1931 TAYLOR, Francis Henry Laskey (1900 – 1959); CASTLE, William Bosworth (1897 – 1990)

Intravenous use of extract of liver.

GMN 3145.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/3977

1931 BREUER, Bela

Über ein neues Röntgensymptom der Gallensteinkrankheit.

Star-shaped radiolucencies caused by gas in gallstones.

GMN 3658 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4775

1931 DAUBNEY, Robert (1891 – ); HUDSON, John Richard

Enzootic hepatitis or Rift Valley fever. An undescribed virus disease of sheep, cattle and man from East Africa.

First description.

GMN 5541 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6730

1932 CROHN, Burrill Bernard (1884 – 1983); ET AL

Regional ileitis. A pathologic and clinical entity.

“Crohn’s disease” – regional ileitis. With L. Ginzburg and G. D. Oppenheimer. "Some of Crohn's initial research into the causes of the Crohn's disease was centered around his personal conviction that it was caused by …

GMN 3551 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4062

1932 CUSHING, Harvey Williams (1869 – 1939)

Papers relating to the pituitary body, hypothalamus, and para-sympathetic nervous system.

Cushing advanced the theory that the hypothalamus is responsible for the development of peptic ulcer (see p. 175 et seq.). This work contains his four principal contributions to pituitary-hypothalamic interrelationshi…

GMN 3552 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4063

1932 SCHINDLER, Rudolf (1888 – 1968)

Ein völlig ungefährliches, flexibles Gastroskop.

Introduction of the flexible gastroscope.

GMN 3553 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4064

1932 ALVAREZ, Walter Clement (1884 – 1978); GIANTURCO, Cesare (1905 – 1995)

Roentgen ray motion pictures of the stomach.

Camera used for direct Roentgen-cinematography.

GMN 2697 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4308

1933 QUICK, Armand James (1894 – 1977)

The synthesis of hippuric acid: a new test of liver function.

Quick’s liver-function test.

GMN 3659 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4785

1934 ÅGREN, Karl Gunnar (1907 – 1982)

Ueber die pharmakodynamischen Wirkungen und chemischen Eigenschaften des Secretins.

Preparation of crystalline secretin.

GMN 1039 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1024

1934 MEULENGRACHT, Jens Einar (1887 – 1976)

Treatment of hematemesis and melaena with food.

Meulengracht diet.

GMN 3555 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4066

1935 WHIPPLE, Allen Oldfather (1881 – 1963); ET AL

Treatment of carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater.

Pancreaticoduodenectomy for cancer of pancreas. With W. B. Parsons and C. R. Mullins.

GMN 3659.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4789

1936 DRAGSTEDT, Lester Reynold (1893 – 1975); ET AL

Observations on a substance in pancreas (a fat metabolizing hormone) which permits survival and prevents liver changes in depancreatized dogs.

Lipocaic. With J. Van Prohaska and H. P. Harms.

GMN 1086.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/845

1936 FANCONI, Guido (1892 – 1979); ET AL

Das Coeliakiesyndrom bei angeborener zysticher Pankreasfibromatose und Bronchiektasien.

Cystic fibrosis (mucoviscidosis) described. With E. Uehlinger and C. Knauer.

GMN 3659.2 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4793

1936 KANNER, Leo (1894 – 1981)

Rumination number. Historical notes on rumination in man. The first historical monograph on the subject.

The first historical monograph on rumination syndrome or merycism.

GMN 10640 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/12833

1937 BRUNSCHWIG, Alexander (1901 – 1969)

Resection of head of pancreas and duodenum for carcinoma – pancreatoduodenectomy.

See also the same journal, 1943, 77, 581-84.

GMN 3660 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4804

1937 PATEK, Arthur Jackson Jr. (1904 – 1991)

Treatment of alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver with high vitamin therapy.

A pioneer paper on the dietary treatment of cirrhosis.

GMN 3661 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4808

1938 HANGER, Franklin McCue (1894 – 1971)

The flocculation of cephalin-cholesterol emulsions by pathological sera.

Cephalin-cholesterol liver-function test.

GMN 3662 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4810

1938 QUICK, Armand James (1894 – 1977); ET AL

Synthesis of hippuric acid in man following intravenous injection of sodium benzoate.

Intravenous hippuric acid test for liver function. With H. N. Ottenstein and H. Weltchek. See also Amer. J. Dis., 1939, 6, 716-17.

GMN 3663 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4811

1939 IVERSON, Poul (1889 – ); ROHOLM, Kaj (1902 – 1948)

On aspiration biopsy of the liver, with remarks on its diagnostic significance.

Modern method of liver puncture.

GMN 3664 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4812

1942 VOEGT, H

Zur Aetiologie der Hepatitis epidemica.

Transmission of infective hepatitis agent.

GMN 3664.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4813

1943 HAHN, Paul Francis (1908 – 1967); ET AL

Radioactive iron absorption by gastro-intestinal tract. Influence of anemia, anoxia, and antecedent feeding distribution in growing dogs.

An important contribution to the knowledge of iron absorption. With W. F. Bale, J. F. Ross, W. M. Balfour, and G. H. Whipple.

GMN 1040 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1032

1943 HARPER, Alfred Alexander (1907 – ); RAPER, Henry Stanley (1882 – 1951)

Pancreozymin, a stimulant of the secretion of pancreatic enzymes in extracts of the small intestine.

GMN 1040.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1038

1943 WOLF, Stewart George Jr. (1914 – 2005); WOLFF, Harold George (1898 – 1962)

Human gastric function. An experimental study of a man and his stomach.

Important experiments on gastric function, made on “Tom”, a man who had a gastric fistula from the age of 9. Second edition in 1947.

GMN 1041 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1042

1943 DRAGSTEDT, Lester Reynold (1893 – 1975); OWENS, Frederick Mitchum (1913 – 2004)

Supra-diaphragmatic section of the vagus nerves in treatment of duodenal ulcer.

Vagotomy for peptic ulcer.

GMN 3557 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4068

1944 MACCALLUM, Frederick Ogden; BRADLEY, W. H.

Transmission of infective hepatitis to human volunteers.

MacCallum and Bradley finally proved the nature of both serum and infective hepatitis.

GMN 3664.2 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4815

1944 MACCALLUM, Frederick Ogden; BAUER, Denis John (1914 – 2001)

Homologous serum jaundice. Transmission experiments with human volunteers.

GMN 3664.3 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4816

1944 MACLAGAN, Noel Francis (1904 – 1987)

The serum colloidal gold reactions as a liver function test.

GMN 3665 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4817

1944 MACLAGAN, Noel Francis (1904 – 1987)

The thymol turbidity test as an indicator of liver dysfunction.

GMN 3666 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4818

1946 ANGIER, Robert Crane (1917 – )

The structure and synthesis of liver. L. casei factor.

Isolation, determination of structure, and final synthesis of folic acid.

GMN 3151 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4005

1951 ABEATICI, Sergio (1922 – 2000); CAMPI, L

La visualizzazione radiologica della porta pervia splenica.

Introduction of portal venography for investigation of portal hypertension.

GMN 2725.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4463

1955 ZOLLINGER, Robert Milton (1903 – 1992); ELLISON, Edwin Homer (1918 – 1970)

Primary peptic ulcerations of the jejunum associated with islet cell tumors of the pancreas.

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.

GMN 3558.2 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4071

1955 WELCH, Charles Stuart (1909 – )

A note on transplantation of the whole liver in dogs.

Placement of auxiliary whole liver.

GMN 3666.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4819

1955 SHERLOCK, Sheila Patricia Violet Dame (1918 – 2001)

Diseases of the liver and biliary system.

13th edition, 2018. "In 1959 she [Sherlock] became the United Kingdom's first ever female Professor of Medicine when she was appointed at the Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine in London. She founded the liver uni…

GMN 10994 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13190

1957 ISAACS, Alick (1921 – 1967); LINDENMANN, Jean (1924 – 2015)

Virus interference. I. The interferon.

Discovery of interferon type I, a protein that interferes with viral replication. "While working together at the NIMR, Lindenmann and Isaacs noticed that if they killed viruses using heat and applied the dead viruses …

GMN 2578.22 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4236

1958 HIRSCHOWITZ, Basil Isaac (1925 – 2013)

Demonstration of the new gastroscope, the “fiberscope”.

The Hirschowitz fiber optic endoscope, the "Fiberscope." In February 1957 Hirschowitz passed the first prototype instrument down his own throat and, a few days later, down that of a patient. Hirschowitz gave the first…

GMN 3558.3 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4072

1958 EISEMAN, Ben (1917 – 2012); BASCOM, George S. (1927 – 1993); SILEN, W.; ET AL

Fecal enema as an adjunct in the treatment of pseudomembranous enterocolitis.

Order of authorship in the original publication: Eiseman, Silen, Bascom.... Report of the first "fecal transplant / fecal therapy," also known as "faecal microbiota transplanation," for recurrent / resistant C. diffic…

GMN 11458 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13657

1959 MOORE, Francis Daniels (1913 – 2001)

One-stage homotransplantation of the liver following total hepatectomy in dogs.

With nine co-authors.

GMN 3666.2 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4820

1959 –1967 MANI, Nikolaus (1920 – 2001)

Die historischen Grundlagen der Leberforschung. 2 vols.

GMN 3666.6 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4825

1961 YARDLEY, John Howard (1926 – 2011); HENDRIX, Thomas Russell (1920 – 2013)

Combined electron and light microscopy in Whipple's disease. Demonstration of "bacillary bodies" in the intestine.

Order of authorship in the original publication: Yardley, Hendrix. The authors made the first observations of previously uncultured, unseen and unidentified bacilli associated with Whipple's disease, suggesting that i…

GMN 11979 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14187

1963 STARZL, Thomas Earl (1926 – 2017)

Homotransplantation of the liver in humans.

First human liver transplant (three patients; one died during operation, the second after 7.5 days, and the third after 22 days). With five co-authors.

GMN 3666.3 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4821

1965 BLUMBERG, Baruch Samuel (1925 – 2011); ALTER, Harvey James (1935 – ); VISNICH, S.; ET AL

A “new” antigen in leukemia sera.

(Order of authorship in the original publication: Blumberg, Alter, Visnich.) Discovery of Australia antigen, hepatitis B antigen, Aa, later called HBsAg. Blumberg received half of the Nobel Prize for Medicine in Biolo…

GMN 3666.4 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4823

1967 KRUGMAN, Saul (1911 – 1995); ET AL

Infectious hepatitis. Evidence for two distinctive clinical, epidemiological, and immunological types of infection.

With J. P. Giles and J. Hammond.

GMN 3666.5 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4824

1968 FRANKEN, Franz Hermann

Die Leber und ihre Krankheiten. Zweihundert Jahre Hepatologie.

Contains short biographies and an excellent bibliography.

GMN 3666.7 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4826

1968 BLUMBERG, Baruch Samuel (1925 – 2011); BAYER, Manfred E. (1928 – 2015); WERNER, Barbara G.

Particles associated with Australia antigen in the sera of patients with leukemia, Down's syndrome and hepatitis.

Particles with the appearance of a virus were detected by electron microscopy in the serum of individuals with Au. These were subsequently shown to be the surface antigen particles, different from the whole virus part…

GMN 6840 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/9004

1969 –1972 BLUMBERG, Baruch Samuel (1925 – 2011); MILLMAN, Irving (1923 – 2012)

Vaccine against viral hepatitis and process. Serial No. 864,788 filed 10 /8 /[19]69. Patent 3636191 issued 1/ 18/ [19]72.

First description of the hepatitis B vaccine, the first cancer vaccine, US patent 3636191A. Millman and Blumberg discovered that the blood of individuals carrying the hepatitis B virus contained particles of the outsi…

GMN 6841 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/9005

1970 DANE, David Maurice Surrey (1923 – 1998); CAMERON, C. H.; BRIGGS, E. Moya

Virus-like particles in serum of patients with Australia-antigen-associated hepatitis.

(Order of authorship in the original publication: Dane, Cameron, Briggs.) The authors showed that the "Australian antigen" was a virus causing hepatitis B. (Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretati…

GMN 12305 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14527

1970 SHERLOCK, Sheila Patricia Violet Dame (1918 – 2001); NIAZI, S. P.; FOX, R. A.

Chronic liver disease and primary liver-cell cancer with hepatitis-associated (Australia) antigen in serum.

(Order of authorship in the original publication: Sherlock, Niazi, Fox...). The authors demonstrated that the hepatitis B virus can cause cancer. (Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

GMN 12306 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14528

1970 BLUMBERG, Baruch Samuel (1925 – 2011); MILLMAN, Irving (1923 – 2012); BAYER, Manfred E. (1928 – 2015); LOEB, Lawrence A.

Australia antigen (a hepatitis-associated antigen). Purification and physical properties.

Purification of the Australia antigen and investigation of its physical properties. (Order of authorship in the original publication: Millman, Loeb, Bayer, Blumberg.) Blumberg shared the 1976 Nobel Prize in Physiology…

GMN 12321 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14544

1973 FEINSTONE, Stephen Mark; KAPIKIAN, Albert Zaven (1930 – 2014); PURCELL, Robert Harry (1935 – )

Hepatitis A: Detection by immune electron microscopy of a viruslike antigen associated with acute illness.

Identification of the Hepatitis A virus.

GMN 12652 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14895

1983 MARSHALL, Barry James (1951 – ); WARREN, John Robin (1937 – )

Unidentified curved bacilli on gastric epithelium in active chronic gastritis.

In 2005 Marshall and Warren shared the Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine "for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease." See also their follow-up pape…

GMN 8475 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/10652