1949 RUSH, Leslie Vaughn (1905 – 1987); RUSH, H. Low (1897 – 1965)

Evolution of medullary fixation of fractures by the longitudinal pin.

“Rush pins”, made of specially hardened type 316 stainless steel, for fractures of the long bones.

GMN 4435.2 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6308

1949 BOVET, Daniel (1907 – 1992); BOVET-NITTI, Filomena (1909 – 1994); ET AL

Proprietà farmacodinamiche di alcuni derivati della succinilcolina dotati di azione curarica. Esteri di trialchiletanolammonio di acidi bicarbossilici alifatici.

Introduction of succinylcholine chloride. With S. Guarino, V. G. Longo, and M. Marotta.

GMN 5728 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6471

1949 LEMESURIER, Arthur Baker (1889 – 1982)

A method of cutting and suturing the lip in the treatment of complete unilateral clefts.

LeMesurier’s cheiloplasty procedure was based on Hagedorn’s method. He was first to attempt construction of the cupid’s bow of the vermilion.

GMN 5766.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6732

1949 BLOCKER, Truman Graves Jr. (1809 – 1984); BLOCKER, Virginia Howard Irvine (1913 – 2005)

The Texas City disaster; a survey of 3,000 casualties.

After ships anchored in Texas City exploded in 1947, injuring and burning some 3,000 persons, the Blockers published a survey of the casualties. For this and other research studies involving trauma and burns the Block…

GMN 7128 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/9295

1949 BAILEY, Charles Philamore (1910 – 1993)

The surgical treatment of mitral stenosis (mitral commissurotomy).

Pioneering work in mitral valve surgery.

GMN 10654 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/12847

1949 LEKSELL, Lars (1907 – 1986)

A stereotaxic apparatus for intracerebral surgery.

"In 1947 Leksell visited Wycis in Philadelphia and then developed and described his instrument in a publication in 1949. This was the first example of a stereotactic system based on the principle of ‘‘center-of-arc’’.…

GMN 11987 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14195

1949 LERICHE, Henri Marie René (1879 – 1955); MATISSE, Henri (1869 – 1954)

La chirurgie discipline de la connaissance.

Three hundred copies on papier vélin contain a lithographed portrait of Leriche drawn and hand-signed and numbered by Henri Matisse.

GMN 12784 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/15030

1950 MCINDOE, Sir Archibald Hector (1900 – 1960); FRANCESCHETTI, Adolphe (1896 – 1968)

Reciprocal skin homografts in a medico-legal case of familial identification of exchanged identical twins.

Skin grafting used to decide the relationship of identical twins who had been accidentally separated at birth.

GMN 1757 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/3151

1950 BIGELOW, Wilfred Gordon (1913 – 2005); LINDSAY, William Kerr (1920 – 2008)

Hypothermia: its possible role in cardiac surgery: an investigation of factors governing survival in dogs at low body temperatures.

Bigelow pioneered surface-induced whole body hypothermia and temporary cardiac flow occlusion. With W.F. Greenwood.

GMN 3047.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/3541

1950 LAWLER, Richard H. (1895 – 1982); ET AL

Homotransplantation of the kidney in human; preliminary report.

Report of first human patient to survive a kidney transplant. The operation was on June 17, 1950, and the patient was discharged on August 26. With four co-authors. See No. 4257.

GMN 4256.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/5174

1950 JUDET, Jean (1905 – 1995); JUDET, Robert Louis (1909 – 1980)

The use of an artificial femoral head for arthroplasty of the hip joint.

Judet acrylic prosthesis.

GMN 4405 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6091

1950 CHARNLEY, Sir John (1911 – 1982)

The closed treatment of common fractures.

“A classic exposition of the non-operative approach” (Peltier).

GMN 4435.3 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6312

1950 BIGELOW, Wilfred Gordon (1913 – 2005); LINDSAY, William Kerr (1920 – 2008)

Oxygen transport and utilization in dogs at low body temperatures.

This research by Bigelow and collegues first made possible the use of hypothermia in cardiac surgery.

GMN 10656 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/12849

1950 PENFIELD, Wilder Graves (1891 – 1976); RASMUSSEN, Theodore Brown (1910 – 2002)

The cerebral cortex of man: A clinical study of localization of function.

GMN 13808 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/16096

1951 HUFNAGEL, Charles Anthony (1916 – 1989)

Aortic plastic valvular prosthesis.

Hufnagel designed and inserted the first workable prosthetic heart valve in man.

GMN 3047.2 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/3551

1951 DUBOST, Charles (1914 – 1991); ET AL

A propos du traitement des anévrysmes de l’aorte. Ablation de l’anévrysme. Rétablissement de la continuité par greffe d’aorte humaine conservée.

First successful resection of abdominal aortic aneurysm and insertion of a homologous graft. With M. Allary and N. Oeconomos.

GMN 2993.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/5279

1951 OUDOT, Jacques (1913 – 1953)

La greffe vasculaire dans les thromboses du carrefour aortique.

Arterial homograft on aorta.

GMN 3020.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/5430

1951 BRÜCKE, H; ET AL

Bis-Cholinester von Dicarbonsäuren als Muskelrelaxantien in derNarkose.

Clinical use of succinylcholine chloride. With K. H. Ginzel, H. Klupp, F. Pfaffenschlager, and G. Werner.

GMN 5729 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6474

1951 WALKER, Arthur Earl (1907 – 1995)

A history of neurological surgery. Edited by A. Earl Walker.

Includes a bibliography of nearly 2,400 references, nearly all of which are secondary sources.

GMN 5017 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6605

1951 KILLIAN, Hans Franz Edmund (1892 – 1981); KRÄMER, G

Meister der Chirurgie und die Chirurgenschulen im Deutschen Raum.

GMN 5813 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6923

1951 DENNIS, Clarence (1909 – 2005); VARCO, Richard Lynn (1913 – 2004); NELSON, Russell Marion (1924 – ); ET AL

Development of a pump-oxygenator to replace the heart and lungs: An apparatus applicable to human patients, and application to one case.

Dennis and colleagues performed the first human cardiac operation with total heart-lung bypass. The patient was a 6-year old girl with a huge atrial septal defect. Though she did not survive, this report encouraged ot…

GMN 12229 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14442

1951 GORLIN, Richard (1926 – 1997); GORLIN, S. G.

Hydraulic formula for calculation of the area of the stenotic mitral valve; other cardiac valves, and central circulatory shunts.

In collaboration with his father, S. G. Gorlin, a mechanical engineer who designed hydraulic systems for gasoline engines at the beginning of the century, Richard Gorlin developed a formula to calculate the area of st…

GMN 12238 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14452

1951 MEDAWAR, Sir Peter Brian (1915 – 1987); BILLINGHAM, Rupert Everett (1921 – 2002)

The technique of free skin grafting in mammals.

This "paper facilitated the later discovery of `actively acquired tolerance' and the definition of the principal laws of transplantation tolerance. Thus, it was in a series of classic experiments (stemming from this J…

GMN 13595 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/15874

1952 DODRILL, Forest Dewey (1902 – 1997)

Some physiologic aspects of the artificial heart problem.

On July 3, 1952 Dodrill completed the first successful open heart surgery on the left ventricle of Henry Opitek. He used a machine developed by himself and researchers at General Motors, the Dodrill-GMR, considered to…

GMN 859.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/749

1952 VOORHEES, Arthur Jr. (1921 – 1992); ET AL

The use of tubes constructed from Vinyon “N” cloth in bridging arterial defects.

Introduction of plastic material to repair arterial defects. Voorhees later abandoned this material in favour of Dacron. With A. Jaretzki and A. W. Blakemore.

GMN 3047.3 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/3556

1952 SACHS, Ernest (1879 – 1958)

The history and development of neurological surgery.

GMN 5018 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6606

1952 MOSS, Aaron A.

Hypnodontics: Hypnosis in dentistry.

"Accepted by the American Dental Association."

GMN 13527 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/15804

1953 DEBAKEY, Michael Ellis (1908 – 2008); COOLEY, Denton Arthur (1920 – 2016)

Successful resection of aneurysm of thoracic aorta and replacement by graft.

GMN 3047.4 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/3559

1953 YASUDA, Iwao (1909 – 1983)

Fundamental aspects of fracture treatment. [In Japanese]

First electrically-induced osteogenesis. Yasuda demonstrated that small amounts of electric current applied to bone stimulated osteogenesis at the cathode. He was also the first to describe stress generated potentials…

GMN 4435.4 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6316

1953 KRANTZ, John Christian Jr. (1899 – 1983); ET AL

Anesthesia: XL. The anesthetic action of trifluoroethyl vinyl ether.

Fluroxene, first fluorine-containing anesthetic. With C. J. Carr, Go Lu and F. K. Bell.

GMN 5729.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6477

1953 LEWIS, Floyd John (1916 – 1993); TAUFIC, Mansur (1915 – 2005)

Closure of atrial septal defects with the aid of hypothermia; experimental accomplishments and the report of one successful case.

Lewis performed the first successful open heart operation, closing an atrial septal defect in a 5-year-old girl on September 2, 1952. The procedure took 5.5 minutes. For the next three years Lewis and colleagues opera…

GMN 11678 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13879

1954 GIBBON, John Heysham Jr. (1903 – 1973)

Application of a mechanical heart and lung apparatus to cardiac surgery.

First pump oxygenator used on humans. Performed on May 6, 1953, this was the first successful intracardiac operation in a patient with the use of total heart-lung bypass.

GMN 3047.5 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/3564

1954 WARDEN, Herbert Edgar (1920 – 2002); LILLEHEI, Clarence Walton (1918 – 1999); ET AL

Controlled cross circulation for open intracardiac surgery; physiologic studies and results of creation and closure of ventricular septal defects.

Warden and colleagues undertook the first repair of various cardiac anomalies. With M. Cohen, and R.C. Read.

GMN 3047.6 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/3568

1954 MEDAWAR, Sir Peter Brian (1915 – 1987); BILLINGHAM, Rupert Everett (1921 – 2002); BRENT, Leslie Baruch (1925 – 2019); SPARROW, Elizabeth M.

Quantitative studies on tissue transplantation immunity. I. The survival times of skin homografts exchanged between members of different inbred strains of mice. II. The origin, strength and duration of actively and adoptively acquired immunity.

Experimental production of immunological tolerance by Billingham and colleagues.Paper II distinguished adoptive from passive immunization. E. M. Sparrow was a co-author of paper I.

GMN 2578.12 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4149

1954 MITCHISON, Nicholas Avrion (1928 – )

Passive transfer of transplantation immunity.

Preliminary notice in Nature (Lond.), 1953, 171, 267-68.

GMN 2578.15 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4152

1954 PENFIELD, Wilder Graves (1891 – 1976); JASPER, Herbert Henri (1906 – 1999)

Epilepsy and the functional anatomy of the human brain.

This comprehensive monograph on the mechanism and surgical treatment of epileptic seizures remains Penfield’s most substantial scientific work. See also No. 4910.1.

GMN 4914.2 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6016

1954 INGRAHAM, Franc Douglas (1898 – 1965); MATSON, Donald Darrow (1913 – 1969)

Neurosurgery of infancy and childhood.

The first complete textbook of pediatric neurosurgery. Ingraham, a protegé of Harvey Cushing, established the first pediatric neurosurgery unit at Peter Bent Brigham Hospital in 1929.

GMN 11159 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13356

1954 KRAMER, Samuel Noah (1897 – 1990)

First pharmacopeia in man's recorded history.

The most ancient testimony concerning the opium poppy found to date was inscribed in cuneiform script on a small white clay tablet at the end of the third millennium BC. This tablet was discovered in 1954 during excav…

GMN 11916 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14121

1955 LILLEHEI, Clarence Walton (1918 – 1999)

Controlled cross circulation for direct-vision intracardiac surgery; correction of ventricular septal defects, atrioventricularis communis, and tetralogy of Fallot.

Controlled cross circulation (human heart–lung “machine”) for intracardiac surgery.

GMN 3047.7 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/3570

1955 WELCH, Charles Stuart (1909 – )

A note on transplantation of the whole liver in dogs.

Placement of auxiliary whole liver.

GMN 3666.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4819

1955 HUME, David Milford (1917 – 1973); MERRILL, John Putnam (1917 – 1986); THORN, George Widmer (1906 – 2004); ET AL

Experiences with renal homotransplantation in the human. Report of nine cases.

With Benjamin F. Miller. Digital facsimile from PubMedCentral at this link.

GMN 4256.3 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/5194

1955 –1960 BORGOGNONI, Theodoric (Theodoric of Lucca) (1205 – 1298); CAMPBELL, Eldridge (1901 – 1956); COLTON, James B.

The surgery of Theodoric ca. 1267. Translated from the Latin by Eldridge Campbell and James Colton. 2 vols.

Theodoric, a Dominican friar, was a pupil of Hugh of Lucca (circa 1160-1257), whose teachings are reflected in his writings. Allbutt considered Theodoric to be one of the most original surgeons of all time. Borgognoni…

GMN 5551.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6857

1955 KIRKLIN, John Webster (1917 – 2004); ET AL

Intracardiac surgery with the aid of a mechanical pump oxygenator system (Gibbon type): Report of eight cases.

Co-authored with JW Dushane, RT Patrick, DE Donald, PS Hetzel and EH Wood, "Kirklin refined the heart-lung machine (screen type) originally developed by Gibbon, to the point that it allowed the person to receive oxyge…

GMN 10995 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13191

1955 BAILEY, Charles Philamore (1910 – 1993)

Surgery of the heart.

This 1062-page volume was the first textbook of modern cardiovascular surgery.

GMN 11547 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13746

1955 LAM, Conrad Ramsey (1905 – 1990)

Cardiovascular surgery: Studies in physiology, diagnosis and techniques. Proceedings of the symposium held at Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, March, 1955. Edited by Conrad R. Lam.

This symposium was a foundational work in the history of cardiovascular surgery. It included contributions by most of the pioneers of the closed and open-heart procedures that revolutionaized the care of children and …

GMN 11577 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13776

1955 TOWNES, Charles Hard (1915 – 2015); GORDON, James Power (1928 – 2013); ZEIGER, Herbert (1925 – 2011)

The maser - new type of microwave amplifier, frequency standard, and spectrometer.

In 1964 Townes shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov and Alexandr Mihailovich Prokhorov "for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of osci…

GMN 14312 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/16637

1956 MURRAY, Donald Walter Gordon (1894 – 1976)

Homologous aortic-valve-segment transplants as surgical treatment for aortic and mitral insufficiency.

First successful aortic valve homograft. For report of six-year follow-up, see A. J. Kerwin, et al., New Engl. J. Med.,1962, 266,852.

GMN 3047.8 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/3579

1956 DEWALL, Richard A. (1926 – 2016); ET AL

A simple, expendable, artificial oxygenator for open heart surgery.

DeWall bubble oxygenator. With six co-authors.

GMN 3047.9 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/3585

1956 MERRILL, John Putnam (1917 – 1986); MURRAY, Joseph Edward (1919 – 2012); HARRISON, John Hartwell (1909 – 1983); ET AL

Successful homotransplantation of the human kidney between identical twins.

This was the first successful kidney transplant. The patient, both of whose own kidneys had been removed, was alive 11 months after the transplant. With Warren R. Guild. See No. 4256.1. In 1990 Joseph Murray shared th…

GMN 4257 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/5197

1956 JOHNSTONE, Michael William

The human cardiovascular response to fluothane.

Clinical introduction of halothane (“fluothane”).

GMN 5729.2 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6479