Romanovsky made important studies of the malaria parasite and introduced a special stain for its demonstration. German version in St. Petersburger med. Wschr., 1891, 8, 297-302, 306-15. English translation in Kean (No. 2268.1).

Eck developed the “Eck fistula” for the experimental study of diseases of the liver and the relation of the liver to metabolism. English translation in Surg. Gynec. Obstet., 1953, 96, 375.

The Constitutio Criminalis of the Emperor Charles V (circa 1533) is probably the oldest European document of any importance dealing with medical jurisprudence. It authorized judges to call expert witnesses in medico-legal cases.

The first book on what became the Kaiser Permanente health plan, initially set up by Henry J. Kaiser to provide health care for his 200,000 workers.

“Sänger’s operation” – the so-called “classic Caesarean section”. A preliminary note is in Arch. Gynak., 1882, 19, 370.

In his important account of beriberi, Baelz dealt with the Tokyo outbreak of 1881.

Nicolle considered infantile kala-azar to be caused by a distinct species of Leishmania; to this he gave the name L. infantum.

Kala azar is mentioned briefly in the Proceedings in 1869 (No. 34, p. 19) but the above is the first full description, given by Briscoe in a report dated 1 Dec 1869.

When this book was published Goddard was Director of the Research Laboratory of the Training School at Vineland, New Jersey, for Feeble-minded Girls and Boys. Though this work drew wide attention to the problems of people with intellectual disability, the author later rejected the scientific methodology and the conclusions that he had used in this work. Later students of the data that Goddard used criticised Goddard for distorting the data to reflect his personal bias. Full text is available from psychclassics.yorku.ca at this link.

Pettenkofer was responsible for the installation of the modern system of sewage disposal in Munich, and thus succeeded in almost completely ridding that city of typhoid.

Nagai synthesized methamphetamine from ephedrine.

Order of authorship in original publication: Grewer, Bleyer, Matz-Rensing. Further work on the CBGHV1 (Colobine gammherpesvirus 1) which causes a pathology in the Colobus monkey very similar to that seen humans. 

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

The second published report on what later became the AIDS epidemic. The report described 26 homosexual men in New York and California with Kaposi's sarcoma, and 10 more Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) cases in homosexual men in California.

Chang, Moore and colleagues showed that the virus causing Kaposi's Sarcoma also causes body cavity lymphomas and  lymphomatous effusions in humans.

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

An encyclopedic collection of medical wit and caricature of all ages. Second edition, 1921.

5557 items; references to works on numismatics and medical history.

In 1869 Kahlbaum suggested catatonia as a separate disease entity and in 1874 his classic monograph appeared. English translation, Baltimore, 1973. Digital facsimile of the 1874 edition from wellcomecollection.org at this link.

Gluck improved the technique of laryngectomy.

Türck, at first sceptical of Garcia’s laryngoscope, later adopted it and claimed from Czermak priority in its clinical employment; these two gentlemen fought one another bitterly for some years over this point.

Translated into English from the 4th enlarged German edition and published by the translator, Benedict Lust as: Return to nature! The true natural method of healing and living and the true salvation of the soul. (New York, 1903). Full text from soilandhealth.org at this link.

Medicine preserved on cuneiform tablets, with a chronological account of discoveries in this field. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Weismann elaborated the theory of the continuity of the germ plasm. English edition, 1893.

" This volume resents the results of the most comprehensive scientific study of one of the most complete ancient human skeletons ever found in North America" (from the introduction).

"Kennewick Man is the name generally given to the skeletal remains of a prehistoric Paleoamerican man found on a bank of the Columbia River in Kennewick, Washington, United States, on July 28, 1996.^[1] It is one of the most complete ancient skeletons ever found. Radiocarbon tests on bone have shown it to date from 8.9k to 9k calibrated years before present.^[2][3] In the early 2000s, genetic analysis did not have sufficient techniques to analyze such ancient DNA. By 2013, however, techniques had improved and the ancient DNA (aDNA) was analyzed. In June 2015 the team announced their conclusions, that Kennewick Man had most in common with Native Americans among living peoples, including those in the Columbia River region where he was found....

"The discovery of Kennewick Man, along with other ancient skeletons, has furthered scientific debate over the exact origin and history of early Native American people.^[15] One hypothesis holds that a single source of migration occurred, consisting of hunters and gatherers following large herds of game who wandered across the Bering land bridge. An alternative hypothesis is that more than one source population was involved in migration immediately following the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), which occurred ~22k to ~18k years BP, and that the land migration through Beringia was either preceded by or roughly synchronous with a waterborne migration from coastal Asia.^[34]" (Wikipedia article Kennewick Man, accessed 03-2018).

“Langhans’s layer”—the cytotrophoblast, the individual cells of which are termed “Langhans’s cells”.

Prostaglandins. Von Euler reported that a lipid fraction of human seminal fluid had potent activities on smooth muscle, hence the name. Later, prostaglandins were found to be widely distributed in mammalian tissues and body fluids.

“Schilder’s disease” – encephalitis periaxialis diffusa.

Investigation of the sugar-forming ferments.

Juliusberg showed that the virus of molluscum contagiosum passed a Chamberland filter.

Isolation of α-biotin.

The first comprehensive description of the Neanderthal skull, following Schaaffhausen’s and Fuhlrott’s preliminary announcements of the discovery in the Verhandlungen des naturhistorischen Vereines der preussischen Rheinlande und Westphalens. The Neanderthal I skull discovered in 1856 was the first human fossil skull morphologically distinct from the skulls of modern Homo sapiens, to be discovered. English translation, with comments, by G. Busk entitled “On the crania of the most ancient races of man” in Nat. Hist. Rev., 1861, 1, 155-76. Huxley (No. 165) made much of this discovery; however, because the skull was not unearthed from demonstrably ancient strata, its age was disputed until Julian Fraipont and Max Lohest reported more rigorously unearthed find of Neanderthals at Spy in Belgium in 1886.

Landsteiner discovered that human blood contains iso-agglutinins capable of agglutinating other human red blood cells. He divided human blood into three groups (A, B, and O, which he called A, B, C).  Landsteiner was awarded the Nobel Prize for medicine in 1930.

English translation in Ehrlich, Studies in immunity, 1910.

“Hashimoto’s disease”, struma lymphomatosa, lymphoid infiltration of the thyroid.

First complete description of coronary thrombosis, diagnosed before death and confirmed at necropsy. Reprinted in Klin. Med. (Mosk.), 1949, 27,No. 11, 15-25.

Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis first described.

Elschnig developed the method of corneal grafting introduced by von Hippel (No. 5933) and produced good results on the human eye.

Castroviejo’s method of keratoplasty.

Introduction of the shadow test (retinoscopy), sometimes called “Cuignet’s method”.

Treatment of burns with ambrine (paraffin-resin solution); keritherapy.

An important history of whooping cough.

Rickettsialpox described.

Coues continued to revise and expand this work, putting it through four editions during his lifetime. Digital facsimile of the 1872 edition from the Hathi Trust at this link. The Hathi Trust also makes available digital copies of the later editions, through the posthumous sixth edition (1927).

An encyclopaedic presentation of kidney physiology, including the many contributions of the author.

Killian devised an operation for the treatment of pathological conditions in the nasal sinuses. It consists of excision of the anterior wall of the frontal sinus, removal of the diseased tissue, and formation of a permanent communication with the nose.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

The first psychoanalytic investigation in art.

"Between 1836 and 1911, thirteen physio-medical colleges opened, and then closed, their doors. These authentic American schools, founded on a philosophy of so-called Physio-Medicalism, substituted botanical medicines for allopathy's mineral drugs and promoted the belief that the human body has an inherent "vital force" that can be used to heal. In Kindly Medicine, John Haller offers the first complete history of this high-brow branch of botanical medicine. Physio-Medicalist, along with Thomsonians, Homeopathys, Hydropaths, and Eclectics, represented the earliest wave of medical sectarianism in nineteenth-century America. United in their opposition to the harsh regimens of allopathy, or regular medicine, these sects had their beginnings in the era of Jacksonian democracy and individualism when every man yearned to become his own legislator, minister, and even his own physician. The Physio-Medicals demanded equal rights with regular practitioners to jobs in the army, navy and public institutions and equal representation on the new state licensing and regulatory boards. As the nineteenth century drew to a close, they saw their influence waning as they could no longer match allopathy's increasing hold on science and on the public's trust" (publisher).

Outstanding descriptions and superb illustrations of a very unusual collection of books, including those on fencing, gymnastics, orthopedics, physical medicine, acrobatics, and dance.

Complement fixation

Crile advanced the anoci-association concept in which local and general anesthesia are combined in a sequence to eliminate pre-operative fear and tension.

The Michaelis-Menten equation, which showed that the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction is proportional to the amount of the enzyme-substrate complex. This relationship between reaction rate and enzyme–substrate concentration is one of the best-known models of enzyme kinetics.

http://www.kingscollections.org/exhibitions/specialcollections/

http://www.kingscollections.org/exhibitions/home

"Here you can explore highlights of the College's uniquely rich and growing collections of more than 5 million archives, rare books, photographs and illustrations that span more than 500 years of world history.

"These online exhibitions describe the innovative work of King's alumni which have helped transform the modern world - discoveries which include the unravelling of the DNA double helix and the development of the telegraph and colour photography.

"They also highlight the particular strengths of the collections, which contain rich medical, dental or nursing-related material including psychiatry and hospital and public health records. Arts and humanities collections range from examples of American beat and concrete poetry to the history of modern Greece.

"The holdings of the Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives cover more than a century of modern history, war, empire and exploration: visit 'The Serving Soldier' microsite and our online exhibitions to learn more.

"The Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) Library Collection of 80,000 volumes on war, politics and diplomacy, travel, anthropology and the natural world includes a wealth of unique content ideal for use in teaching, learning and research. 

"New online exhibitions are published each year to support College programmes including academic conferences and anniversaries; or to contribute to regional or national cultural festivals such as Open House Weekend and the Story of London. Alongside digital content, major physical exhibitions are also curated and are open to the public in the Weston Room of the Maughan Library in Chancery Lane: please visit our web pages regularly for news on forthcoming exhibitions."

A classic account of the history of touching for the “king’s evil” or scrofula— a practice of kings from ancient times until the 18th century.

Title transliterated. Text and title page (except imprint) are in Arabic. This is the first printing of the text in Arabic of Book V of al-Qānūn. See also S. M. Afnan, Avicenna, his life and works. London, 1958.

Abdominal ligature in prevention of post-partum haemorrhage.

This great systematic work, begun by Bronn, was continued by other naturalists. It deals with both recent and fossil zoology. Bronn wrote the volumes dealing with Amorphozoa, Actinozoa, and Malacozoa, published 1859-1862.  Digital facsimile  of some of the volumes from the Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link. The Wikipedia article on Bronn listed the following volumes published in the series, as of 02-2017:

"Die Klassen und Ordnungen des Thier-Reichs (alternative title Dr. H.G. Bronn's Klassen und Ordnugen des Thier-Reichs: wissenschaftlich dargestellt in Wort und Bild). C.F. Winter, Leipzig und Heidelberg, 1859. Some volumes were not published. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.2054.

• First editions:
  • Band 1: Amorphozoa, von H.G. Bronn, 1859, [1].
  • Band 2: Actinozoa, von H.G. Bronn, 1860, [2].
  • Band 3, Malacozoa, Abt. 1: Malacozoa acephala, von H.G. Bronn, 1862, [3].
  • Band 3, Malacozoa, Abt. 2: Malacozoa cephalophora, von W. Keferstein, 1862-1866, [4].
  • Band 5, Arthropoden, Abt. 1, Crustacea, Halfte 1: Entomostraca. Von A. Gerstaecker, 1866-1879, [5].
  • Band 5, Arthropoden, Abt. 1, Crustacea, Halfte 2: Malacostraca. Von A. Gerstaecker, und A. E. Ortmann. Princeton, 1901, [6], plates [7].
• Band 1, Protozoa, Abt. 1: Sarkodina und Sporozoa, von O. Bütschli, 1880–82, [8].
• Band 1, Protozoa, Abt. 2: Mastigophora, von O. Bütschli, 1883–87, [9], plates [10].
• Band 1, Protozoa, Abt. 3: Infusoria und System der Radiolaria, von O. Bütschli, 1887–89, [11], plates [12].
• Band 2, Abt. 1: Spongien (Porifera), von Dr. G.C.J. Vosmaer, 1887, [13].
• Band 2, Abt. 2, Coelenterata, Buch 1, Abs. 1: Allgemeine Naturgeschichte der Cölenteraten, bearbeitet von Prof. Dr. Carl Chun, 1889-1892, [14].
• Band 2, Abt. 2, Coelenterata, Buch 1, Abs. 2: Specieller Theil, bearbeitet von Prof. Dr. Carl Chun, 1894-1916.
• Band 2, Abt. 2, Coelenterata, Buch 2: Scyphomedusae, bearbeitet von M. E. Thiel, 1936-1962.
• Band 2, Abt. 2, Coelenterata, Buch 3: Anthozoa, bearbeitet von Dr. O. Carlgren, 1903 + atlas, [15].
• Band 2, Abt. 3, Echinodermen (Stachelhäuter), Buch 1: Die Seewalzen, von Dr. Hubert Ludwig, 1889-1892, [16].
• Band 2, Abt. 3, Echinodermen (Stachelhäuter), Buch 2: Die Seesterne, begonnen von Dr. Hubert Ludwig, fortgesetzt von Prof. Dr. Otto Hamann, 1899, [17].
• Band 2, Abt. 3, Echinodermen (Stachelhäuter), Buch 3: Die Schlangensterne, begonnen von Dr. Hubert Ludwig, fortgesetzt von Prof. Dr. Otto Hamann, 1901.
• Band 2, Abt. 3, Echinodermen (Stachelhäuter), Buch 4: Die Seeigel, begonnen von Dr. Hubert Ludwig, fortgesetzt von Prof. Dr. Otto Hamann, 1904, [18].
• Band 2, Abt. 3, Echinodermen (Stachelhäuter), Buch 5: Die Seelilien, von Dr. Hubert Ludwig, 1889-1907, [19].
• Band 3, Mollusca, Abt. 1: Amphineura und Scaphopoda, von Dr. H. Simroth, 1892-1895, [20].
• Band 3, Mollusca, Abt. 2, Buch 1: Gastropoda prosobranchia, von Dr. H. Simroth, 1896-1907 + atlas, [21].
• Band 3, Mollusca, Abt. 2, Buch 2: Pulmonata, von Dr. H. Simroth, fortgeführt von Dr. H. Hoffmann, 1896-1907 + atlas.
• Band 3, Mollusca, Abt. 3: Bivalvia, Teil 1-2, bearbeitet von Dr. F. Haas, 1935-1955.
• Band 3, Supplement 1, Tunicata (Manteltiere), Abt. 1: Die Appendicularien und Ascidien, begonnen von Dr. Osw. Seeliger, fortgesetzt von Dr. R. Hartmeyer, 1893-1911, [22], [23], [24].
• Band 3, Supplement 1, Tunicata (Manteltiere), Abt. 2: Pyrosomen, begonnen von Dr. Osw. Seeliger, fortgesetzt von Dr. G. Neumann, 1910-1913, [25].
• Band 3, Supplement 2, Tunikaten (Manteltiere), Abt. 2, Buch 2, Lief. 1: Doliolidae, bearbeitet von Prof. Dr. Günther Neumann.
• Band 3, Supplement 2, Tunikaten (Manteltiere), Abt. 2, Buch 2, Lief. 2-3: Salpidae, bearbeitet von J. E. W. Ihle, 1935-1939.
• Band 4, Vermes, Abt. 1a: Mionelminthes, Trichoplax und Trematodes, bearbeitet von Prof. Dr. H. Pagenstecher und Prof. Dr. M. Braun, 1879-1893, [26].
• Band 4, Vermes, Abt. 1b: Cestodes, fortgesetzt von Prof. Dr. M. Braun, 1894-1900 + atlas, [27].
• Band 4, Vermes, Abt. 1c, Turbellaria, Abt. 1: Acoela und Rhabdocoelida, bearbeitet von Dr. L. von Graff, mit Beiträgen von Prof. Dr. L. Böhmig und Prof. Dr. Fr. von Wagner, 1904-1908 + atlas, [28].
• Band 4, Vermes, Abt. 1c, Turbellaria, Abt. 2: Tricladida, bearbeitet von Dr. L. von Graff, mit Beiträgen von Prof. Dr. P. Steinmann, Prof. Dr. L. Böhmig und Dr. A. Meixner, 1912-1917 + atlas, [29].
• Band 4, Vermes, Abt. 1c, Turbellaria, Abt. 3: Polycladida, bearbeitet von R. Stummer-Traunfels, 1933.
• Band 4, Vermes, Abt. 2, Aschelminthen, Trochelminthes, Buch 1, Teil 1: Rotatorien, Gastrotrichen und Kinorhynchen, bearbeitet von A. Remane, 1929-1933.
• Band 4, Vermes, Abt. 2, Aschelminthen, Buch 1, Teil 2: Gastrotricha und Kinorhyncha, bearbeitet von Prof. Dr. A. Remane, 1935-1936.
• Band 4, Vermes, Abt. 2, Aschelminthen, Buch 3: Nematodes und Nematomorpha, bearbeitet von L. A. Jägerskiöld und J. H. Schuurmans Stekhoven Jr, 1913-1959.
• Band 4, Vermes, Abt. 2, Aschelminthen, Buch 4: Kamptozoa, bearbeitet von Dr. Carl I. Cori, 1936.
• Band 4, Vermes, Abt. 3, Annelides, Buch 2: Polychaeta, bearbeitet von F. Hempelmann, 1937.
• Band 4, Vermes, Abt. 3, Annelides, Buch 3: Oligochaeta, bearbeitet von H. A. Stolte, 1935-1969.
• Band 4, Vermes, Abt. 3, Annelides, Buch 4: Hirudineen, Teil 1-2, bearbeitet von Dr. K. Herter, Dr. W. Schleip und Dr. H. Autrum, 1936-1939.
• Band 4, Vermes, Abt. 4, Tentaculaten, Chaetognathen und Hemichordaten, Buch 1, Phoronidea, Ektoprokta und Brachiopoda, Teil 1: Phronidea, bearbeitet von Prof. Dr. Carl I. Cori, 1939.
• Band 4, Vermes, Abt. 4, Tentaculaten, Chaetognathen und Hemichordaten, Buch 2, Chaetognathen und Hemichordaten, Teil 1: Chaetognatha, bearbeitet von Dr. W. Kuhl, 1938.
• Band 4, Vermes, Abt. 4, Tentaculaten, Chaetognathen und Hemichordaten, Buch 2, Chaetognathen und Hemichordaten, Teil 2: Hemichordata, bearbeitet von Dr. C. J. van der Horst. 1934-1939.
• Band 4, Vermes, Supplement: Nemertini (Schnurwürmer), bearbeitet von Dr. O. Bürger, 1897-1907, [30].
• Band 5, Arthropoden, Abt. 1, Crustacea, Buch 1: Allgemeines.
• Band 5, Arthropoden, Abt. 1, Crustacea, Buch 2, Teil 1: Phiillopoda.
• Band 5, Arthropoden, Abt. 1, Crustacea, Buch 2, Teil 2: Ostracoda.
• Band 5, Arthropoden, Abt. 1, Crustacea, Buch 3, Teil 3: Cirripedia, bearbeitet von Paul Krüger, 1940
• Band 5, Arthropoden, Abt. 1, Crustacea, Buch 3, Teil 4: Ascothoracida, bearbeitet von Paul Krüger, 1940
• Band 5, Arthropoden, Abt. 1, Crustacea, Buch 4: Thermosbaenacea, bearbeitet von Th. Monod, 1940
• Band 5, Arthropoden, Abt. 1, Crustacea, Buch 4, Teil 2: Syncarida, bearbeitet von R. Siewing, 1959
• Band 5, Arthropoden, Abt. 1, Crustacea, Buch 5: Isopoda.
• Band 5, Arthropoden, Abt. 1, Crustacea, Buch 6, Teil 2: Stomatopoda, bearbeitet von Heinrich Balss. 1938
• Band 5, Arthropoden, Abt. 1, Crustacea, Buch 7: Decapoda, bearbeitet von Heinrich Balss und W. v. Buddenbrock, 1940-1957.
• Band 5, Arthropoden, Abt. 2, Myriapoda, Buch 1: Klasse Chilopoda, von Dr. K. W. Verhoeff, 1902-1925.
• Band 5, Arthropoden, Abt. 2, Myriapoda, Buch 2: Klasse Diplopoda, Teil 1-2, bearbeitet von Dr. K. W. Verhoeff, 1926-1932.
• Band 5, Arthropoden, Abt. 2, Myriapoda, Buch 3, Symphyla und Pauropoda, bearbeitet von Dr. K. W. Verhoeff, 1933-1934.
• Band 5, Arthropoden, Abt. 3, Insecta, Buch 6: Embioidea und Orthopteroidea, bearbeitet von Dr. Max Beier, 1955-1959.
• Band 5, Arthropoden, Abt. 3, Insecta, Buch 8, Teil b.ε: Coccina, [31]; Teil b.γ: Psyllina, [32], bearbeitet von Dozent Dr. Otto Pflugfelder, 1939-1941.
• Band 5, Arthropoden, Abt. 3, Insecta, Buch 12, Teil a: Neuroptera, bearbeitet von Prof. Dr. Hermann Friedrich, 1953.
• Band 5, Arthropoden, Abt. 3, Insecta, Buch 13, Teil f: Aphaniptera, bearbeitet von Prof. Dr. Julius Wagner, 1939, [33].
• Band 5, Arthropoden, Abt. 4, Arachnoidea, Buch 1: Pentastomida, bearbeitet von Prof. Dr. R. Heymons, 1935.
• Band 5, Arthropoden, Abt. 4, Arachnoidea, Buch 2: Pantopoda, bearbeitet von H. Helfer und E. Schlottke, 1935.
• Band 5, Arthropoden, Abt. 4, Arachnoidea, Buch 3: Tardigrada, bearbeitet von Ernst Marcus, 1929.
• Band 5, Arthropoden, Abt. 4, Arachnoidea, Buch 4: Solifuga, Palpigrada, bearbeitet von C. Fr. Roewer, 1933-1934, [34].
• Band 5, Arthropoden, Abt. 4, Arachnoidea, Buch 6, Teil 1: Chelonethi oder Pseudoskorpione, bearbeitet von Prof. Dr. C. Fr. Roewer, 1940.
• Band 5, Arthropoden, Abt. 4, Arachnoidea, Buch 8: Scorpiones, Pedipalpi, bearbeitet von Franz Werner, 1934-1935.
• Band 6, Vertebrata, Abt. 1: Pisces (Fische), Buch 1: Einleitendes, Leptocardii und Cyclostomi, bearbeitet von Dr. E. Lönnberg, G. Favaro, B. Mozejko und M. Rauther, 1924.
• Band 6, Vertebrata, Abt. 1: Pisces (Fische), Buch 2, Echte Fische, Teil 1: Anatomie, Physiologie und Entwicklungsgeschichte, bearbeitet von Prof. Dr. M. Rauther und M. Leiner, 1927-1940.
• Band 6, Vertebrata, Abt. 1: Pisces (Fische), Buch 2, Echte Fische, Teil 2: Anatomie, bearbeitet von Z. Grodzinski und H. Hoyer und M.Rauther, 1938-1954.
• Band 6, Vertebrata, Abt. 1: Pisces (Fische), Buch 2, Echte Fische, Teil 3: Ökologie, Systematik, Geographische Verbreitung und Stammesgeschichte. Bearbeitet von G. Duncker und E. Mohr, Hamburg. Wird 1940 zu erscheinen beginnen.
• Band 6, Vertebrata, Abt. 2: Wirbelthiere (Amphibien), fortgesetzt von C. K. Hoffmann, 1873-1878, [35].
• Band 6, Vertebrata, Abt. 3, Reptilien, Teil 1: Schildkröten, fortgesetzt von C. K. Hoffmann, 1890, [36].
• Band 6, Vertebrata, Abt. 3, Reptilien, Teil 2: Eidechsen und Wasserechsen, fortgesetzt von C. K. Hoffmann, 1890, [37], [38].
• Band 6, Vertebrata, Abt. 3, Reptilien, Teil 3: Schlangen und Entwicklungsgeschichte der Reptilien, fortgesetzt von C. K. Hoffmann, 1890, [39], [40].
• Band 6, Vertebrata, Abt. 4, Vögel (Aves), Teil 1: Anatomischer Teil. Von H. Gadow (Cambridge) und E. Selenka (Erlangen), 1891, [41].
• Band 6, Vertebrata, Abt. 4, Vögel (Aves), Teil 2: Systematischer Theil, von Hans Gadow, 1893, [42].
• Band 6, Vertebrata, Abt. 5, Mammalia, Buch 1 (oder Band 1): Osteologie, Muskulatur, Integument, Verdauungsorgane, Atmungsorgane, Schilddrüse, Thymus, Winterschlaf drüse, bearbeitet von Prof. Dr. C. G. Giebel und Prof. Dr. W. Leche, 1874-1900 + atlas, [43].
• Band 6, Vertebrata, Abt. 5, Mammalia, Buch 2, Gefäß- und Urogenitalsystem, Teil 1: Das Gefässystem, bearbeitet von Dr. W. Leche, fortgsetzt von Dr. E. Göppert, 1902-1906.
• Band 6, Vertebrata, Abt. 5, Mammalia, Buch 2, Gefäß- und Urogenitalsystem, Teil 2: Das Herz. Bearbeitet E. Ackernecht, Leipzig.
• Band 6, Vertebrata, Abt. 5, Mammalia, Buch 2, Gefäß- und Urogenitalsystem, Teil 3: Die Arterien.
• Band 6, Vertebrata, Abt. 5, Mammalia, Buch 2, Gefäß- und Urogenitalsystem, Teil 4: Die Venen. Bearbeitet H. Grau, Keredj.
• Band 6, Vertebrata, Abt. 5, Mammalia, Buch 2, Gefäß- und Urogenitalsystem, Teil 5, Lieferung 1-4: Urogenitalsystem, herausgegeben von Dr. E. Göppert. Erste Unterabteilung, bearbeitet von Dr. U. Gerhardt, 1914, [44]. Lieferung 5: begonnen von Prof. Dr. U. Gerhardt, fortgsetzt von Prof. Dr. Ludwig Freund, 1939, [45].
• Band 6, Vertebrata, Abt. 5, Mammalia, Buch 2, Gefäß- und Urogenitalsystem, Teil 6: Das Lymphgefäßsystem. Bearbeitet H. Grau, Keredj.
• Band 6, Vertebrata, Abt. 5, Mammalia, Buch 3, Nervensystem und Sinnesorgane, Teil 1: Das Zentralnervensystem, bearbeitet von Dr. phil. et med. Ernst Scharrer, 1936.
• Band 6, Vertebrata, Abt. 5, Mammalia, Buch 3, Nervensystem und Sinnesorgane, Teil 2: Peripheres und autonomes Nervensystem. Bearbeitet H. Chreiber, Frankfurt. Wird 1940 zu erscheinen beginnen.
• Band 6, Vertebrata, Abt. 5, Mammalia, Buch 3, Nervensystem und Sinnesorgane, Teil 3: Sinnesorgane. Bearbeitet H. Kahmann. München. Wird 1940 zu erscheinen beginnen."

Petri dish. A similar dish was described by Cornil and Babès (see No. 2501) and by Nicati and Rietsch, Arch. Physiol. norm. path., 1885, 6, 72. Petri was an assistant of Koch.

Translated as The climates of the geological past. Die Klimate der geologischen Vorzeit. Reproduction of the original German edition and complete English translation. Faksimile-Nachdruck der deutschen Originalausgabe und komplette englische Neuübersetzung. Edited by Jörn Thiede; Karin Lochte; Angelika Dummermuth. Translated by Bernard Oelkers. Stuttgart, Schweizerbart, 2015.

"Wegener is best known for his theory of continental drift (The Origin of the Continents and Oceans, 1915). Less widely known, but equally important, are the studies he conducted on the climates of the past (with his colleague and father-in-law, Wladimir Köppen), which they jointly published (this book). Only one edition of the book was published, but unfortunately, all – save a few private copies – were destroyed during the second World War, rendering the book essentially unavailable. 
This English translation ... includes the ‘Supplements and Corrections’ by ­Wladimir Köppen to this book, published in 1940, shortly before his death and a decade after Alfred Wegener’s untimely death on Greenland. The translation (and the facsimile) have both been enhanced by subject indices, which the original book was lacking.

"The discussion of the course and causal relationship of climates and climate change in the geological past are of principal scientific interest. Important elements of the discussions herein stem from the close collaboration with Milutin Milankovitch (who contributed entire sections of text, but is not named as an author). Building on the principles of the Milankovitch frequencies allowed Köppen and Wegener – for the first time, early in the last century – to establish a precise time scale of Late Cenozoic glacial-inter­glacial cycles. More recently, the orbital parameters originally calculated by Milankovitch were refined using time series data from deep-sea sediments and ice cores. Furthermore, Milankovitch’s cycles may be extrapolated into the future to predict climate change. This very book, in which Köppen and Wegener roll out their theory, is therefore an important publication which has early on shaped our understanding of how climate has evolved and continuously evolves in the course of time." (publisher).

Mansurov was the first dermatologist in Russia, and one of the first physicians to use photography systematically in medical illustration. This was a periodical, illustrated with original photographs, of which Manusrov issued 4 volumes.

Naunyn produced a classic monograph on gall-stones, devising an accurate chemical classification. He was one of Frerichs’s best pupils and became Professor of Clinical Medicine successively at Dorpat, Berne, Königsberg, and Strasburg. English translation, London, 1896.

On p. 295 is a classic description of laryngitis sicca – “Türck’s trachoma”.

Frerichs’s classic monograph on diseases of the liver summarized the existing knowledge and included his own important work on the subject. He discovered leucine and tyrosine in the liver in acute yellow atrophy (Dtsch. Klin., 1855, 7, 341-43), a condition to which he devoted much study. Frerichs was Professor of Pathology at Berlin and enjoyed a great reputation; more than any other man he was responsible for the development of scientific teaching in Germany. English translation, London, 1860.

Pp. 62-64: First description of progressive familial hepatolenticular degeneration (“Kinnier Wilson’s disease”; see No. 4717).

One of Leyden’s best works. He was Professor of Medicine at Berlin, Königsberg, and Strassburg. In vol. 2, p. 65, of the above is given an account of “Leyden’s paralysis”, a form of hemiplegia probably first described in 1856 by Gubler (see No. 4531).

First description of myotonia congenita occurs on p. 550.

An important work on disorders of digestion. With Boas, Ewald devised the test breakfast and he utilized intubation for exploring the contents of the stomach. English translation of vols. 1-2, 1891-92.

First clinical and pathological description of bundle-branch block.

The decholin method for estimation of circulation time. With J. Deutsch and Z. Brull.

Includes 57 fine heliogravure reproductions of artistic photographs of disease, including numerous congenital deformities. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Alfred Carl Graefe, cousin of Albrecht, made a careful clinical analysis of disordered movements of the eye. He also invented a special “localization ophthalmoscope”, and, with Saemisch, edited the great Handbuch der gesamten Augenheilkunde (see No. 5944).

“Avellis’s syndrome”, recurrent paralysis of the soft palate.

Pirogov is considered the greatest Russian surgeon and one of the greatest military surgeons of all time. He was among the first in Europe to employ ether anesthesia. He served in the Crimean campaign and was responsible for the introduction there of female nursing of the wounded. This edition in German predates the first edition in Russian.

This great color-plate atlas is probably the best summary of the knowledge of diseases of the eye prior to the introduction of the ophthalmoscope.

Munk introduced the term “lipoid nephrosis”. He found that urine in such cases contained anisotropic lipoid droplets.

First clinical use of “avertin”.

Introduction of ethyl biscoumacetate (“tromexan”).

Includes (p. 75) a classic description of facial hemiatrophy – “Romberg’s disease”.

Pirquet suggested the word “Allergie”; see also his paper with this title in Münich. med. Wschr., 1906, 53, 1457-58.

An important summary of the knowledge concerning aphasia appears in vols. 5-7.

Griesinger connected the worm of ankylostomiasis with Egyptian chlorosis, a condition in which the worm had previously been noted without its being considered the causal agent (pp. 555-61). Apparently Bilharz in 1853 came to the same conclusion. The disease was for a time called “Griesinger’s disease”. Partial English translation in Kean (No. 2268.1).

See No. 4713.1. Reprinted in Histologische und Histopathologische Arbeiten über die Grosshirnrinde (Nissl), 1908, 2, 193-213.

Hirsch established the value of theophylline in the management of asthma.

Discovery of the developmental forms of P. gallinaceum in the incubation period.

Filtration of the virus of inclusion conjunctivitis.

Fürbringer demonstrated the diagnostic value of spinal puncture.

In 1895 Askanazy proposed diuretin as a remedy for anginal pain.

First clinical trials of lente, ultralente, and semilente insulin zinc suspension. See also Science, 1952, 116, 394-98; and J. Amer. med. Assoc., 1952, 150, 1667. With M. Jersild, K. Peterson, and J. Schlichtkrull.

Buck’s operation, “one of the more spectacular surgical feats by an American surgeon in the first half of the nineteenth century” (Rutkow). The paper is reprinted in Med. Classics, 1939, 3, 791-99.

Large format, finely produced with excellent color plates.

"The book vividly maps out some central areas: remedies (and how they were made credible), notions of disease, advice on preventive medicine and on healthy living, and how surgeons worked upon the body and their understanding of what they were doing. The structures of practice and knowledge examined in the first part of the book came to be challenged in the later seventeenth century, when the 'new science' began to overturn the foundation of established knowledge. However, as the second part of the book shows, traditional medical practice was so well entrenched in English culture that much of it continued into the eighteenth century...." (publisher).

Bechhold devised ultrafiltration methods for studies in microbiology.

This work, translated into English as Sexual inversion in 1897, became the first English language medical textbook on homosexuality. It was published as the second volume of Ellis's Studies in the psychology of sex. Digital facsimile of the 1896 edition from Google Books at this link. Digital facsimile of the 1901 second edition in English, with informative prefaces to both the first and second editions in English, from the Internet Archive at this link.

The first "scientific" paper on homosexuality. In this paper the psychiatrist Westphal described two cases at length: "The first was of a young woman who from her earliest years liked to dress as a boy and engage in boys' games and who found herself attracted only to women; the second was of a man who wanted to wear women's clothes and act the part of a woman. In attempting to give a diagnostic category to these cases Westphal coined the phrase Konträre Sexualempfindung, usually translated as 'contrary sexual feeling' " (Bullough, Science in the bedroom: A history of sex research [1994] 38).

Kretschmer has attempted to correlate body build and constitution with character and mentality.

A classic work on muscle tone and posture, a subject upon which Magnus spent many years of study. He demonstrated among other things that the labyrinth is the one sense organ entirely concerned with posture and equilibrium. In this book Magnus also described the reflexes involved in mammal posture. The Magnus & De Kleijn reflexes are named after Magnus and his colleague Adriaan de Kleijn (1883–1949). The head and neck reflexes of mammals cause the body to follow automatically when the head moves. He also researched the reflexes of the intestines and phenomena such as motion sickness. English translation, New Delhi, 1987.

Van Deijl introduced an achromatic objective.

Discovery of the cortical visual center.

Strøm's work, which may be translated as "A short instruction about common sicknesses in the area around Bergen and their most common remedies" was "More a report than a doctor book, it describes the living conditions and medical remedies of his time" (Stokker, Remedies and rituals: Folk medicine in Norway and the new land (2007) pp. 112-114).

Bylon described an epidemic of dengue which appeared in the Dutch East Indies in 1779, the first definite description of the disease. O. H. P. Pepper published a photographic reproduction of the article in Ann. med. Hist., 1941, 3rd ser., 3, 363-68. Digital facsimile of the 1780 edition from Google Books at this link.

Briefly describes (p. 688) the first facelift operation. Holländer later stated that the operation was performed in 1901. A pupil of James Israel (No. 5755.1), Holländer is better known today for his series of books on medicine in art. See Rogers, The development of aesthetic plastic surgery, a history, Aesth. Plast. Surg., 1976, 1, 3-24.

This work includes founding material in geography, plant geography, orography, climatology and meterology, among other sciences, and citations to 9,000 sources. The atlas was issued without Humboldt's participation, and published by Krais & Hoffmann (1851). The fifth volume comprising the lengthy index, was issued after Humboldt's death. 

There were several English translations: by A. Prichard in 2 vols., London: H. Baillière, 1845; by Mrs. Eliz. Sabine, 4 vols, London: Longmans, 1846-58, and the most complete in 5 vols. by E. C. Otté (vols 1-3), Otté and B. H. Paul (vol. 4), and Otté and W. S. Dallas (vol. 5), London, 1849-52. The best introduction to the work is that to Vol. 1 by Nicolaas A. Rupke, Cosmos: A Sketch of the Physical Description of the Universe, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997. There are numerous digital facsimiles available.

Pirogov’s method of complete osteoplastic amputation of the foot. German translation, Leipzig, 1854.

Radical mastoidectomy. (See No. 3392.)

Foedisch showed chlorotic blood to be deficient in iron. See also Gaz. méd. Paris, 1837, 2 sér. 5,7.

Although tumours were perhaps his greatest interest, Virchow never completed this work which was intended to have 30 lectures. Instead he stopped with the 25th lecture, on carcinoma, probably because of the vigorous attack which Remak and others were making on his conception of the histogenesis of epithelioma. Virchow’s 25th lecture records one of his mistakes – his theory of the connective-tissue origin of carcinoma. So great was Virchow’s influence that this error was not generally recognized until the work of Waldeyer (see No. 2620).

Hans von Hebra was the son of Ferdinand, whose work he continued. His textbook correlated skin diseases to diseases of the entire organism.

The first book on child neurology. Unusual for a medical book of this type, it includes a lithographed frontispiece, a lithographed title page, and four hand-colored plates.

An early illustrated work on phosphorus poisoning in the match industry. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Hirt was the leading German writer on occupational medicine in the second half of the 19th century. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

A monograph on cancer and other diseases of the breast, including a discussion of cancer in the male breast in the final chapter. This work is also significant in the history of plastic and reconstructive surgery. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Bednaŕ was a famous Viennese pediatrician. His description of aphthae of the palate in the newborn (“Bednaŕ’s aphthae”) is in vol. 1, p. 104 of his book.

Arlt described granular conjunctivitis (“Arlt’s trachoma”) and an operation for transplantation of the ciliary bulbs in the treatment of distichiasis.

First appeared in Virchow’s Handbuch der speciellen Pathologie und Therapie, Erlangen, 1854, 5, 1 Abt., 385-530.

From 1800 until Laennec's discovery of auscultation, there were only four major text-books on heart disease, that of Burns in England, of Corvsart in France, Testa in Italy, and Kreysig in Germany. It has its strong points such as advocating digitalis and sound views on angina pectoris and coronary disease; Kreysig's wide review of the literature provides a good picture of cardiology at the time" (Bedford 416). "Kreysig first demonstrated endocarditis long beofre Bouillaud, and was acquainted with defects of the cardiac valves. The so-called 'purring' tremor was also known to him before Laennec, and he likewide recognized rheumatism as a cause of heart disease before Bouillaud" (Baas).

Digital facsimile from Bayerische StaatsBibliothek at this link.

Canstatt’s book is one of the most important in the history of gerontology, summarizing all previous work on the subject. Suffering from tuberculosis, Canstatt himself only lived to the age of 43. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Tröltsch was Professor of Otology as Würzburg. He was the founder of the Archiv für Ohrenheilkunde. English translation, 1874.

Digital facsimile from the Medical Heritage Library, Internet Archive, at this link.

Himly was professor of ophthalmology at Jena and later at Göttingen. He introduced clinical teaching in ophthalmology.

First adequate description of apraxia.

Kernig drew attention to a flexor contracture of the leg on attempting to extend it on the thigh (“Kernig’s sign”), almost always present in cerebrospinal meningitis and an important diagnostic sign. A fuller description is in Z. klin. Med., 1907, 64, 19-69.

Crateuas was the personal physician of Mithridates VI. Of Pontos. He wrote a three-part herbal book describing the medicinal properties of plants. This work, which was illustrated, is the earliest known herbal book to include illustrations. The text was one of the main sources used by Dioscorides. Of Krateuas's work only two papyrus fragments have survived. ^[2] Digital facsimile of the Wellmann edition from the Internet Archive at this link.

This work attacked Liebig’s theories, although courteously. Moleschott, a Dutch physiologist, evolved a purely materialistic conception of the world. He considered life a magnificent metabolic process, and thought a product of the activities of the brain.

The “multiple factor” theory advanced by Nilsson-Ehle brought under the Mendelian law cases which, by their extreme variability of inheritance, might be considered exceptions to it.

A surgical history of the Seven Weeks War between Germany and Austria. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Traumatic cavity formation in the spinal cord, so well described by Kienböck, is known as “Kienböck’s disease”.

Sachs–Georgi diagnostic reaction.

Knapp wrote valuable monographs on curvature of the cornea (above) and on intraocular tumours (see No. 5902). He became one of the leading ophthalmologists in America.

Vol. 4: Iconographia odontologia. Mit 186 abbildungen, by Curt Proskauer.

Hufeland’s “Makrobiotik”, one of the most popular books of its time on personal hygiene. It was translated into all European languages. Hufeland was court physician at Weimar. English translation, 1797.

Incluees 100 mostly color lithographic and half-tone prints based on Haeckel's sketches and watercolors. Issued in 10 fascicules of 10 prints each and collected into a bound volume in 1904. Digital facsimile of vol. 1 from the Internet Archive at this link; of vol. 2 at this link. All 100 images are available as zoomable .jpegs at this link.

Klebs was the first to produce experimental bovine tuberculosis (by feeding cattle with infected milk). His work confirmed the earlier researches of Villemin.

Introduction of amnioplastin.

Kolff's first book on the artificial kidney. This was his doctoral dissertation. There were two versions published. The first was designated Proefschrift and credited Kolff as Willem Johan Kolff on the title page. It indicated on the title page that Kolff defended the dissertation on January 16, 1946. Laid in was a printing of Kolff's "Stellingen" (theses). The imprint of this edition read Drukkerij J. H. Kok N.V. Te Kampen [without a date.] The other edition, published for commercial circulation, designated Kolff as Dr. W. J. Kolff on the title page and printed wrapper. Its imprint read Uitgaave J. H. Kok N.V.  Kampen- 1946. It did not include the sheet of "Stellingen."

Kolff translated the work into English as New ways of treating uraemia. The artificial kidney...London: Churchill, 1947.

History of quackery in medicine.

Medical anthropologists Lindenbaum and Glass demonstrated that Kuru was transmitted in New Guinea by cannibalism--particularly by eating the brains of infected victims, which were the reservoir of prions. Order of authorship in the original publication was Matthews, Glasse, Lindenbaum.

"Lindenbaum and Glasse discovered that the Fore people partook in a ritual called mortuary cannibalism, where kin honored the dead by feasting on their cooked bodies. People avoided eating kin who died of dysentery and leprosy, but did not shy away from eating people who died of kuru. Through oral histories, it was determined that the kuru epidemic had begun among the northernmost Fore at the turn of the century, some time in the 1890s. It is now presumed that a spontaneous case of Creutzfeldt Jacob Disease (like kuru, a prion-related disorder) occurred at that time. When that person died and was consumed by kin, the kuru epidemic spread further south. Lindenbaum and Glasse noted also that the geographic spread of kuru closely matched the practice of mortuary cannibalism throughout this region, providing substantial evidence that cannibalism was the mode of transmission. Moreover, the research team noted that women and children were primarily impacted by kuru, which matched with the participants in this tradition. Men were less likely than women to partake in mortuary cannibalism, and when they did, they were less likely to eat women. As a result, men were less likely to get kuru compared to women and children.^[2] Professor Lindenbaum's work was originally resisted by genetic and biomedical researchers who insisted the disease was likely genetic and non-infectious" (Wikipedia article on Shirley Lindenbaum, accessed 6-2019.)

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

An essay on diseases of military camps. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link. English translation as A short account of the most comon diseases incident to armies. With the method of cure (London, 1762). Digital facsimile of the second edition in English, 1767 from Google Books at this link.

Revised and enlarged English translation, Cambridge, Mass., Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press,1972.

Wolff-Eisner’s conjunctival tuberculin reaction.

The Schick test for the determination of susceptibility to diphtheria.

First accurate description. “Kwashiorkor” was the local name in Ghana for a nutritional disease of children, associated with a maize diet. The first modern account was probably that of L. Normet in Bull. Soc. Path. exot., 1926, 19, 207-13.

“Scheuermann’s disease” – necrosis of the epiphyses of the vertebrae, causing kyphosis.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.