In this comprehensive study of prostitution in Lisbon Cruz analyzed the history of prostitution in Portugal and compared it to the practice in Japan, India, Egypt, ancient Greece and Rome, as well as a number of modern states. He defended legally regulated prostitution as a necessary public health measure. The leaves and folding tables between pp. 438 and [552] consist of 13 numbered “Mappas” containing statistical tables and explanations thereof for various districts of the city of Lisbon pertaining to the theme of the book. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Chapter 6: Health and Medicine.

The first work to examine the characteristics of deaf mice, which became the most important model for the study of genetic deafness. Digital facsimile from the Biodiversity Heritage Library, Internet Archive at this link.

A collective work edited by Oliver. Digital fascimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

A collective work edited by West and Walk.

Enlarged edition retitled: Dark paradise: A history of opiate addiction in America (2002).

“Eddowes’s syndrome” – blue sclerotics and fragility of the bones, occurring as a familial syndrome; osteogenesis imperfecta. See also No. 6358.1.

Includes the first account of Bact. coli infection. The organism was later renamed Escherichia coli (E.coli).

Billroth was a pioneer in visceral surgery. Above is an account of many intestinal resections and enterorrhaphies carried out by him.

Introduction of Uroselectan. In a following paper (pp. 2089-91), A. von Lichtenberg and M. Swick used it in human excretion urography.

Isolation of morphine from opium. This was the first isolation of an active ingredient from a plant. 

Chemical distinction between DNA and RNA. Levene elucidated the fundamentals of nucleic acid chemistry. His work led to the tetranucleotide hypothesis.

An elegantly written and profound book that was a powerful influence to my own intellectual development when I read it in 1958; it also a great inspiration for me to study the history of evolution and biology.

"Eiseley documented that animal variation, extinction, and a lengthy history of the earth were observed from the 1600s onward. Scientists groped towards a theory with increasingly detailed observations. They became aware that evolution had occurred without knowing how. Evolution was "in the air" and part of the intellectual discourse both before and after On the Origin of Species was published. The publisher describes it thus: "At the heart of the account is Charles Darwin, but the story neither begins nor ends with him. Starting with the seventeenth-century notion of the Great Chain of Being, Dr. Eiseley traces the achievements and discoveries of men in many fields of science who paved the way for Darwin; and the book concludes with an extensive discussion of the ways in which Darwin's work has been challenged, improved upon, and occasionally refuted during the past hundred years."^[14]

"Persons whose contributions are discussed include Sir Thomas Browne, Sir Francis Bacon, Carl Linnaeus, Benoît de Maillet, the Comte de Buffon, Erasmus Darwin, Louis Agassiz, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, James Hutton, William Smith, Georges Cuvier, Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Sir Charles Lyell, Thomas Robert Malthus, William Wells, Patrick Matthew, Karl von Baer, Robert Chambers, Thomas Henry Huxley, Sir John Richardson, Alexander Humboldt, Gregor Mendel, Hugo De Vries, W. L. Johannsen, Lambert Quételet, and Alfred Russel Wallace. Critics discussed include Fleeming Jenkin, A.W. Bennett, Lord Kelvin, and Adam Sedgwick, both a mentor and a critic.^{15]" (Wikipedia).}

http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/"

"Search over 12000 letters and articles..."

In addition to a frequently original study of the development of Darwin's psychological theories, the authors publish for the first time two extremely significant manuscript notebooks by Darwin written in 1837. These notebooks, which the authors supplement with notes and commentary, provide the earliest available insight into the origins of Darwin's views on human and comparative psychology. Some of the ideas they record were later developed in The descent of man and The expression of emotions in man and animals. Also the notebooks prove something that Darwin never publically admitted: the belief that man and the great apes descended from a common ancestor was the core of his theory of human evolution as early as 1837. Furthermore, the notebooks show that Darwin recognized the relationship between animal and human sexual behavior during the height of Victorian prudery. No wonder he never developed in print such theories as "Our descent, then is the origin of our evil passions!!− The Devil under form of Baboon is our grandfather!" (M. Notebook, p. 123).

http://darwin-online.org.uk/AboutUs.html

 Darwin's Complete Publications
    Books Origin of Species, Voyage of the Beagle, Descent of Man...
    Articles Volcanic, Darwin-Wallace paper...
    Published Letters Life and letters, Darwin & Henslow...
    Published Manuscripts Autobiography, Beagle diary (audio)...

• Darwin's Private Papers & Manuscripts 
    Notebooks, Journal, student bills, marriage notes,
    Geological diary, Emma's diaries, Annie Darwin...

• Supplementary 
    The Beagle Library
    Beagle specimens
    Reviews & Responses 
    Obituaries & Recollections
    Works about Darwin Companion, Beagle itinerary...

Discusses the voyages by Darwin, Huxley, Hooker and Wallace that informed their key Victorian works on the theory of evolution.

Records of the first conference on "biomedical data processing" held in a medical school in the United States. 

https://www.datarefuge.org/

"Data Refuge is a public and collaborative project designed to address concerns about federal climate and environmental data that is in danger of being lost^[1]. In particular, the initiative addresses five main concerns:

• What are the best ways to safeguard data?
• How do federal agencies play a crucial role in collecting, managing, and distributing data?
• How do government priorities impact data's accessibility?
• Which projects and research fields depend on federal data?
• And, Which data sets are of value to research and local communities, and why?^[2].

"Data Refuge began as a grassroots organization in opposition to government data on climate change and the environment not being archived systemically^[3]. Data Refuge's main goal is to collect and allocate data in multiple safe locations to create a sustainable way of archiving old and new data^[4].

"Data Refuge was initiated in 2016 to protect federal climate and environmental data that is vulnerable under an administration that denies climate change^[5]. The system aims to make public research-quality copies of federal climate and environmental data^[6]. Data Refuge is supported by the National Geographic Foundation, private donors, Libraries+ Network, Preserving Electronic Governance Initiative (PEGI), the Union of Concerned Scientists (USC), and the Penn Program in Environmental Humanities (PPEH)^[7].

Types of Data

Data Refuge collects public federal data on the climate and environment in the form of satellite imagery, PDFs, and stories^[8].

The data are stored in multiple trusted locations as they are less vulnerable if in only one location, and to ensure accessibility for researchers^[9]. Through the Data Rescue events, Data Refuge has accumulated 4 terabytes of data, 30,000 URLs, and 800 participants^[10].

Storytelling

Data Refuge collects stories on vulnerable federal climate and environmental data through: surveys, oral history, photo essays, maps, video shorts, and animations^[11]. The stories are archived in a public bank that showcase how federal environmental data support health and safety in communities^[12]. Data Stories are collected at Data Rescue events, which are partnered with universities, city and town halls, and advocacy groups^[13].

Data stories are collected and used to emphasize the importance of Data Refuge, in how the data on climate change and the environment are being used by people in the United States and across the world for meaningful practices^{[14]" (Wikipedia article on Data Refuge, accessed 01-2018).}

"Abstract. An image database was developed for three illustrated recensions of the nonillustrated manuscript of Dioscorides entitled ... (De Materia Medica in Latin; On Medical Matters in English) written in approximately Year 65: Juliana Anicia Codex (JAC) or Codex Vindobonensis produced in Year 512, Codex Neapolitanus (NAP) produced in the late sixth or early seventh century, and Morgan 652 (M652) produced between 927 and 985. The database that brings up images and accompanying records is searchable by herbal, common name in English and Greek (Roman alphabet), binomial (current and in source document), and botanical family. In addition, a Venn diagram of images in the three herbals permits a search for images that are common or unique among the three herbals. The database makes it possible to locate images in herbals written in Greek that are difficult to access and will be useful to horticulturists and herbal scholars." The database is available at: https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/pdfs/herbal-database-hortsci-v49-2014.pdf

http://www.uni-stuttgart.de/hi/gnt/dsi2/index.php?

"Welcome to the Database of Illustrators!

Courtesy of the Section for History of Science and Technology, University of Stuttgart !

Our online database, fully functioning since 2011, now already covers more than 12100 illustrators in natural history, medicine, technology and various sciences in more than 100 countries, active between c.1450 and 1950! Please note that we explicitly exclude still living illustrators.

Our extensive search options across the whole database are freely available!

Please click on Browse DSI to browse the database. The Quick Search Field provides a single keyword search across the entire reference.

Search for "contains georg" will retrieve all entries that mention Georg, Georgie, georgian, etc. anywhere within the dataset whereas a search for "is equal to Georg" will only yield entries with exactly this word.

If you want to combine different search terms, select Advanced Search to get a wide array 20 different search fields that can also be combined.:

An annotated chronological listing of significant events in the history of ophthalmology.

Ikeya introduced electron spin resonance dating; the first application dated a speleothem in Akiyoshi Cave, Japan. See R. Grün and C. B. Stringer, "Electron spin resonance dating and the evolution of modern humans," Archaeometry 33 (1991) 153-199.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

http://livingstone.library.ucla.edu/index.htm

"The David Livingstone Spectral Imaging Project is a collaborative, international effort to use spectral imaging technology and digital publishing to make available a series of faded, illegible texts produced by the famous Victorian explorer when stranded without ink or writing paper in Central Africa."

In four memoirs on the dynamics of the circulatory system  resulting from 337 experiments recorded in this workSpallanzani studied the role of the circulation in every stage from embryo to adult, and it was through his researches on the vascular system in the umbilical cords of embryo chicks that he first established the existence of arteriovenous anastomoses in warm-blooded animals. He also investigated the effects on the circulatory system of growth, gravity, and the consequences of wounds, as well as the changes affected in the failing circulation of dying animals. He determined that the arterial pulse was causedb y lateral pressure upon the arterial wall from cardiac impulsions conveyed by the blood column.

Digital facsimile of the 1773 edition from Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

Translated into English as Experiments upon the circulation of the blood, throughout the vascular system: On languid circulation: On  the motion of the blood, independent of the action of the heart: And on the pulsations of the arteries. With notes, and a sketch of the literary life of the author. By J. Tourdes. Translated into English, and illustrated with additional notes by R. Hall. London, 1801. Digital facsimile of the English translation from Google Books at this link.

Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.

One of the earliest accounts of the recognition of loss of hearing due to firearms and explosions during war. Foster, secretary and treasurer of the Silent Army of Deaf Soldiers, Sailors and Marines, presented 100 cases of hearing loss and associated symptoms of tinnitus and vertigo in Civil War veterans. Compensation to veterans for hearing loss did not occur until after World War iI.

Pendred syndrome, a genetic disorder leading to congenital bilateral (both sides) sensorineural hearing loss and goitre with euthyroid or mild hypothyroidism (decreased thyroid gland function). 

"Brain death-the condition of a non-functioning brain, has been widely adopted around the world as a definition of death since it was detailed in a Report by an Ad Hoc Committee of Harvard Medical School faculty in 1968. It also remains a focus of controversy and debate, an early source of criticism and scrutiny of the bioethics movement. Death before Dying: History, Medicine, and Brain Death looks at the work of the Committee in a way that has not been attempted before in terms of tracing back the context of its own sources-the reasoning of its Chair, Henry K Beecher, and the care of patients in coma and knowledge about coma and consciousness at the time. That history requires re-thinking the debate over brain death that followed which has tended to cast the Committee's work in ways this book questions. This book, then, also questions common assumptions about the place of bioethics in medicine. This book discusses if the advent of bioethics has distorted and limited the possibilities for harnessing medicine for social progress. It challenges historical scholarship of medicine to be more curious about how medical knowledge can work as a potentially innovative source of values" (publisher).

Reprinted with addition of a new preface, 1990.

Blumenbach was the founder of craniology, and his craniological collection served as the principal foundation for his investigations into the natural history of mankind. He used the norma verticalis, the shape of the skull as seen from above, as the means of distinguishing three types: Mongols, Negroes, and Caucasians. The above work includes a description of the uncinate (“Blumenbach’s”) process. See No. 156.

First case of choriocarcinoma reported in North America.

This work on cosmetics contains Tagliacozzi’s first publication on rhinoplasty – De reficiendo naso – a letter written to Mercuriale in response to inaccurate statements about Tagliacozzi's methods made by Mercuriale in De decoratione (1585).

Isolation of Asparagine, the first amino acid to be isolated.

Lascaux, which has been called "The Sistine Chapel of the Paleolithic", was discovered on September 12, 1940 by 18-year-old Marcel Ravidat when his dog, Robot, fell into a hole. Ravidar returned to the cave with three friends, Jacques Marsal, Georges Agnel, and Simon Coencas. The four re-entered the cave and discovered the splendid cave paintings on the walls of the cave. A few days later the boys told M. Laval, a retired schoolmaster, and Maurice Thaon, a young acquaintance of Abbé Henri Breuil, of their discovery. Thaon made a few preliminary sketches of the cave art and brought them to Breuil, the leading authority on paleolithic or cave art.On September 21, 1940 the four discoverers returned to the cave with Abbé Breuil. In his first exploration of the cave Breuil was acccompanied by prehistorians Denis Peyrony, Jean Bouyssonie and André Cheynier.

Breuil published the first preliminary scientific description of the cave and its paintings in Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Inscriptions & Belles-Lettres, September-October issue, 1940, as cited above. He also published a slightly more detailed account entitled, "Grotte de Lascaux. Rapport" in Bulletin de la Société historique et archéologique du Périgord (1940). Illustrations in that brief seven-page paper included reproductions of some of Thaon’s sketches.

Coindet is usually regarded as the first to administer iodine in cases of goitre, with beneficial results. It had previously been prepared from seaweed by B. Courtois in 1812 (Ann. Chim. (Paris), 1813, 88, 304-10), and both Ampère and Humphry Davy were interested in it. W. Prout, however, in his Chemistry, meteorology, etc., London, 1834, p. 113, claimed that he had recommended it to John Elliotson, who had used it in 1819 at St. Thomas’s Hospital. There is an English translation of his paper in Lond. med. Phys. J., 1820, 44, 486-89.

In March 1872 Rivière discovered an entire fossil human skeleton in a cave at Menton, in the south of France near the Italian border. The skeleton, later known as “Menton man,” closely resembles the Cro-Magnon remains, later classified as European Early Modern Humans, from the Dordogne region. Rivière had the skeleton photographed in situ by Anfossi and Radiguet; two of their superb original photographs serve as plates to the present work. These appear to be the earliest published photographs of fossil humans. 

The Menton skeleton was displayed at the Natural History Museum in Paris in 1872; it was the first fossil human to be presented to the public in a museum in France or possibly anywhere.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

The printed wrapper of this pamphlet has a different text:

Address delivered at the dedication of the Hall of the Boston Medical Library Association, December III., MDCCLXXVIII., by Oliver Wendell Holmes, M.D., President. Report of C. P. Putnam, M.D. Remarks of J.S. Billings, M.D., Prof. Justin Winsor, C.H. Lyman, M.D., Pres. C. W. Lito, D.P. Smith, M.D., C. Ellis, M.D., H.I. Bowditch, M.D. Exhibition of medical portraits. Report of the librarian, James R. Chadwick, M.D. read at the sixth annual meeting, held on october IV, MDCCCLXXXI. Repot of F.C. Shattuck, M.D., on the directory for nurses.

Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.

Holmes's address was first published in the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 99 (1878) 745-774.

Rokitansky’s memoir on defects of the septum of the heart was his last work, and possibly his greatest. It represented 14 years’ study of the subject.

“Hand-Schüller-Christian syndrome”.

Boyle’s law. The above pamphlet was appended to the second edition of Boyle’s The spring and weight of the air, 1662. The relevant passage is reproduced inj. F. Fulton’s Selected readings in the history of physiology, 2nd ed., 1966, pp. 8-10. Fulton published an annotated bibliography of Boyle’s works in 1956 (2nd ed., 1961).

Brazil founded the Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, one of the first institutes to produce antivenin sera on a large scale. French translation, 1911. Digital facsimile of the Portuguese edition from Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Lapicque first defined “chronaxia”, the duration of excitation of tissue. Partial translation in J. F. Fulton’s Selected readings in the history of physiology, 2nd ed., 1966, pp. 233-34.

This report described the following characteristics of a permanently nonfunctioning brain, a condition it referred to as "irreversible coma," now known as brain death: 1. Unreceptivity and unresponsitivity--patient shows total unawareness to external stimuli and unresponsiveness to painful stimuli; 2. No movements or breathing--all spontaneous muscular movement, spontaneous respiration and response to stimuli are absent; 3. No reflexes--fixed, dilated pupils; lack of eye movement even when hit or turned, or ice water is placed in the ear; lack of response to noxious stimuli; unelicitable tendon reflexes. In addition to these criteria, a flat electroencephalogram (EEG) was recommended. The committee also noted that drug intoxication and hypothermia which can both cause reversible loss of brain functions should be excluded as causes. The report was used in determining patient care issues and organ transplants. The condition of irreversible coma, i.e., brain death, needs to be distinguished from the persistent vegetative state, in which clinical presentations are similar but in which patients manifest cycles of sleep and wakefulness. 

This dictionary arranges all Greek medical terms in order of the Greek alphabet, and carefully explains them in Latin. It was widely used, and exerted much influence on modern medical terminology.

A glossary of Hippocratic terms.

Ingals devised the operation of partial excision of the septum for the correction of septum deflection.

This work, which was heralded as a masterwork of scholarship when published, originally consisted of 689pp. In 2006 the publishers issued "an abridgment" to make the work accessible to a "general readership." The abridgment is "only" 561pp. long.

Hamilton was a medical inspector of the U.S. Army and later became Professor of Surgery at Bellevue Hospital. See No. 4420.

Includes a valuable discussion of congenital anomalies of the bones and joints from the orthopedic point of view. Greatly expanded second edition, 2 vols., London, 1912.

Roe invented the intranasal approach for corrective rhinoplasty.

First description of Kuru, a disease occurring in natives of New Guinea. Cause of the disease was unknown.

"It is now widely accepted that kuru was transmitted among members of the Fore tribe of Papua New Guinea via funerary cannibalism. Deceased family members were traditionally cooked and eaten, which was thought to help free the spirit of the dead.^[4] Women and children usually consumed the brain, the organ in which infectious prions were most concentrated, thus allowing for transmission of kuru. The disease was therefore more prevalent among women and children" (Wikipedia article on Kuru, accessed 12-2019).

Lymphokines (MIF). Simultanteously discovered by Barry R. Bloom (1937-) & B. Bennett. See Science, 1966, 153, 80-82.

Privately printed catalogue of Cobres’ natural history library, comprising descriptions, with collations and notes, of about 2500 books on botany, zoology, geology, etc. The catalogue is divided into subject sections and includes sections on conchology, microscopy and ‘Musea’ or Wunderkammern. On this topic it lists 107 titles listed, and is one of the earliest bibliographies of museum catalogues.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Bateman, the pupil of Willan, continued his teacher’s classification of skin diseases. The above work is notable for its 72 colored plates. Strictly speaking it is the first atlas of dermatology, as Willan’s work falls more into the category of illustrated treatise. This book includes numerous original contributions by Bateman. Originally issued in 12 fasciculi from 1814-1817. Unchanged reprint, 1828. 

Includes (pl. lii) important description of herpes iris (erythema iris), and of the eczema due to external irritation (pl. lv-lviii, eczema solare, impetiginoides, rubrum mercuriale). Pl. lxi represents the first description of molluscum contagiosum, but according to Paterson (No. 4032) the disease was probably noticed by Tilesius about 1793. Bateman refers to Tilesius but calls his case molluscum pendulum. 

In this response to Haller's Deux mémoires sur le mouvement du sang (1756) (No. 11607) Spallanzani outlined his own findings on the action of the heart upon the blood vessels. "Haller's microscopic observations of blood movements had been made by refracted light on midium-sized vessels in the isolated mesontery of the frog. Splallanzani, using P. Lyonet's novel dissecting apparatus, conducted his observations mostly in a darkened room with reflected light from sunbeams impinging upon exposed parts of the aquatic salamander. He systematically noted now the cardiac systolic force motivated the blood circulation. The rhythmic inequality of blood flow in the aorta and large vessels disappeared in medium and small arteries, becoming regular and uniform. The velocity diminished in the smaller vessels, but sinuosities did not retard the flow. In the smallest vessels, individual red corpuscles negoiated acute angles and folds by elastically changing shape. The blood velocity in the venous sytem increased as the caliber of the vessels enlarged. Haller responed to the many amplifications and corrections of his work by securing Spallanzati's election to the Royal Society of Sciences of Gottingen" (Dolman, DSB 12, 553).

 Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

The famous illustration of Imperato's museum or "cabinet of curiosities" published in this work was the first pictorial representation of the natural history research collection formed by Renaissance humanist". The collection embraced an herbarium, shells, birds, sea creatures, fossils, clays, minerals and metallic ores, marbles and gems. It was maintained by Imperato's son Francesco, who assisted him in writing up his observations, and who may be seen in the engraving pointing out details of the specimens to two visitors as Ferrante looks on. Digital facsimile of the 1599 from the Getty Research Institute, Internet Archive, at this link. Expanded second edition, Venice, 1672 of which a digital facsimile is available from the Internet Archive at this link.

French translation, Paris, 1879.

Digital facsimile from history.army.mil at this link.

Bleuler introduced the concept of schizophrenia. He showed that Kraepelin’s “dementia praecox” (No. 4952) should include all the schizophrenic disorders. Translated into English by Joseph Zinkin as Dementia praecox or the group of schizophrenias. New York: International Universities Press, 1950.

"New Zealand is the only country in the world where elected health boards have long been a core feature of the health care system. These boards are conceptually important and aspirational for policy-makers and communities across the world grappling with issues of how to increase public participation in health care. This book traces the development of New Zealand’s elected health boards, from the 1930s to the present District Health Board structure, analyzing the history of democratic governance of health care, how boards have functioned, the politics surrounding their reform, and the idea of local democracy in health care decision-making. Based on extensive primary research, it assesses the capacity of elected boards to effectively govern the allocation of public expenditure on behalf of taxpayers and patients. Are there alternatives to the existing District Health Board model? How might the electoral model be improved upon? The concluding chapter provides some suggestions" (publisher).

The first in depth study of the demographic effects of the Spanish conquest. Cook estimated population size on the basis of archaeology, carrying capacity of the agricultural systems, disease mortality, depopulation ratios, and census projection. He also analyzed the catastrophic population decline that resulted from contact with Europeans, and compared this experience with that of the coastal region and the Andean highlands.

Covering the period 1600–1800, the author deals with demography in its economic, political, and social aspects.  The work is particularly concerned with the development of health-related and scientific aspects of demography, and examines parish registers, church records and colonial legislation pertaining to vital statistics.

See No. 3092.

B. Saenz, J. Grau Triana, and J. Alfonso Armenteros indicated that pinta is caused by a treponeme, T. carateum.

A tumor transplant from dog to dog was reported by Wehr.

Gullstrand invented the slit-lamp, making possible the microscopic study of the living eye.

First use of x rays for deep irradiation therapy.

The work of Kosaka and Lim led to the discovery of a hormone inhibiting gastric secretion (“enterogastrone”).

The largest and most splendidly produced atlas of neuroanatomy originally published in English, with plates that remain unsurpassed as works of art. Later editions were in reduced format.

The Hirschowitz fiber optic endoscope, the "Fiberscope."  In February 1957 Hirschowitz passed the first prototype instrument down his own throat and, a few days later, down that of a patient. Hirschowitz gave the first report on the new much thinner, and much more flexible instrument at the Forty-First Annual Meeting of the Optical Society of America, October, 1956. His first very brief published report on the instrument was "A long fiberscope for internal medial examinations," J. Optical Soc. Am. I (1957), 117. This report was co-authored with the co-developers of the instrument, the physicist C. Wilber Peters (1918-89), who developed the glass-coated fiber with the optical qualities required for the fiber bundle of a gastroscope, and Peters's student Lawrence E. Curtiss. Hirschowtiz's 1958 paper cited here was his first report on the new instrument to the gastroenterology community.

Biparietal fetal cephalometry by ultrasound.

A pure culture of Trep. pallidum was obtained from a case of dementia paralytica.

Waller was first to use electrodes and leads in demonstrating the action currents of the heart, avoiding the necessity of opening the chest of laboratory animals and preparing the way for present-day clinical electrocardiography. He obtained the first electrocardiogram in man.

Atlas of six superb life-size mezzotint plates after paintings by Jan van Rymsdyk. A separate 16-page text was published in octavo.

Balmis conducted experimental trials on the effectiveness of two Mexican plants, agave and begonia, which were believed, according to folk medicine practices in Mexico, to cure syphilis and scrofula. The trials confirmed that the plants were ineffective. He published the results in a deluxe book with two handsome hand-colored plates.

Biographies of Danish physicians and surgeons. Supplements about every ten years.

One of the most popular books on the subject ever published. It underwent 13 editions during the next 74 years! Harris was instrumental in founding the first dental college in the world, the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, as well as the first national association of dentists in the U.S., and the first authoritative dental periodical, the American Journal of Dental Science.

Catalogue, without annotations, of the dental collections of the New York Academy of Medicine.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

The authors showed that the heat resistant bacteria Thermus aquaticus discovered by Thomas Brock contained a vital polymerase enzyme that had
evolved in this bacteria to allow it to metabolize and survive in exceptionally high temperatures.

Roughly 10 years after this discovery its implications for molecular biology and biotechnology were recognized. According to Paul Rabinow, Making PCR (1996) “By June 1986 the Taq [Thermus aquaticus] Polymerase had been purified” in Kerry Mullis's lab and became a key element in the polymerase chain reaction.

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this entry and its interpretation.)

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Digital facsimile from the Biodiversity Heritage Library, Internet Archive at this link.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Thorotrast first used in arteriography.

“Degos’s disease”, malignant atrophic papulosis. With J. Delort and R. Tricot. Earlier described by W. Köhlmeier, Frankf. Z. Path., 1940, 54, 413.

First description of dermatitis exfoliativa neonatorum (“Rittershain’s disease”).

Duhring’s best work in dermatology. He brought together, under the name of “dermatitis herpetiformis” (“Duhring’s disease”) the group of eruptions which morphologically lay between urticaria and the toxic erythemas on the one hand and pemphigus on the other. Duhring wrote the first American textbook on dermatology.

White, a pupil of Hebra, was an outstanding personality in American dermatology; he held the first chair in that subject in the U.S.A. The eponym “White’s disease” refers to his description of keratosis follicularis in J. cutan. gen.-urin. Dis., 1889, 7, 201-09, a condition described earlier by Lutz and later by Darier.

An attempt to classify skin diseases upon the basis of their pathology.

A scholarly work written in a particularly entertaining style.

First successful hind-quarter amputation.

Interilio-abdominal amputation first described.

This is really two works. The first demolished the theory that the universe was created for humans while in the second Darwin presented a mass of evidence in support of his earlier hypothesis regarding sexual selection. With respect to human origins, Darwin predicted that the ancestors of humanity would eventually be found in Africa, based on the extensive primate populations there. However, during the 19th and early 20th centuries paleoanthropologists focused their researches in Europe and Asia rather than Africa. This focus only very gradually changed after Raymond Dart discovered Australopithecus africanus in 1924.

This catalogue of Carrbean fish was the first scientific treatise printed in Cuba and also the first illustrated book printed in Cuba. Digital facsimile from Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

The causal organism of Oroya fever and verruga peruana, endemic in Peru, was named Bartonella bacilliformis after Barton, who was one of the first to observe it.

The first complete study of the anatomy of the eye, including the first description of the “zonule of Zinn” and the “annulus of Zinn”.

Bleuland's catalogue of his museum of anatomical and pathological specimens. Digital facsimile from Universiteit Utrecht at this link.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Tarnier invented the axis-traction forceps. See also Ann. Gynéc., 1877, 7, 241-64

“Littre’s glands” described.

Venel stressed the necessity for prolonged periods of recumbency, rather than exercise, in the correction of spinal curvature. He invented a corset and extension bed for treating spinal deformities. His extension bed gave an entirely new direction to treatment and was widely adopted. In 1790 he founded at Orbe, Switzerland, the first orthopedic hospital. The pamphlet was reprinted in Mém. Soc. Sci. phys. Lausanne, 2, 66-, 197-. (1789). Digital facsimile of the 1788 pamphlet from Google Books at this link.

The largest and most spectacular of the early classics of dermatology, with hand-colored illustrations unsurpassed for their quality of execution. The illustrations are also the first on the subject in a French book. This book also contains the first description of mycosis fungoides (pian fungoide, framboesia mycoides), one of several conditions to which the name of Alibert has been attached.

Contains (vol. 2, p. 214) first description of sycosis barbae (“Alibert’s mentagra”).

Digital facsimile from Botanicus at this link.

Thiérry wrote an account of pellagra from what he had seen or heard of Casal’s cases. His work antedates that of Casal in date of publication but is not a first-hand description. English translation in No. 2241.

First important clinical description of anthrax. For some time after the appearance of Chabert’s short book, the condition was known as “Chabert’s disease”. Chabert was Directeur & Inspecteur général of the Écoles Royales-Vétérinaires. Digital facsimile from BiuSanté at this link.

Invention of the modern tonsillotome.

While a first-year student at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, James Paget discovered trichina in muscle during dissection. Richard Owen, his teacher, named it Trichina spiralis and published an account, barely mentioning Paget. It was renamed Trichinella spiralis in 1896. Paget communicated his discovery to the Abernethian Society at St. Bartholomew’s on 6 Feb, 1835; an abstract of his paper is published in the Transactions of the society, vol. 2. Paget recorded the chronology of the discovery in a letter to the Lancet, 1866, 1, 269. This and his unpublished article intended for Lond. med. Gaz., 1835, is reproduced by Kean (No. 2268.1), p. 458-62. The letter is also published in Bull. Hist. Med., 1979, 53, 547.

Junker’s chloroform inhaler.

Clover’s gas-ether inhaler.

Homer described the tensor tarsi (Horner’s) muscle, supplying the lacrimal apparatus. It was first described by Du Verney in 1749

The first serious study of this subject and the most original anatomical work by the greatest of the Monro dynasty. See No. 1385.

First description of the gorilla. Savage, an American physician/clergyman, worked extensively as a missionary physician in Africa. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

A valuable contribution to the knowledge and surgical treatment of diseases of the knee-joint.

Richards made many experiments concerning the secretion of urine. Among other things he collected and analysed the fluid from a single glomerulus; his work confirmed the theories of Ludwig and Cushny.

Billings was responsible for the designing of the Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore. “It marked a new departure in hospital construction…It was the most perfect and best equipped institution of its time” (Kelly & Burrage).

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

First gastrostomy in Britain.

Douglas described the peritoneum in detail; his name is perpetuated in the “pouch”, “line”, and “fold of Douglas”. He was a friend of John Hunter and brother of John Douglas, the lithotomist.

The pioneer work by an Englishman advocating humane treatment of the mentally ill. Tuke set out in this work the successful results of his experience with the “mild system of treatment” which had been instituted at The Retreat since its foundation. More than a multitude of learned tomes, this unpretentious work by a layman convinced both professionals and public alike of the value of humane treatment in psychiatric care.

Martin, who graduated MD from Leiden, included throughout his book detailed and non-judgmental documentation of folk medicine practices and ethnobotanic remedies then in use in the region. Digital facsimile of the 1703 edition from Google Books at this link.

Hales devised a ventilator, by means of which fresh air could be introduced into jails, mines, hospitals, the holds of ships, etc. The invention met with immediate approval and contributed much towards health of those for whom it was employed. Hales was the inventor of artificial ventilation.

Forster was the naturalist on James Cook's second Pacific voyage, during which he was accompanied by his son Georg. 

His Descriptiones animalium was completed within a month of returning to England with Cook, but remained unpublished until it was  edited by Hinrich Lichtenstein and published in 1844. It contains some very detailed descriptions of the Cape animals, Promontorium Bonae Spei (pp. 362–410), also a listing of the animals of Madeira and Ascension.

"From a scientific point of view, Forster’s most important work would have been the Descriptiones animalium - but these were only rediscovered and published in 1844 by Hinrich Lichtenstein (1780–1857), the director of the Berlin Natural History Museum. The Descriptiones were a zoological survey and description of the animal species discovered on the world voyage with Cook. In the manuscript, Forster had ordered the animals according to their geographical origin, and described them using the Linnaean method. As the manuscript remained unpublished during his lifetime, Forster could not reap the fruits of his labor and even had to watch other naturalists such as Johann Friedrich Gmelin and John Latham claim the first descriptions of animals he had actually already recorded“ (Mariss, Johann Reinhold Forster and the making of Natural History of Cook’s Second voyage …. 2019, 25).

Digital facsimile from Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

Bartram founded one of the first botanical gardens in America (at Kingsessing). Linnaeus referred to him as the “greatest natural botanist in the world”.

A few copies of this 7-page work printed by Benjamin Franklin were issued separately. It is most often found as an appendix to a larger work also printed by Franklin:

Thomas Short's Medicina Britannica, or A treatise on such physical plants, as are generally to be found in the fields or gardens in Great-Britain .... The THIRD EDITION. With a PREFACE by Mr. John Bartram, Botanist of Pennsylvania, and his NOTES throughout the work, shewing the places where many of the described plants are to be found in these parts of America, their differences in name, appearance and virtue, from of the same kind in Europe; and an APPENDIX, containing a description of a number of plants pecular to America, their uses, virtues, &c. London printed: Philadelphia, re-printed, and sold by B[enjamin] Franklin and D. Hall, at the Post-Office, in Market-Street., 1751.

Digital facsimile of Medicina Britannica from the U.S. National Library of Medicine at this link. Bartram's appendix appears on the final 7 pages.

The collection formed by John Hunter, to which was added the collection formed by Hans Sloane acquired from the British Museum in 1809, and material from other donors. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

 I. Organs of motion and digestion. 1833.--II. Absorbent, circulating, respiratory, and urinary systems. 1834.--III. pt. I. Nervous system and organs of sense. pt. II. Connective and tegumentary systems and peculiarities. 1836.--IV. Organs of generation. 1838.--V. Products of generation. 1840. 

When John Hunter died his museum was cared for by his faithful assistant and amanuensis, the artist and anatomist, William Clift, who persuaded the Government to purchase it. Richard Owen later became curator and his monumental catalogue is still of value today. A history of the museum from its foundation to its partial destruction by a high-explosive bomb in May 1941, is given in G. Grey Turner’s Hunterian Museum, 1946.

McCulloch indicated on the title page that he was "assisted by numerous contributors." Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.  Fourth edition, revised with an appendix of tables (2 vols., 1854). Digital facsimile of the 1854 edition from the Internet Archive at this link.

Digital facsimile of the 1792 printing from the Internet Archive at this link.

Publication date is estimated.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Digital facsimile of vol. 1 from the Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

All published

Based on manuscript catalogue begun by Charles Murchison in 1855 and continued by subsequent curators, including Dr. Broadbent.--Preface, p. [3. ]Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Part 1: Surviving Hunterian specimens demonstrating those organs in plants and animals for the special purposes of the individual. Part 2: Hunterian specimens demonstrating the products of generation together with surviving Hunterian specimens from other collections.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Spencer founded and edited this series. 

Sturgis and Isaacs showed that stomach tissue contains a factor active in the treatment of pernicious anemia.

The B. L. B. (Boothby-Lovelace-Bulbulian) mask. See also No. 1981.

Visually splendid; includes frequent comparisons of modern computer representations with historical examples.

Linear ion accelerator. Alvarez received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1968.

Order of authorship in the original publication: Poiesz, Ruscetti,... Gallo. Gallo and associates announced the discovery of a human retrovirus with type C morphology causing a cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Gallo named this virus HTLV-1 (for Human T-cell Leukemia-Lymphoma Virus - 1). Digital facsimile from PubMedCentral at this link.

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this entry and its interpretation.)

Securis was a Latinized version of the English surname Hatchett.

Sex chromatin demonstrated in humans. 

Dated May 4, 1995. Order of authorship in the original publication was Moore, Chang. That the virus causing Kaposi's sarcoma appeared in healthy as well as HIV patients suggested that this virus causes cancer only in those whose immune system T cells and other immune cells are not functioning properly. Available from nejm.org at this link.

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

Coombs’s test for detecting antibodies in various clinical scenarios, such as Rh disease and blood transfusion. With A. E. Mourant and R. R. Race. A fuller description appears in Brit. J. exp. Path.,1945, 26, 255-66.

Gallo, Popovic, and colleagues demonstrated that a retrovirus they had isolated, called HTLV-III, was the cause of AIDS.  M. G. Sarngadharan, and E. Read. Bibcode:1984Sci...224..497P. doi:10.1126/science.6200935. PMID 6200935. This is the first of 4 related papers that Gallo's team published in Science in May 1984. In 1986 Gallo received his second Lasker Award, “For determining that the retrovirus now known as HIV-1 is the cause of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)."

Method for the manometric analysis of gases in blood and other solutions.

Grollman introduced the acetylene method of determination of cardiac output.

Description of the lesions of the spinal cord in muscular atrophy.

Many reports of real malformations are intermixed with mythical accounts. English translations, 1634, and later. Recent English translation, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1982. Digital facsimile of the 1573 edition from BnF Gallica at this link.

Grévin's work "marks the beginning of a new era in biotoxinological studies. With Grévin we see a crude attempt being made to compile systematically and evaluate the total knowledge of toxic organisms which had accrued to that time. He provided the foundation and the historical departure point from which subsequent researchers began their investigations" (Halstead, Poisonous and venomous marin animals of the world I, 37). Digital facsimile from BnF Gallica at this link.

In these memoirs Haller described the results of 235 vivisections. Haller has been called "the founder of modern haemodynamics." "The myogenic theory of the heartbeat can be traced to Haller, who concluded on the basis of animal experiments that the heart beat spontaneously, independent of nervous or other connections. He argued that the heart muscle had intrinsic irritability" (W. Bruce Fye). Translated into English as A dissertation on the motion of the blood, and on the effects of bleeding. Verified by experiments made on living animals. To which are added, observations on the motion. [with] A second dissertation on the motion of the blood. London, 1757.

Heinrich Buess, "William Harvey and the foundation of modern haemodynamics by Albrecht von Haller," Medical History, 14, 175-182.

Prévost and Dumas proved that the frog egg is fertilized by the entry of spermatozoa.

Order of authorship in the original paper: Schooley, Biswas, Gill .... Successful experimental treatment of a highly antibiotic resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infection by bacteriophage therapy.

"In 2016, while serving as the Head of the Division of Infectious Diseases at the UC San Diego School of Medicine, Schooley was approached by his colleague, Dr. Steffanie Strathdee, to help save her husband's life by using bacteriophages (phages). Strathdee's husband, Dr. Tom Patterson, was suffering from a life-threatening multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infection, that he had acquired while on vacation in Egypt. Schooley, acting as the primary infectious disease physician, along with Strathdee and a team of researchers and physicians from Texas A&M University, Adaptive Phage Therapeutics, the US Navy, UC San Diego School of Medicine, and San Diego State University, worked together to source, purify and administer phages that were active against the strain of bacteria with which Patterson was infected. Schooley was responsible for successfully navigating the Food and Drug Administration's emergency investigational new drug process, to obtain approval to administer the experimental therapy. After multiple phage cocktail administrations, provided from the partnering laboratories and companies, Patterson was cured of his infection and eventually made a full recovery" (Wikipedia article on Robert T. Schooley).

Steffanie Strathdee and Thomas L. Patterson published a book on this case and its cure: The perfect predator: A scientist's race to save her husband from a deadly superbug. New York: Hachette Books, 2019.

Digital facsimile of the 2017 paper from PubMedCentral at this link.

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

By implantation of the pectoral muscle into the pericardium, Beck provided a collateral circulation to the heart for the relief of myocardial ischemia. This paper recorded the first operation on a man. It was preceded by Beck’s paper, written with V.L. Tichy an A.R. Moritz, recording operations on dogs: "Production of a collateral circulation to the heart", Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. Med.,1935, 32,759-61.

".... a significant contribution to renal therapies was made by Canadian surgeon Gordon Murray with the assistance of two doctors, an undergraduate chemistry student, and research staff. Murray's work was conducted simultaneously and independently from that of Kolff. Murray's work led to the first successful artificial kidney built in North America in 1945–46, which was successfully used to treat a 26-year-old woman out of a uraemic coma in Toronto. The less-crude, more compact, second-generation "Murray-Roschlau" dialyser was invented in 1952–53, whose designs were stolen by German immigrant Erwin Halstrup, and passed off as his own (the "Halstrup–Baumann artificial kidney").^[26] (Wikipedia article on hemodialysis, accessed 1-2020)

With Edmund Delorme and Newell Thomas.

Reprint, San Francisco, Norman Publishing, 1990.

Publications of the Wellcome Historical Medical Museum, New series, No. 2. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

A historical study; includes a list of 255 medical bibliographies published since 1500. Reprinted 1981.

Shryock was one of the historians who founded and shaped the technique of writing the social history of medicine. This was his most influential work. Revised edition, 1947, translated into French, German and Japanese.

Of limited value, but the only available history of early American ophthalmology.

Digital facsimile from PubMedCentral at this link.

First detailed account of the full cycle of development of the avian malaria parasite P. gallinaceum.

First work in English on experimental embryology.

The first monograph on the subject, illustrated with drawings by the author.

Digital version from PubMedCentral at this link.

Digital facsimile from embyrology.med.unsw.edu at this link . 

Order of authorship in the original paper: Carpenter, Heppner, Gnann. Report of two cases of infection from cat bites by the bacterium then identified by the CDC as DF-2 (later called Capnocytophaga canimorsus) in non-immunosuppressed patients .

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

Mattioli's translation and commentary on Dioscorides provided much new botanical information. As Mattioli continued to expand the commentary, adding new botanical and pharmacological information, through editions in Latin, the images of plants that the work contained also increased both in number and in size and quality, the largest and finest images appearing in the edition of Venice, 1565. Digital facsimile of the 1565 edition from the Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

“Maffucci’s syndrome” – cavernous hemangioma with enchondromas of skeleton, producing deformities.

Bottini’s galvano-cautery for relief of prostatic obstruction.

"Camurati-Engelmann disease", a very rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder that causes characteristic anomalies in the skeleton. It is a form of dysplasia. See No. 4395.1.

First description of hyperkeratosis excentrica, porokeratosis.

Minkowski produced experimental diabetes by removing the pancreas of a dog. This proof of the role of the pancreas in diabetes was of the first importance; previous experiments on similar lines had attracted attention. Partial English translation in No. 2241. Preliminary report in Centralblatt für Klinische Medizin (June 8, 1889) 393-394.

Gerhard’s iron-chloride reaction for aceto-acetic acid in acetonaemic urine.

Naunyn devoted his life to the study of metabolism in diabetes and in diseases of the liver and pancreas. This is his most significant work. He was a co-founder of the Archiv für experimentelle Pathologie.

Houssay’s depancreatized hypophysectomized dog. This work led to Houssay’s demonstration of the importance of the anterior pituitary in sugar metabolism, for which he shared the Nobel Prize in 1947. See also Endocrinology, 1931,15, 511-23.

Hegar’s sign – softening of the lower segment of the uterus, an early diagnostic sign of pregnancy. It was first described by his assistant, C. Reinl, in Frag. med. Wscbr., 1884, 9, 253-54.

“Queckenstedt’s test” for determining patency of the spinal subarachnoid space.

A serum reaction, employed by Freund and Kaminer in 1910 for the diagnosis of cancer.

Classic paper on sinusitis.

See No. 3649.

Gowers demonstrated the dorsal spinocerebellar tract, “Gowers’s tract”, and introduced the terms myotatic and knee-jerk, which he elicited with the rubber edge of his stethoscope or a percussion hammer.

Urethrography.

Rationalized the diagnosis of various levels of the unconscious state, correlating these with brain lesions.

 Cope published this humorous version of his Early diagnosis of the acute abdomen under the pseudonym Zeta.

Koplik, American pediatrician, was the first to note and report on “Koplik’s spots”, the buccal spots which are an important early diagnostic sign in measles.

English translation, 1884.

The first cytopathology test, smear diagnosis of carcinoma of the cervix: the "Pap" test. Papanicolaou first reported in 1928 that he could recognize cancer cells (Proc. Third Race Betterment Conf., p. 528) but the importance of his findings was not generally accepted and he abandoned the work for some years.

Boas, who devised the test breakfast, became the foremost gastroenterologist in Europe. He founded the Archivfür Verdauungskrankheiten, the first journal devoted to the subject of gastroenterology.

Introduction of Pirquet’s test – a cutaneous reaction employed in the diagnosis of tuberculosis.

The first Spanish medical book based on the writings of Vesalius, written by Vesalius’s student Pedro Jimeno, whose activities “constituted the cornerstone of the Valencian School of Anatomy and the Spanish Vesalian movement” (López Piñero). Dialogus de re medica was the first text on anatomy after Vesalius’s own De humani corporis fabrica (1543) to incorporate the new morphology completely. It is a succinct summary of Vesalius’s work (occasional sentences are quoted literally), but it also expounds the results of Jimeno’s own research: for example, it includes the first printed description of the stapes, in the middle ear. (My thanks to Richard Ramer for this entry.) Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Moving grid. "Bucky-Potter grid" invented by Gustav Bucky and improved by radiologist Hollis E. Potter.

Tyson sailed from Baltimore for California in January 1849, crossing the Isthmus and sailing on to San Francisco. His book recounts his 1849 tour of the Northern Mines in search of a likely place for his medical practice, and his hospital at Cold Spring, where his patients included a number of Oregonians. Tyson closed his hospital at the end of the summer, sailing from San Francisco as a ship's physician, crossing the Isthmus and landing in the United States in December 1849. His diary pays special attention to miners' health and working conditions. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

First-hand account of the activities of the so-called “sack-em-up” men who flourished in England and Scotland until passage in 1832 of the Anatomy Act provided legal means for physicians to obtain cadavers for dissection. The text of this book may be read at Project Gutenberg at this link.

Includes (De febribus, cap. X, XIV) first description of epidemic typhoid. English translation in his Practice of physick, 1684, Treatise II, 83-98, 1111-18.

Contains the earliest suggestion that fermentation is an intestinal or internal motion of particles; the analogy between putrefaction and fermentation is also noted.

Digital facsimile of Masdevall's work on occupational medicine from helvia.uco.es at this link. Digital facsimile of the complete epidemiological work from Google Books at this link.

An anatomical dictionary with most of the entries cross referenced to related structures, followed by a very extensive bibliography of anatomical and physiological works. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Authorship of this anonymous work is frequently attributed to Jourdan, who signed the preface. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

This valuable Greek-Latin dictionary for the ancient medical writers defined and fixed a large number of anatomical terms, and exercised considerable influence on modern anatomical terminology. It was an important aid to the full understanding of the ancient texts.

Edited with J.W. Hawkins, L.P. Higgins, and A.H. Friedman.

This book by the physician chairman of the National Association on Standard Medical Vocabulary includes many terms and phrases that were found in any other dictionary with the word medical in the title. Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.

Second edition with E. Scrasia, 1981.

Based on a detailed analysis of 11,397 pages from medical manuscripts and early printed books.It includes information on the spelling variants, origins, and meanings of the terms. A wealth of quotations from the texts analysed are provided. Towards the end of each entry, there are references to corresponding entries, if any, in standard historical dictionaries of English (Dictionary of Old English, Middle English Dictionary, The Oxford English Dictionary). If the origin or meaning of the term has been discussed in academic books or articles, references to the latter are also provided.

Cooper was surgeon on the field at Waterloo, and was later appointed to the chair of surgery at University College, London. His great dictionary went through seven editions during his lifetime and was translated into French, German and Italian.

Over 5,000 biographies, each with detailed bibliographies of primary and secondary sources. Medical biographies tend to be of physiologists and other researchers rather than clinicians. Includes an exhaustive index and some topical essays. The Concise dictionary of scientific biography (New York, Scribner’s, [1981]) contains in 1 vol. very useful abridged versions of all biographies found in the 16 vol. work without the bibliographies.

For the second edition (1862) Tardieu expanded the work to 4 volumes. Tardieu described the terrible working conditions of children in factories and mines. He also reported the ill consequences of theses conditions on the children's physical and mental health.
Digital facsimile of the first edition from Google Books at this link; of the second edition (1862) from BnF Gallica at this link.

By Richet, Langlois, Lapique and numerous co-authors. Covers "A" - Moelle épinière only. Digital facsimile from the Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.