claiming that an increase in synaptic efficacy arises from a presynaptic cell's repeated and persistent stimulation of a postsynaptic cell. This was an attempt to explain synaptic plasticity, the adaptation of brain neurons during the learning process.
Hebb has been described as the father of neuropsychology and neural networks. 

Sinclair wrote The jungle to portray the harsh conditions and exploited lives of immigrants in the United States in Chicago and other industrialized cities. His primary purpose in describing the meat industry and its working conditions was to advance socialism in the United States. However, most readers were more concerned with several passages exposing health violations and unsanitary practices in the American meat packing industry during the early 20th century, which greatly contributed to a public outcry which led to reforms including the Meat Inspection Act. His account of the social and human abuses of the yards, where packers used "everything about the hog except the squeal," led to major reforms in the industry and, along with UNCLE TOM'S CABIN, is one of the few American novels to have a lasting impact on the way we live our lives. Indeed, when this book was published Jack London said, "What Uncle Tom's Cabin did for black slaves, The Jungle has a large chance to do for the white slaves of today." President Theodore Roosevelt was so shocked by what he read that he made sure a clean meat act, the Pure Food and Drug Bill, was signed into law, popularizing at the time the rather obscure term "muckraker." Later in life, Sinclair said of his masterpiece: "I aimed at the public's heart and by accident I hit it in the stomach."




Cover of the first edition.

In 2009 The National Instiututes of Health announced that it would fund a five year program called the Human Connectome Project to build a "network map" (connectome) to will shed light on the anatomical and functional connectivity within the healthy human brain, as well as to produce a body of data that will facilitate research into brain disorders such as dyslexia, autism, Alzheimer's disease, and schizophrenia. As of 2020 the project was not complete.

Very substantially revised second edition of No. 6716. Unchanged third edition, 1962.

Contributions to the history of pharmacology in China, Tibet and Mongolia. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

From 1845 to 1854 this enigmatically titled work was pubished under the title, Nouvelle encyclographie des sciences médicales.  Rather than an encyclopedia, it was a series of reprints of books and periodicals to which physicians in Belgium subscribed, sometimes reproducing elaborately illustrated works, such as Cruveilhier's atlas of pathology. It was neither an encyclopedia nor a periodical in the conventional sense. The list of volumes and links to digital facsimiles are available from Universiteits Bibliotheek Gent at this link.

This unfinished work with 22 spectacular plates included some full body images of patients, and unlike other illustrated works by Alibert, it concerned more than skin diseases. Vol. 2 was never published but a second, posthumous edition with 33 plates appeared in 1838.

Digital facsimile of the 1822 edition from Google Books at this link.

"Recent years have seen enormous attention devoted to the history of sexuality in the Western world. But how has the West conceived of non-western societies been influenced by these other traditions? The Geography of Perversion and Desire is the first historical study to demonstrate convincingly that the representation cultural otherness, as found in European thought from the Enlightenment through modern times, is closely interrelated with modern constructions of homosexual identity. Travel reports and early ethnographic accounts of cross-gender roles in the Americas, Africa, and Asia corroborated the 18th century construction of the sodomite identity. Similarly, the late 19th-century construction of the third sex provoked much anthropological speculation on to genetic versus societal nature of male-to-male sexual relations, a precursor of current essentialist versus constructionist debates. An invaluable contribution to the ongoing debates on cultural and sexual otherness, this volume unravels how the categories of the modern sodomite and later homosexual were inextricably intertwined with essentialist definitions of racial identity. In encyclopedic detail, Bleys traces how cross-cultural records were collected, created, structured, manipulated, excerpted, reformulated, and omitted in interaction with changing beliefs about male-to-male sexuality. Focusing in such subjects as puritanism, sodomy, and ethnicity in colonial North America; cross-gender behavior and hermaphrodditism; the semiotics of genitalia; and the parameters of sexual science, The Geography of Perversion and Desire is a breathtakingly thorough, cross cultural history of sexual categories. Drawing on travel reports and early ethnographic accounts, The Geography of Perversion and Desire presents the first historical study to demonstrate convincingly that the representation of cultural otherness, as found in European thought from the Enlightenment to modern times, is closely interrelated with modern constructions of homosexual identity" (publisher).

Froriep described what would later be known as fibromyalgia, describing it as "rheumatism with painful, hard places" that could be felt in many locations on the body. He characterized the condition as muskelschwiele (muscle callus).

This collection of 417 plates on surgical procedures, instruments, and bandages, with 4 pages of explanatory text, was published in 96 parts between 1820 and 1847. Fifty-two of the plates were issued hand-colored. The work was initiated by Ludwig Friedrich Froriep and continued by his son Robert. The set is especially useful for orthopedics, ophthalmology, plastic surgery, etc. The work is primarily derivative from the published works of other authors including Astley Cooper, Travers, Rosenmüller, Walther, Scarpa, Dupuytren, Brüninghausen, Desalut, Boyer, Ford, Bellm Liston, Langenbruch, Seiler, Hagedorn, Szondi, Bateman, Dieffenbach, Graefe.

https://eyewire.org/explore

Eyewire is a game to map the brain from Sebastian Seung's Lab at Princeton University. This citizen science human-based computation game challenges players to map retinal neurons. Eyewire launched on December 10, 2012. Over five years, 250,000 people from 150 countries have signed up.
 
Eyewire challenges players, "Eyewirers", to map neurons in 3D. Upon registering, players are directed through a tutorial that explains the game. Supplementary video tutorials are available on the Eyewire Blog.

In Eyewire, the player is given a cube with a partially reconstructed neuron branch stretching through it. On the right side of the screen is a grayscale image of the cross sections of neurons. The player learns to "color" inside a gray outline of a single neuron branch, which usually extends from one side of the cube to another. As a player colors, segmentations that were generated by AI are added to the 3D section on the left of the screen. Reconstructions are compared across players as each cube is submitted, yielding a consensus reconstruction that is later checked by expert players of rank Scout and Scythe. These players have the power to extend branches, remove erroneous segments (nicknamed "mergers"), and flag cubes for further review. This end result is volumetric reconstructions of complete neurons.

One of the earliest serious medical studies of the subject from the anatomical, physiological, emotional, and psychological points of view. In the second edition (1887) retitled Sexual impotence in the male and female, the author added almost 50 pages on women's issues covering anatomical, physiological, and psychological reasons for absence of sexual desire in women.
Digital facsimile of the first edition from wellcomecollection.org at this link; of the 1887 edition from the Internet Archive at this link.

A very good advice book for its time by a physician. Initially published by a small publisher, this book was rapidly reprinted, many times by W.W. Norton. The cover reprinted an endorsement by Havelock Ellis: "An admirably sound and temperate presentation of the sexual problems of marriage, plain-spoken but always in the right tone, and my opinion suitable for the widest use."

"Fits, Trances, and Visions (1999) charts the experience of Anglo-American Protestants and those who left the Protestant movement beginning with the transatlantic awakening in the early 18th century and ending with the rise of the psychology of religion and the birth of Pentecostalism in the early 20th century.^[7]

"It charts the synonymic language of trance in the American Christian traditions: power or presence or indwelling of God, or Christ, or the Spirit, or spirits. Typical expressions include "the indwelling of the Spirit" (Jonathan Edwards), "the witness of the Spirit" (John Wesley), "the power of God" (early American Methodists), being "filled with the Spirit of the Lord" (early Adventists; see charismatic Adventism), "communing with spirits" (Spiritualists), "the Christ within" (New Thought), "streams of holy fire and power" (Methodist holiness), "a religion of the Spirit and Power" (the Emmanuel Movement), and "the baptism of the Holy Spirit" (early Pentecostals).^[7]

"It focuses on a class of seemingly involuntary acts alternately explained in religious and secular terminology. These involuntary experiences include uncontrolled bodily movements (fits, bodily exercises, falling as dead, catalepsy, convulsions); spontaneous vocalizations (crying out, shouting, speaking in tongues); unusual sensory experiences (trances, visions, voices, clairvoyance, out-of-body experiences); and alterations of consciousness and/or memory (dreams, somnium, somnambulism, mesmeric trance, mediumistic trance, hypnotism, possession, alternating personality). (Wikipedia article on Ann Taves, accessed 5-2020).

Digital facsimile of the 33rd impression (1922) from the Internet Archive at this link.

An illustrated outline of people and events the authors considered significant in 1923. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Concerns the Maltese plague,. 1813-1814. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Edition of a mid-15th century Middle English compilation of medicinal recipes, a manuscript that records how such recipes were passed on through several centuries.

Definitive edition of the medieval Latin text of Guy's Surgery from MS Vat. Palat. Lat. 1317, completed in Montpellier in 1373, only a decade after the text is thought to have been completed. The editors traced the more than 3000 references to older medical authorities in this encyclopedic work to their sources and discussed their use.

Carmichael "subdivided venereal infections into four major classes, each of which he maintained had a distinct exciting poison, a peculiar primary manifestation and a separate series of constitutional affections. From this he inferred that there were four varieties of morbid poison on which the existence of all these symptoms depended . . .Carmichael was correct in identifying that syphilis presented itself in many forms, both the primary and secondary lesions of syphilis can appear in one or in a variety of manifestations. His theory about the
plurality of poisons was however misdirected” (Spongberg, Feminizing Venereal Disease, p. 30). Digital facsimile from wellcomecollection.org at this link.

The 4 hand-colored plates of unusual and extreme cases are a feature of this work. In 1817 Nathaniel Chapman (1780-1853) paid for an American edition of Carmichael's work to be published in Philadelphia. That edition contained American copies of Carmichael's plates engraved by the American engraver Alexander Lawson (1773-1846). Those plates were among the finest engraved and hand-colored medical illustrations published in American up to that date. Lawson had previously been the engraver of the images in Wilson's American Ornithology, 9 vols., 1808-1814.

An illustrated and enhanced version of the Gart der Gesundheit (1485) and the Kleinen Destillierbuchs of Hieronymus Brunschwig (1500). Contents include animals, including imaginery animals, a bit of human anatomy, minerals as well as plants, including materia medica.  Digital facsimile from Bayerische Staatsbibliothek at this link.

Eucharius Rösslin the Younger translated his father's Der schwangeren Frauwen und Hebammen Rosengarten (1513) into Latin, from which it is was translated into French, Dutch, and English, and was frequently reprinted.  Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

A manual for equiping and operating a pharmacy and making drugs and syrups. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Lister was the first arachnologist and conchologist. This work was the first organized, systematic publication on shells. In spite of the wording of the title, the work contains four sections on spiders, land snails, freshwater and saltwater molluscs, and fossil shells.  In the first section Lister wrote of the many mistakes of previous authors writing on Arachnidae, to their venom and their use (!) in therapy. He provided a classification of British spiders preceding the second chapter of the first part, describing the different species of spiders according to their aspect and their alimentary habits. An appendix to this work was published in 1681.
Digital facsimile from Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

First anatomical supplement to the Historia conchyliorum. This was the first separate work devoted to snails. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

The first work was intended as the second anatomical supplement to Lister's Historia conchyliorum.

"He [Lister] had created a small version of this book for circulation to friends in 1685, but almost immediately began work on an expanded version which was produced from 1685 to 1692. This copy had 490 pages, with 1062 engraved copper plates, showing 2000 figures of molluscs.

"The illustrations were the work of two of his daughters Susanna (1670-1738) and Anna (1671–1704). Their father had encouraged their drawing abilities, and they would have used the shells in his collection, or those sent by friends such as Sir Hans Sloane, from which to make their drawings. They were also responsible for etching or engraving the plates on copper and it is generally assumed that the printing was done by the family at home, rather than taken to a professional printing firm.

"The publication of the first edition of Historiae Conchyliorum was a lengthy and laborious undertaking, it is an impressive feat for anyone to be involved in, but even more so for  Susanna and Anna as it is thought that they were between the ages of 13 and 15 when production began. It was initially published in four books, or parts, and then a second, complete, edition was produced almost immediately and became available in 1697.

"In 1712 Lister bequeathed the original copper plates to the Ashmolean Museum, and in 1770, the curator of the Museum, William Huddesford, published a third edition of the book. He reprinted the illustrations from the original plates, included additional notes from Lister’s manuscript, and dedicated it to the famous shell collector, the Duchess of Portland.

"A final edition was produced in 1823, which included an index by Lewis Weston Dillwyn (1778-1855), the porcelain manufacturer whose shell collection is now housed in the Museum zoology department. This edition includes the notes from the Huddesford version and identifications of the species and remarks by the compiler. It is technically the fourth edition but is known generally as the third" (https://museum.wales/blog/2018-03-08/Listers-Historiae-Conchyliorum-a-seventeenth-century-shell-book/, accessed 5-2020).

Issued in parts; the collation of copies vary.

Third anatomical supplement to Lister's Historia concyliorum.

 "... a descriptive anatomy in the style of Mundinus. It concludes with a final chapter on the praise of dissection. He expresses the need for a clinical examination rather than uncritical trust in the authorities “since in it we see the truth and contemplate its revelations as the works of nature lie under our eyes… but those who trust only the monuments of literature… are often deceived and entrust opinion rather than truth to their minds.”^[1] He later describes a postmortem examination of a woman who had died of syphilis and the disease’s effects on her bones.^[2] Benedetti critiqued those anatomists who trusted in the authorities more than their own experience: “Aristotle has had so much authority for so many centuries that even those things which [physicians] have not seen they will affirm to exist, even without experiment.”^[3] Benedetti valued personal observation over blind trust in the authorities and even, shockingly for the time, corrected Aristotle. “Aristotle believes that the nerves first arise from the heart… but almost all of them (as is more evidently established) are perceived to originate in large part from the brain….”^[4]  (Wikipedia article on Alessandro Benedetti, accessed 5-2020). 

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

The last of the three poems in this collection may not be by Guillaume Alexis. It may be translated as "A joyful medicine for the teeth". Assuming that it was printed about 1520, it is the first printed text on dental health, and the first ever reference to dentistry in a printed book title. The only institutional copies recorded are in the British Library and the Bibliothèque nationale de France.

Thomaeus's commentary on Aristotle's Mechanica includes an explanation of the action of a dental forceps illustrated with two small woodcut illustrations on page XXXXI. This was the first printed dental illustration. The work also include's commentaries on Aristotle's De motu animalium and De animalium incessu.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Concerns medical and surgical treatment of the diseases of the head, ears, eyes, chest, heart, liver, and intestines, and plague.  Also includes treatments for tooth aches, bad breath, and how to whiten teeth. The Lyon printer Veycellier produced three editions in 1530.

 Editio principes (first printed edition in Greek) of the anatomical portions (Books 24 and 25) of Oribasius's Synagoge, or Encyclopaedia of Medicine. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

"The authors publish a previously unedited Regimen of Health attributed to Avenzoar (Ibn Zuhr), translated at Montpellier in 1299 in a collaboration between a Jewish philosopher and a Christian surgeon, the former translating the original Arabic into their shared Occitan vernacular, the latter translating that into Latin. They use manuscript evidence to argue that the text was produced in two stages, first a quite literal version, then a revision improved in style and in language adapted to contemporary European medicine. Such collaborative translations are well known, but the revelation of the inner workings of the translation process in this case is exceptional. A separate Hebrew translation by the philosopher (also edited here) gives independent evidence of the lost Arabic original" (publisher).

"...explores the wide range of healers and forms of healing in the southern half of the Italian peninsula that was the kingdom of Naples between 1600 and 1800. By adopting the point of view of the sick people themselves, it uncovers religious and popular ideas about disease and its causation and cures. The training, preparation and practice of all healers is discussed, against a backdrop of ongoing attempts by the medical and ecclesiastical elites to limit their activities within bounds considered acceptable. Using fascinating and wide ranging sources which include medical and demonological treatises, hagiographies, guild statutes, hospital records, government edicts, chronicles, books of "secrets," local histories, episcopal visitations, canonization processes, trials for magic, diabolism and simulated sanctity, Jesuit mission accounts, and the records of the kingdom’s medical magistracy, the Protomedicato..." (publisher).

An extensively llustrated manual published specifically for barber surgeons, published in the vernacular, and instructing them in the art of bloodletting and phlebotomy, embalming dead bodies, curing headaches, and various other medical skills that barbers of the time practiced. He also provides detailed illustrations of the veins and arteries that are significant for bloodletting, followed by various engravings depicting phlebotomy procedures, including a bloodletting procedure on the tongue. The Barber holds the tip of the tongue before cutting underneath it. In the concluding chapters D'Amato describes various concoctions of salves and herbal pharmaceuticals to whiten teeth, cure inflamed gums, and to generally keep the teeth clean and free of tartar. This suggests that barber surgeons also acted as dentists.

The Naples publisher, Ottavio Beltrano, must have taken a major interest in publishing for the niche market of Italian barber surgeons. Only six years earlier Beltrano published the illustrated manual by Tiberio Malfi. Because d'Amato's book was less-expensively produced, and was more narrowly focused on technique rather that "culture", it is possible that Beltrano issued it with the idea of having a less expensive alternative to the work by Malfi.

Published when barbers saw their work increasingly competed with by professional surgeons, Malfi’s book stresses medical knowledge of barbers and their expertise in performing medical procedures. It is Illustrated with portraits of famous barbers in history, anatomical models and scenes showing surgical procedures.

The work is divided into three parts The first is concerned with the art of hairdressing, and includes chapters on the dignity of the beard (Malfi’s own consists of a large twirled mustache and a thin strip of goatee) and on the damaging and deforming effects of long hair on men, as well as descriptions of the instruments and techniques needed for hair cutting and grooming. The second chapter is dedicated to bloodletting, explaining the medical rationale behind it, and introducing basic anatomy and the location of veins and arteries. The instructions for the various procedures are detailed and practical, including advice on how to position the patient, what to do when the desired vein is difficult to raise, and how to collect the blood. The illustrations to this book range from anatomical woodcuts to engraved scenes with several figures and fully realized background landscapes.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Gagliardi, a papal physician, fiirst described the lamellar structure of the bones.  He also carried out some tests and comparative research between human and calf bones, and probably first described a case of bone tuberculosis. The work includes research and illustrations on the structure of teeth.  Gagliardi was also reputed to have been the first to describe the tooth enamel in detail. According to Desirabode, he obtained sparks from tooth enamel "by hitting them with steel".
Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Three hundred copies on papier vélin contain a lithographed portrait of Leriche drawn and hand-signed and numbered by Henri Matisse.

A study of the most remarkabl diseases mentioned in the Holy Scriptures. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Agostino Gadaldini’s Latin translation of Galen’s Ad Glauconem and of Stephanus’ commentary upon it, enhanced with his own scholia. The work was at the heart of the medical curriculum at Alexandria, and the sixth/seventh-century Alexandrian physician Stephanus naturally made it the subject of a commentary (his commentaries on the Prognostics and Aphorisms of Hippocrates also survive). Gadaldini of Modena produced this Latin edition from a Greek manuscript now in the Royal Library of Copenhagen. This was the first printed edition of any work by Stephanus of Athens.

When the first volume was published in 1857 the library was designated Bibliothèque Impériale. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Discovery of nitrogen fixation, the process by which diatomic nitrogen gas is converted to ammonium ions and becomes available to plants. Bacteria perform nitrogen fixation, dwelling inside root nodules of certain plants (legumes). In addition to having discovered a biochemical reaction vital to soil fertility and agriculture, Beijerinck revealed this archetypical example of symbiosis between plants and bacteria.

Martin and colleagues reported on the study of 192 sterile couples. Martin pointed out "that 33 (17%) of the men in this group were azoospermic and two more could produce no ejaculate at all. From an examination of the semen from these patients he came to several very important conclusions. He pointed out that in order to determine the potential fertility of a male patient, the semen must be fresh, because if a sample of semen is allowed to age, sperm movement is lost. However, he also noted that sperm motility could be preserved by cooling the semen sample. He also found that repeated samples of semen are necessary as some patients may produce an azoospermic sample and then at a later date can be found to have semen containing low numbers of sperm. Having examined large numbers of samples of human semen, he made detailed drawings of human spermatozoa and noted their polymorphism, particularly in relation to the variations in both size and shape of the sperm heads. He was perhaps the first person to describe twin-headed sperm and to describe sperm with two tails. He also noted the presence of cytoplasmic droplets on spermatozoa but could not explain their nature or their aetiology. He described psammoma bodies in semen and surmised that they came from the prostate. A further fundamental observation made by Edward Martin during surgery on these patients was that intratesticular sperm are immotile.

"In this paper, he [Martin] described the first epididymo-vasostomy. Initially, he carried out epididymo-vasostomies on three dogs after tying the vas proximally and then attempted this procedure on a patient with obstructive azoospermia" (Anne. M. Jequier, "Edward Martin (1859-1938). The founding father of modern clinical andrology," Int. J. Androl., 14 (1991), 1-10).

With J. Valentine Levi and M. E. Pennington.

The patient described in this paper gave a past history of epididymitis and also of gonococcal urethritis which was known at that time as ‘gleet’ and which had resulted in a urethral stricture. The epididymo-vasostomy was carried out unilaterally as a side-to-side procedure on the left side only. The epididymo-vasal fistula was constructed using silver wire. Six weeks later, sperm were noted in a semen sample and 281 days later, the patient’s wife delivered a full term infant!

Of 11 men with an epididymal obstruction, seven underwent a unilateral and four a bilateral epididymo-vasostomy. The operations consisted of the formation of a side-to-side epididymo-vasal fistula using silver wire sutures. From these 11 operations, seven patencies resulting in three pregnancies were obtained.

"In this publication Dr Martin also made some important observations. He made it clear that obstruction of the epididymis and subsequent azoospermia could be induced by a single attack of epididymitis. He demonstrated that epididymovasostomy is successful in the treatment of obstructive azoospermia. He also pointed out that azoospermia can be caused in two main ways, namely, not only by obstruction but also by functional disorders of the testis. He also showed that epididymo-vasostomy can only be of value when the vas is patent and that testing vasal patency per-operatively is an important step prior to the completion of the operation" (Anne M. Jequier, "Edward Martin (1859-1938). The founding father of modern clinical andrology," Int. J. Androl., 14 (1991) 1-10).

Written by one of the founders of the science.

 ".... Kuzniar argues that Hahnemann was a product of his time rather than an iconoclast and visionary. It is the first book in English to examine Hahnemann’s unpublished writings, including case journals and self-testings, and links to his contemporaries such as Goethe and Alexander von Humboldt. Kuzniar’s engaging writing style seamlessly weaves together medical, philosophical, semiotic, and literary concerns and reveals homeopathy as a phenomenon of its time...." (publisher).

This was the text for Aububon's The birds of America. Audubon wrote it with the assistance of William Macgillivray, though he did not credit him on the title page. The text included Audubon's accounts of his travels and adventures in America scattered through the volumes in the bird descriptions, and as separate anecdotes. Audubon recounted his experiences in the Florida Keys, along the Mississippi, and in Louisiana and Kentucky in the 1820s and 1830s.

Audubon published the text separately from the double elephant folio plates in order to avoid a stricture of the British Copyright Act of 1709 which would have required him to deposit a set of the very expensive double elephant folio plates with each of nine depository libraries in the United Kingdom.

Digital facsimile from Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

The most spectacular illustrated book on the flora of Portugal. The delicate illustrations, mostly stipple-engraved and colored by hand, based on the travels of Hoffmannsegg through Portugal between 1797 and 1801, were executed in the manner of Pierre-Joseph Redouté. 

Digital facsimiles from Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

"....the story of America's secret mission to combat malaria during World War II—a campaign modeled after a German project which tested experimental drugs on men gone mad from syphilis.

"American war planners, foreseeing the tactical need for a malaria drug, recreated the German model, then grew it tenfold. Quickly becoming the biggest and most important medical initiative of the war, the project tasked dozens of the country’s top research scientists and university labs to find a treatment to remedy half a million U.S. troops incapacitated by malaria.

"Spearheading the new U.S. effort was Dr. Lowell T. Coggeshall, the son of a poor Indiana farmer whose persistent drive and curiosity led him to become one of the most innovative thinkers in solving the malaria problem. He recruited private corporations, such as today's Squibb and Eli Lilly, and the nation’s best chemists out of Harvard and Johns Hopkins to make novel compounds that skilled technicians tested on birds. Giants in the field of clinical research, including the future NIH director James Shannon, then tested the drugs on mental health patients and convicted criminals—including infamous murderer Nathan Leopold.

"By 1943, a dozen strains of malaria brought home in the veins of sick soldiers were injected into these human guinea pigs for drug studies. After hundreds of trials and many deaths, they found their “magic bullet,” but not in a U.S. laboratory. America 's best weapon against malaria, still used today, was captured in battle from the Nazis. Called chloroquine, it went on to save more lives than any other drug in history" (publisher).