Order of authorship in the original publication: Jinek, Chylinski, Fonfar, Hauer, Doudna, Charpentier. Doudna, Charpentier and colleagues showed for the first time that the CRISPR evolutionary immune tool of bacteria against bacteriophages could be manipulated, reprogrammed, and guided to make very specific "cuts" on desired target segments of DNA in the lab, making this a gene-targeting and genome-editing tool. This potentially allowed scientists to change or rewrite the genetic code of any organism at will. However, at this point the science was only applied to bacteria. Digital facsimile from PubMedCentral at this link.

In 2020 Charpentier and Doudna were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry “for the development of a method for genome editing.”

See also Nos. 11845, 11867 and 11849.

 (Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

Order of authorship in the original publication: Jinek, East, Cheng...Doudna. Doudna and colleagues presented the first demonstration that the CRISPR Cas/Cas9 bacterial editing tool functions could be applied in human cells. The DNA of cells modified in this research were human embryonic kidney cells called HEK-293. The authors summarized the consequences of this paper in the last sentence of their Abstract, which read, "These results show that RNA-programmed genome editing is a facile strategy for introducing site-specific genetic changes in human cells." Digital facsimile from PubMedCentral at this link.

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)