The author was Chief Veterinarian of the Sultan Mamluk of Egypt Nāṣir al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Qalāwūn. (reigned three times between 1293 and 1341). His work focuses on the treatment of horses and falcons. It is divided into ten “essays,” each of which is divided further into “chapters” discussing many equestrian-related subjects, such as the health of horses, breeding, and sports. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Kölliker and Müller were the first to measure action currents from cardiac muscle.

Translated in English by David Madell (excluding the notes) as The fight against cancer France 1890-1940. London & New York: Routledge, 2002.

Translated into English as The birth of the clinic: An archaeology of medical perception (1973).

A much-expanded English translation of Turner’s Libellus (No. 1805). That and the above work mark the beginning of scientific botany in England. They contain the first records of the occurrence of some 238 species of flowering plants, a few of them precisely localized. Reprinted with introduction and bibliography, London, Ray Society, 1965.

Erdheim made important studies on the pathology of the pituitary. He gave the name “nanosomia pituitaria” to describe pituitary dwarfism. See also his paper in Ergebn. allg. Path, 1926, 21, 482.

Narcolepsy first fully described.

The clinical introduction of Meltzer and Auer’s method of intratracheal insufflation marks the beginning of modern endotracheal anesthesia. Also reported in Ann. Surg., 1910, 52, 23-29.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Digital facsimile from Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

Includes four engravings based upon photographs of Union soldiers who were emaciated following imprisonment at Belle Isle. The contributors included Dorothea Dix and several military surgeons, including William Ely, G. B. Parker, and J. Woodbridge. Mott's commission was charged with "ascertaining, by inquiry and investigation, the true physical condition of prisoners, recently discharged by exchange, from confinement at Richmond and elsewhere, with in the Rebel lines; whether they did, in fact, during such confinement, suffer materially from want of food, or from its defective quality, or from other privations, or sources of disease; and whether their privations and sufferings were designedly inflicted on them by military or other authority of the Rebel Government, or were due to causes which such authorities could not control. And that the gentleman above named be requested to visit such camps of paroled or discharged prisoners as may be accessible to them, and to take, in writing, the depositions of so many of such prisoners as may enable them to arrive at accurate results."

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Thomson issued this introductory work shortly before publication of his New Guide. Three issues appeared in 1822: one with 180 pages, another with 182 pages including testimonials, and a 204 page issue with the introduction to the New Guide included. Digital facsimile of the 1825 second edition from U.S. National Library of Medicine at this link.

A refutation of slights by Matthew Carey in his Short account of the malignant fever, lately prevalent in Philadelphia (1793; No. 5451) to the important contributions of black people, many of whom served as nurses and gravediggers during the epidemic. The Narrative is followed by a letter to Mattthew Clarkson, mayor of Philadelphia, signed by Jones and Allen, with Clarkson's reply. One of the earliest medical publications written by African Americans; both Allen and Jones were black ministers in Philadelphia. Digital facsimile from the National Library of Medicine, Internet Archive, at this link.

The first flight by a physician, the first crossing of the English channel by balloon, and the first international flight. Jeffries, an American, made a series of carefully planned scientific observations, emphasizing meteorology.

The United States Exploring Expedition was the first United States scientific expedition by sea. Wilkes' six ships ranged from Tierra del Fuego, Chile, and Peru, to Samoa, Fiji, Tahiti, Hawaii, Australia, New Zealand, the Philippines, and Singapore. Two of its most notable achievements were the extensive survey of the American northwest coast and the exploration of some 1500 miles of the Antarctic coast, proving the existence of the seventh continent- Antarctica. Equally important, the Expedition collected and described natural history specimens from all parts of the globe - specimens that eventually came to the fledgling Smithsonian Institution, making it the National Museum of the United States. 

"With the help of the expedition's scientists, derisively called "clam diggers" and "bug catchers" by navy crew members, 280 islands, mostly in the Pacific, were explored, and over 800 miles of Oregon were mapped. Of no less importance, over 60,000 plant and bird specimens were collected. A staggering amount of data and specimens were collected during the expedition, including the seeds of 648 species, which were later traded, planted, and sent throughout the country. Dried specimens were sent to the National Herbarium, now a part of the Smithsonian Institution. There were also 254 live plants, which mostly came from the home stretch of the journey, that were placed in a newly constructed greenhouse in 1850, which later became the United States Botanic Garden" (Wikipedia article on United States Exploring Expedition, accessed 02-2018).

The official edition was limited to 100 copies. However, Wilkes, secured copyright for his Narrative of the expedition, under which privilege he published several editions of that part of the reports. Later, also, the authors themselves, or publishers who were willing to undertake it, were allowed to issue an additional 150 copies of the various reports, and under this arrangement, from 100 to 150 copies of most of the volumes were published in addition to the 100 copies provided for under act of Congress of Aug. 26, 1842, which provided: "That there shall be published ... an account of the discoveries made by the Exploring Expedition under the command of Lieutenant Wilkes ... which account shall be ... published in a form similar to the voyage of the Astrolabe, lately published by the government of France."

Digital facsimiles of the 1845 printing of the Narrative plus all the remaining supplementary scientific volumes (23 vols. in all, completed in 1874) from the Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

Macgillivray was naturalist to the expedition. Thomas Huxley served as assistant surgeon on this voyage; Huxley's diary of the voyage was first published posthumously in 1935. See No. 7449. Digital facsimile of MacGillivray's work from the Internet Archive at this link.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Removal of a fibrous growth from the nostril by division of the nasal and maxillary bones, July 8, 1841. Preliminary note in the same journal, 1842, 3, 257.

A masterpiece of 20th century plastic surgery, and Joseph’s most comprehensive work. English translation by Stanley Milstein, following original text and illustrations page for page: Rhinoplasty and facial plastic surgery with a supplement on mammoplasty and other operations In the field of plastic surgery of the body: An atlas and textbook. Phoenix: Columnella Press, 1987.

Explores why two countries that were very similar in many ways, struck out on radically divergent paths to public health insurance. Canada developed a universal single-payer system of national health care, while the United States opted for a dual system that combines public health insurance for low-income and senior residents with private, primarily employer-provided health insurance--sometimes no insurance-- for most other people. 

Revised second edition, 2002.

https://archive.org/details/nihlibrary&tab=collection

"The NIH Library is a leading biomedical research library whose collection and services are developed to support the programs of the National Institutes of Health and selected U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) agencies. This digitized collection of NIH Annual Reports is provided as a service of the NIH Library." In March 2018 this library, housed at the Internet Archive, consisted of over 2600 items.

Subject and author sections. Published quarterly, with annual and quinquennial (one sexennial-1965-70) cumulations. Discontinued after 1993 issues. Digital facsimile of the complete run from the Hathi Trust at this link.

Considered the definitive book on the subject documenting over 4,000 plants and roughly 44,000 uses, including medicinal usage.

http://naeb.brit.org/

"As noted, In the spring of 2003, substantial revisions of the database were made, revising its looks, and adding links to the US Department of Agriculture PLANTS database. This means that complete botanical information on useful plants, plus pictures, range maps, and endangered status, are immediately available.

The online database, and the book mentioned above, were largely completed in the late 1990s. The database now contains 44,691 items. This version added foods, drugs, dyes, fibers and other uses of plants (a total of over 44,000 items). This represents uses by 291 Native American groups of 4,029 species from 243 different plant families. About half of them are medicinal. . . ." (http://naeb.brit.org/about, accessed 02-2018).

Medical rituals of the Lacota people.

"The discovery of America was followed by possibly the greatest demographic disaster in the history of the world." Research by some scholars provides population estimates of the pre-contact Americas to be as high as 112 million in 1492, while others estimate the population to have been as low as eight million. In any case, the native population declined to less than six million by 1650. Revised second edition, 1992, with a new hemispheric estimate of 54 million.

Loewenberg described a bacillus found in the secretions of ozena (see No. 3307). He made the first attempt at the treatment of this condition.

Translated into English by Jeremy Moyle as Nature in the new world: From Christopher Columbus to Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1985. Primarily a detailed analysis of the works of Oviedo from several different aspects.

The writings of Hippocrates began to appear in print in the 1480s, and only a few of the works attributed to Hippocrates were printed in the 15th century. Though the date of this edition is unstated within the book itself, the ISTC ih00277500 attributes it to "about 1481", making it, and an edition of Hippocrates' De insomniis Ed: Andreas Brentius also attributed by ISTC ih00277000 to Rome: Oliverius Servius, "about 1481", possibly the earliest printed editions of any of Hippocrates's works. Digital edition of De insomniis from the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek at this link.

An encyclopedic work on ancient and contemporary medical, scientific and juridical opinion on premature birth and the period of gestation. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

First authentic case of trigeminal neuralgia. It concerned J. L. Bausch, who died from the condition in 1665. The account is to be found in the unpaged part of the volume, starting at sig. d 3 and occupying the two following pages.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

King has been called the first great economic statistician, surpassing Petty. King was an engraver, herald, surveyor, and Secretary to the Commissioners for the Public Accounts, but he is best known for his 1696 estimates of the wealth and population of England. Writing in 1696, but calculating for the year 1688, he put the population at approximately 5.5 million, and his work was not published at the time because it was considered strategic information. It was rediscovered and first published, with a life of King by antiquarian and political writer George Chalmers as an appendix to the 1802 edition of Chalmers's work.  It first appeared as a separate treatise issued by Stockdale in 1804. Reprinted in Two Tracts by Gregory King.(a) Natural and Political Observations and Conclusions upon the State and Condition of England. (b) Of the Naval Trade of England Ao. 1688 and the National Profit then arising thereby. Edited with an introduction by George E. Barnett. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1936.) Digital facsimile of the 1802 edition from the Internet Archive at this link.

The first book on vital statistics. Graunt, a draper, studied the Bills of Mortality, which began as weekly lists of deaths and their causes, compiled by parish clerks. They gained much in importance after Graunt’s work, and in 1838 merged into the Registrar-General’s returns. Graunt was a friend of Sir William Petty. Some authorities attribute authorship of the above work to Petty. In his A bibliography of Sir William Petty F.R.S. and of Observations on the bills of Mortality by John Graunt, F.R.S, (1971) Geoffrey Keynes traces the interrelationship of these authors.

Modeled on Thomas Jefferson's Notes on the State of Virginia, this work covered the geography, antiquities, topography, medical conditions and goverment of Ohio.

Digital facsimile from digital.cincinnatilibrary.org at this link.

In this work Dick-Read coined the term "natural childbirth." He advocated natural childbirth for many years; he demonstrated that prenatal education in methods of relaxation in many cases makes labor almost painless.

Includes (Chap, iv) a good account of “Aleppo boil”, which Russell found to be endemic in Aleppo. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

French and English text. The French text was first published in France as the 7th volume of Reaumur's Mémoires, Paris, 1928.

Ellis’s classification of nephritis.

The first 5 volumes were issued in monthly parts, each consisting of 2 plates and accompanying text. A volume came out each year between 1794 and 1798; the fifth volume stated: "This work being now completed." However, five additional volumes, numbered 6-10, were published between 1816 and 1819. Donovan based some of his descriptions and illustrations on the bird specimens he acquired from the Leverian Museum. He issued a companion work, The natural history of the nest and eggs of British birds, begining in 1826. This remained unfinished at his death, with just 5 parts (of an anticipated 24 parts) completed.

Digital facsimile from the Biodiversity Heritage Archive, Internet Archive at this link.

"the paint is laid on so thickly that it is frequently impossible to see the engraved lines underneath. The already rich colouring is heightened by the addition of burnished highlights, albumen overglazes and metallic paints to give an overall effect reminiscent of the work of a miniaturist. Surprisingly, these techniques were often combined to produce a very pleasing and delicate effect: the multiple ruses of the colourist triumph over the draughtsman's numerous failures. Donovan overreached himself and died penniless ." (Dance, Art of natural History p. 87)

Includes a total of 576 plates, of which 568 were colored.

Digital facsimile from the Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

The only attempt to record the natural history of a region of America during the colonial period. Includes 220 fine handcolored etched plates after and by Catesby and mostly signed with his cipher, excepting plates 61 and 96 in vol. 2 by Georg Dionysius Ehret. Publication in parts began in 1729. Digital facsimile from the Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

Second edition, edited by ornithologist George Edwards. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Digital facsimile from Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

Fox’s classic treatise on the teeth is the first to include explicit directions for correcting dental irregularities. It is the first work on orthodontics.

This is a detailed study of the mouth, jaws and teeth with exceptionally accurate plates. Hunter correctly understood the growth and development of the jaws and their relation to the muscles of mastication. He coined the terms cuspids, bicuspids, molars and incisors.

Digital facsimile from the Biodiversity Heritage Archive at this link.

Characterizing himself "Surgeon-Accoucheur" on the title page, Dewhurst lectured in 1827-8 on anatomy and physiology, and served as a ship's surgeon, making voyage to Greenland and its surrounding seas in 1824. During that voyage he  studied large Arctic creatures, especially whales. In the decade after his return Dewhurst prepared this description of polar sea life.  Whales were of especial interest in this period, because of the use of their blubber in many household objects, and the value of their oil for lamps, as whale oil burned without soot. Dewhurst's work was one of the first studies to examine the different species of whales, as well as dolphins and other marine life. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

The earliest illustrated monograph on the butterflies and moths of North America. Text in English and French. 104 hand-colored plates. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

The epidemic of relapsing fever in Edinburgh in 1843 was well described by Cormack. He was first editor of the Association Medical Journal which later became the British Medical Journal.

By the employment of statistical methods Galton propounded a “law of filial regression”. This book represents the first statistical study of biological variation and inheritance.

Klieneberger isolated typical strains of pleuropneumonia-like organisms from Strep, moniliformis.

The earliest work devoted exclusively to physiology and the first to call the subject by that name. It was re-issued in 1554 as part of Fernel’s Medicina (No. 2271). Femel suggested that physicians should  study the human body themselves, and not accept tradition.

See Sir Charles Sherrington’s The endeavour of Jean Femel, Cambridge, 1946.  See also the English translation of the 1567 edition: The physiologia of Jean Fernel (1567). Translated and annotated by John M. Forrester. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 2003.

A comprensive study of the production, storage, characteristics, and use of wines. Book two considers wine in relation to health. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

In this book Belt first described "the mutualistic relationship of certain Acacias and the ant we now know as Pseudomyrmex spinicola. These are a species of red myrmecophyte-inhabiting neotropical ants which are found only in Nicaragua and Costa Rica. They live in the thorns of a tropical tree, Acacia collinsii, feeding on nectaries along with the protein and lipid-rich pods produced by the plant for the ants and now known as Belsian bodies (or Beltian bodies) in honor of Belt" (Wikipedia article on Thomas Belt, accessed 07-31-2016).

Digital facsimile from the Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Digital facsimile of the first edition from Google Books at this link.  Digital facsimile of the corrected, enlarged, and more elegant second edition of 1774 from the Internet Archive at this link.

1. "1833, Natural History of Humming Birds, Part I, (Ornithology Vol. VI) by William Jardine, with memoir of Carl Linnaeus. (online)
2. 1833, Monkeys, (Mammalia Vol. I) by William Jardine, with a memoir of Comte de Buffon (online)
3. Humming Birds Part II, (Ornithology Vol. VII) by William Jardine, with a memoir of Thomas Pennant. (online)
4. 1834, The Natural History of the Felinae, (lions, tigers etc.) (Mammalia Vol. II) by William Jardine, with a memoir of Georges Cuvier. (online)
5. 1834, The Natural History of Gallinaceous birds, (peacocks, pheasants, turkeys, etc.) (Ornithology Vol. III), by William Jardine, with a memoir of Aristotle. (online)
6. 1835, The Natural History of Fishes of the Perch family, (Ichthyology Vol. I), by William Jardine, with a memoir of Sir Joseph Banks. (online)
7. 1835, British Butterflies, (Entomology Vol. III) by James Duncan, with a memoir of Abraham Gottlob Werner.(online)
8. 1836, The Natural History of Parrots, (Ornithology Vol. VI), by Prideaux John Selby, with plates by Edward Lear and a memoir of Thomas Bewick.
9. 1836, Mammalia: Pachydermes, Vol. V., by William Jardine, with a Memoir of Sir Hans Sloane. (online)
10. 1836: Entomology: British Moths, Sphinxes, &c., Vol. IV., by James Duncan, with a Memoir of Madam Maria Sibylla Merian (online)
11. 1837, Mammalia: On the Ordinary Cetacea or Whales, Vol. VI, by William Jardine, with a Memoir of Bernard Germain de Lacépède. (online)
12. 1837. The Natural History of Foreign Butterflies, Entomology, Vol. V., by James Duncan, with a Memoir of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. (online)
13. 1837. The Natural History of the Birds of Western Africa, Vol. II., Ornithology, Vol. VIII, by William John Swainson, with a Memoir of François Levaillant. (online)
14. 1838. The Natural History of the Birds of Great Britain and Ireland, Part I. Birds of Prey. Ornithology, Vol. IX., by William Jardine, with a memoir of Sir Robert Sibbald. (online)
15. 1844, The Natural History of Game Birds, Vol. XXI, (Ornithology Vol. XIII), by William Jardine, with a memoir of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles (online)
16. 1852, Natural History of Beetles, Vol. XXXV, (Entomology), by James Duncan, with a memoir of John Ray. (online)
17. Pigeons, (Ornithology Vol. IX), by Prideaux John Selby, with a memoir of Pliny the Elder. (online)
18. 1866, Mammalia: Deer, Antelopes, Camels, &c., Vol. XXI, by William Jardine, with a Memoir of Petrus Camper. (online)
19. 1866, Mammalia: Goats, Sheep, Oxen, &C, Vol. XXII, by William Jardine, with a Memoir of John Hunter. (online)
20. 1866, Ornithology: Parrots, Vol. X, by Prideaux John Selby, with a Memoir of Thomas Bewick. (online)
21. 1862. Ornithology: Birds of Western Africa, Part I, Vol. XI., by William John Swainson, with a Memoir of James Bruce. (online)
22. 1838, Flycatchers or Muscicapidae, The Natural Arrangement and Relations, Thirty-three Coloured Plates, Vol.X, by William John Swainson, with Portrait and Memoir of Albrecht von Haller. (online)
23. 1838, British Quadrupeds, A History of, by William MacGillivray, with a Portrait and Memoir of Ulysses Aldrovandi. (online)
24. 1839, Amphibious Carnivora; including the Walrus and Seals, and the Herbivorous Cetacea, Mermaids, &c., Vol.VII by Robert Hamilton, with Portrait and Memoir of François Péron. (online)
25. 1866, Birds of Great Britain and Ireland, Part II., Vol.II Ornithology, edited by William Jardine, with Portrait and Memoir of William Smellie. (online)
26. 1839, Dogs, Canidae or Genus Canis of Authors, including The Genera Hyaena and Proteles, Vol. I., Mammalia Vol.IX, by Lieut-Col. Chas Hamilton Smith, with Portrait and Memoir of Peter Simon Pallas. (online)
27. 1859, Entomology. Bees. Vol.XXXIV Edited by William Jardine, with a Portrait and Memoir of François Huber. (online)
28. 1843, Ichthyology. Fishes, particularly their Structure and Economical Uses, &c, by John Stevenson Bushnan, with Portrait and Memoir of Hippolito Salviani. (online)
29. 1840, Dogs, Canidae or Genus Canis of Authors, including The Genera Hyaena and Proteles, Vol. II., Mammalia Vol.X, by Lieut-Col. Chas Hamilton Smith, with Portrait and Memoir of Don Felix D'azara. (online)
30. 1840, Introduction to Entomology, Vol.I, by James Duncan, with Memoirs of John Swammerdam and Charles De Geer, and Portrait of the latter. (online)
31. 1841, Marsupialia or Pouched Animals, Mammalia Vol. XI, by G. R. Waterhouse, with a Memoir and Portrait of Dr. John BarClay. (online)
32. 1841, Horses. The Equidae or Genus Equus of Authors. Mammalia XII, by Lieut-Col. Chas Hamilton SmithThirty-five Coloured Plates, with Portrait and Memoir of Conrad Gessner. (online)
33. 1841. Ichthyology. Fishes of Guiana, Part I., Vol.III, by Robert H. Schomburgk with an autobiographical Portrait and Account, together with his Voyages and Travels. (online)
34. 1841, Entomology. Exotic Moths, Vol. VII, by James Duncan, with Portrait and Memoir of Pierre André Latreille. (online)
35. 1842, Birds of Great Britain and Ireland, Part III. Rasores and Grallatores, Vol.III Ornithology, edited by William Jardine, with Portrait and Memoir of John Walker, D.D. (online)
36. 1842, An Introduction to Mammalia, Vol.XIII, by Lieut Col Charles Hamilton Smith with Portrait and Memoir of Dru Drury. (online)
37. 1864, Nectarinidae, or Sun-Birds, by William Jardine, with a Portrait and Memoir of Francis Willughby. (online)
38. 1860, Ichthyology. British Fishes, Vol. XXXVI. Part. I, by Robert Hamilton, with a Portrait and Memoir of William Rondelet. (online)
39. 1833, Ichthyology. British Fishes, Vol. XXXVII. Part. II, by Robert Hamilton, with Portrait and Memoir of Alexander von Humboldt. (online)
40. 1843. Ichthyology. Fishes of Guiana, Part II., by Robert H. Schomburgk with, Portrait and Memoir of John Lewis Burckhardt. (online)
41. 1860, Birds of Great Britain and Ireland, Part IV, by William Jardine, with a Portrait and Memoir of Alexander Wilson, D.D. (online)" 

"Jardine made natural history available to all levels of Victorian society by editing the hugely popular forty volumes of The Naturalist's Library (1833–1843) issued and published by his brother in law, the Edinburgh printer and engraver, William Home Lizars.^[11] The series was divided into four main sections: Ornithology (14 volumes), Mammalia (13 volumes), Entomology (7 volumes), and Ichthyology (6 volumes); each prepared by a leading naturalist. James Duncan wrote the insect volumes. The artists responsible for the illustrations included Edward Lear. The work was published in Edinburgh by W. H. Lizars." (Wikipedia article on William Jardine, accessed 03-2018).

Theorell was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1955 for his discoveries relating to the nature and mode of action of oxidizing enzymes. The above paper summarizes his work in this field.

The earliest account of the recognition of fragments of malignant tissue. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link. 

Garrod was the leading authority of his time on gout, which he separated from other forms of arthritis by his discovery of excess of uric acid in the blood of gouty sufferers. He gave to rheumatoid arthritis its present name.

Chauveau first used the term “elementary bodies” to describe the minute bodies inside the inclusions and which were the infective particles.

Peugnet argued that over-medication, and not the pistol shot, caused Fisk's death. Peugnet, a surgeon who had served in the American Civil War, died at the early age of 43, having been struck by a locomotive while absent-mindedly standing on a railroad track. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

This book set forth in detail Pauling's valence-bond theory based on the quantum-mechanical concept of resonance between two energy states, which led to his highly innovative idea that the hybridization of orbitals (electron waves) between atoms is what makes molecular structure possible. Pauling’s work “taught a couple of generations of chemists that the sizes and electrical charges of atoms determine exactly [emphasis mine] their arrangement in molecules” (Judson, The Eighth Day of Creation, p. 57). For further information see the entry at HistoryofInformation.com at this link.

Proof that histamine occurs in certain organs in amounts sufficient to account for the depressant action of extracts of these organs. With H. H. Dale, H. W. Dudley, and W. V. Thorpe.

An important study of the histology of “oat-celled sarcoma” which Barnard showed to be primary carcinoma of the lung.

Independently of Ross and Milne, Dutton and Todd demonstrated relapsing fever in monkeys conveyed by infected ticks, Omithodorus moubata. The organism was named Sp. (now Borrelia) duttoni. Both Dutton and Todd contracted the disease, and the former died of it before the paper was published.

"...Wood and Fels begin by observing that while almost everyone now admits that maps showing such things as zoning lines or national boundaries are ideological constructions, they view any map as inherently ideological: “The map is not a picture. It is an argument” (p. xvi). These arguments are made using systems of signs, and the most central semiological function of the map is what Wood and Fels call a “posting.” This is Charles Pierce’s index, a direct pointing to, the statement that “this piece of the world (represented by a symbol) is here (represented by the symbol’s location on the sign plane of the map).” The map, then, is a whole series of arguments, that “this is here,” and “this other thing is here,” and “that is there.” Their second major point is that our long experience with maps that validate these manifold propositions “endows the map with an intrinsic factuality whose social manifestation is the authority the map carries into public action” (p. xvi).

"In terms of methodology, Wood and Fels rely, first, on extremely thorough and systematic “unpacking” of the map, the kind of analysis they famously directed at a North Carolina state highway map in The Power of Maps. And to assist in this process, they’ve adapted some terms from literary analysis that allow them to talk about a map’s context. They speak of the parimap as the verbal and physical expressions that surround and embody the map, everything from titles and legends to paper stock and typography. They also recognize an epimap, constituting information not physically a part of the map, but circulating freely around it. Elements of an epimap would include advertising, commentary, and packaging, like the issue of National Geographic that holds a given map. Together, parimap and epimap constitute the paramap, “everything that surrounds and extends a map in order to present it.” " (https://muse.jhu.edu/article/363422).

Mainly 19th-20th century: includes hydrotherapy, massage, and dietetics. Second edition, 1951.

Isolation of hysocine (scopolamine), an anti-nausea drug.

Haeckel constructed the first of the now commonplace ancestral trees, depicting the evolution of life from the simplest organisms through 21 stages of development to modern man – the 22nd and final stage. Within this general scheme he created the concept of the Phylum (i.e. stem) to accommodate all organisms descended from a common form, and created the word Phylogeny to describe their evolutionary development from common form to distinct species. He suggested that within each species the term Ontogeny should describe the development of the individual from conception to maturity. From this he proposed his famous biogenetic law, “Ontogeny recapitulated Phylogeny”. English translation, 2 vols., London, 1876. Darwin wrote in The Descent of man (No. 227) “if [the English translation of] this work had appeared before my essay [Descent…] had been written, I should probably never have completed it. Almost all the conclusions at which I have arrived I find confirmed by this naturalist, whose knowledge on many points is much fuller than mine”. 

Haeckel differed from Darwin in advocating a polygenist theory of human evolution. He traced human lineage back to a hypothetical ancestral form, intermediate between humans and apes, that he named Pithecanthropus. “It was from the ‘Pithecanthropoi,’ Haeckel contended, that primeval humanity (which he termed Homo primigenius) was derived.... The various human races were considered to have been derived from Homo primigenius by natural selection, resulting in the formation of two quite divergent forms of humanity: (i) ‘the wooly-haired men’ (Ulotrichi); and (ii) ‘the straight-haired men’ (Lisotrichi). The Ulotrichi, Haeckel said, initially spread south from their primeval homeland, and then east and west. The remnants of the eastern branch being the peoples of New Guinea and Melanesia, while the negroes of Africa were considered representatives of the western branch. The remainder of modern humanity, the Lisotrichi, consisted of several divergent branches of what he called the ‘primeval Malays, or Promalays.’ The ‘Indo-Germanic race’ was a branch of the Lisotrichi, which he considered to have deviated furthest from the common ancestry. The chief representatives of this group were the Germans and English, who he said ‘are in the present age laying the foundation for a new period of higher mental development’” (Spencer, Ecce Homo [1986] 156.)

Having dissected five orang-outang cadavers, Camper showed that the Bornean orang-outang was a previously undescribed species, and showed that the structure of its vocal organs did not permit speech. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Digital facsimile from herbaltherapeutics.net at this link.

Navajo sandpaintings are traditionally made only for the healing ceremony in which they are used, and then destroyed. This book contains superb reproductions on sand-colored paper of watercolor versions of the sandpaintings painted by the medicine man, himself. The paintings are accompanied by an essay on this ancient form of medicine, in which the patient sat in the center of the painting and the healer chanted, and a cure was effected through the identification of the patient with divine powers portrayed in the painting and chant.

Atkins was an English naval surgeon. His book includes some useful case reports and contains the first English description of African trypanosomiasis.

"The first in-depth study of how medical professionals rationalized their participation in the Holocaust, from the early stages of the T-4 Euthanasia Program to the extermination camps" (Wikipedia).

See No. 4685.

This was the first book of its kind. It deals with the borderline between the pharmacological and the toxicological action of drugs with the untoward or side-effects of all kinds of medicaments. For details regarding this book and its author, see D. I. Macht, Ann. med. Hist., 1931, 3, 179-94, which includes a bibliography of Lewin’s writings. English translation by W. T. Alexander, with the author’s revisions, as The incidental effects of drugs. A pharmacological and clinical hand-book (New York, 1882). Digital facsimile of the 1882 edition from the Internet Archive at this link. The revised and enlarged second edition was translated by J. J. Mulheron and more appropriately titled The untoward effects of drugs. A pharmcological and clinical manual (Detroit, 1883). Digital facsimile of the 1883 translation from the Internet Archive at this link.

Proof that air is necessary in the development of the embryo. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Discovery of “fat-soluble A” (vitamin A). See also J. biol. Chem., 1915, 23,181-246, in which the same authors showed the necessity in diet for at least two factors – “fat-soluble A” and “water-soluble B”.

The production of matches with white phosphorus in German-speaking countries started in 1833. Between 1839 and 1845 Lorinser saw nine cases of what he called "phosphorimus chronicus" in workers with white phosphorus, also known as yellow phosphorus, without proper safeguards. This disease, later called phosphorus necrosis of the jaw or "phossy jaw," was most commonly seen in workers in the match-stick industry in the 19th and early 20th century. Lorinser's long paper was the first published account of this disease.

Founded in 1881, this Dutch organization is the oldest skeptical organization in the world investigating alternative medicine and quackery. It has published its periodical since 1881. The archive of the periodical may be viewed on the society's website: https://www.kwakzalverij.nl/tijdschrift/

An early publication on the medical problems of blacks written by a black physician. Kenney served as school physician at Tuskegee University, was the first director of the John A. Andrew Memorial Hospital at Tuskegee University, founded the John A. Andrew Clinic and help to start the John A. Andrew Clinical Society in 1918. Kenney also edited the Journal of the National Medical Association (a professional organization of black physicians).

Publications of the University of Virginia, Phelps-Stokes fellowship papers, no. 18.

An in-depth social statistical and geographical analysis of America's black doctors including their distribution, economic links, and social activism that varied throughout the South, as well as the North and West. 

The only medical book illustrated by Honoré Daumier (1808-79), and a great satire in verse on the medical profession. Digital facsimile from BnF Gallica at this link.

Isolation of neomycin.

Rickham founded the first neonatal surgical unit in the world, at Alder Hey Children's Hospital in Liverpool. This unit became the benchmark for similar units around the world. It brought about an improvement in the survival of newborn infants undergoing surgery from 22% to 74%.

Fourth edition, 1940.

With W. Dubilier and J. C. Monteith.

Includes description of “Lobstein’s ganglion”, an accessory ganglion of the sympathetic nerve above the diaphragm. English translation, 1831.

Varolio described a new method of dissection which enabled him to observe and describe the pons for the first time. By this new method Varolio was able to make some contributions to the knowledge of the course and termination of the cranial nerves and to trace the course of the optic nerve approximately to its true termination. His name is perpetuated in the “pons varolii”.

Considered a masterpiece of compilation of the new scientific evidence for the neuron theory. "Also contains Gertrude Stein’s first publication, which consists of a quote and further description of her developmental work on a series of sagittal sections from the brain of a several week-old baby (pp. 725-726), in and around the region of the nucleus of Darkschewitsch. She was at the time a medical student at Johns Hopkins" (Larry W. Swanson). Digital facsimile of the 1901 printing from the Internet Archive at this link.

“The foremost American neurology book of the Nineteenth Century” (McHenry), and the only text of the period to contain a section on the chemistry of the nervous system.

Records Bell’s demonstration that the fifth cranial nerve has a sensory-motor function, his discovery of “Bell’s nerve” and the motor nerve of the face, lesion of which causes facial paralysis (Bell’s palsy). Bell was preceded in some of these discoveries by Mayo (No. 1390). Also includes the first description of myotonia. First edition, 1824.

Cyclophosphamide. With F. Bourseaux and N. Brock.

Guist’s operation for detachment of the retina (multiple trephining and chemical cauterization of the choroid).

Zinke transmitted rabies from a rabid dog to a normal one, and to a rabbit and a hen, by injection of saliva and proved the disease to be infectious. Digital facsimile from wellcomecollection.org at this link.

Israel contributed an important early paper on the ray fungus Actinomyces. He included some drawings made by Langenbeck in 1845 and was the first to describe a human case of actinomycosis.

Nitze devised an electrically lighted cystoscope in 1877, which made possible great improvements in the surgery of the bladder.

Steinmann nail or pin, for insertion through a distal fragment and controlled by direct skeletal traction. English translation in Bick, Classics of orthopaedics.

Unna introduced specially coated pills for local absorption in the intestine.

The Frei skin test for the diagnosis of lymphogranuloma venereum.

Introduction of the keratoscope.

Freund performed the first successful abdominal hysterectomy for cancer. Although removal of the uterus by the abdominal route had been carried out earlier, to Freund belongs the credit for the invention of the operation, in which he utilized Lister’s antiseptic method. His first paper describing the operation was published on 3 April 1878.

Freund published two shorter accounts of the procedure later in 1878:

"Zu meiner Methode der totalen Uterus-Exstirpation," Zbl. Gynäk., 2/12, 265-69. Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel, 1878. This appeared on 8 June.

"Eine neue Methode der Exstirpation des ganzen Uterus," Berl. klin. Wschr., 15/28, 417-18. Berlin: August Hirschwald, 1878. This appeared on 15 July.

See No. 3512.

Introduction of tubo-valvular gastrostomy.

Modern keratoplasty is based on the technique introduced by von Hippel.

Vierordt was the first to devise an exact method of enumerating the red blood corpuscles. See also his later paper: Zählungen der Blutkörperchen des Menschen, in the same volume, pp. 326-31.

The discovery of bacterial agglutination. Gruber and Durham discovered the agglutinating action of the serum of typhoid patients upon the typhoid bacillus. First briefly reported by Durham: On a special action of serum of highly immunized animals, and its use for diagnostic and other purposes. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond., 1986, 59, 224-26.

Thorium dioxide (“thorotrast”) first used in radiological diagnosis.

Wilms’s operation.

With Nitze’s operative cystoscope it became possible to excise bladder tumors in situ.

Monographic series. Continuation of Münchener Beiträge, etc., 1-17, 1926-29.

Trigeminal tractotomy. See also Acta psychiat. neural. (Kbh.), 1938, Suppl. 17, 1-139.

Frommer’s test for acetone in urine.

Kocher was Professor of Surgery at Berne, and among the greatest surgeons of his day. He is remembered, among other things, for his method of reduction of subluxation of the shoulder-joint.

Goldscheider recorded important investigations on the nerves conveying the sensation of temperature and on the nerves of cutaneous sensation

Ladd-Franklin theory of vision.

Like Roux, Strasburger hypothesized that the cell nucleus contained the material basis of heredity, and developed the idea with evidence from microscopical observations.

Cohnheim was the master experimental pathologist of the 19th century. He was a pupil of Virchow and Kölliker; in contradiction of the former, he showed the essential feature of inflammation to be the passage of leucocytes through the capillary walls and their accumulation at the site of the injury – “ohne Gefässe keine Entzündung”. His first article on the subject will be found in Virchows Arch. path. Anat., 1867, 40, 1-79.

The innervation of the salivary glands first elucidated.

Hüfner showed that 1 gm. hemoglobin combines with 1.34 cc oxygen.

Becker-type muscular dystrophy.

Holzknecht did important work on x-ray dosimetry.

Acute leukemia first described.

Schmitz’s bacillus – Bact. ambiguum (Shigella schmitzii),a cause of dysentery.

Progesterone obtained in crystalline form.

English translation in Disease, life and man. Selected essays by Rudolf Virchow. Selected, translated, annotated, and introduced by L. J. Rather, Stanford, 1958.

Fellner suggested the use of the stethoscope in the measurement of systolic and diastolic pressure.

Introduction of carbutamide (BZ55), the first of the sulphonylureas. It was followed by tolbutamide and chlorpropamide.

Isolation of creatine from muscle.

Jacobson used a peripheral incision in his operation for cataract.

On pp. 144-146 of vol. 1 Runge reported the isolation of relatively pure caffeine for the first time. He called it "Kaffebase." Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link. In 1821 the French chemists Pierre-Joseph Pelletier and Joseph Bienaimé Caventou independently isolated caffeine without knowledge of Runge's work. 

Description of the “flask-shaped ganglionic bodies” known as “Purkinje cells”. Reprinted in his Opera Omnia, 1939, 3, 47-9. Also published in Oken’s Isis, 1838, pp. 582-84.

Rynd, an Irish physician, invented the hollow needle used in hypodermic syringes. The description of his instrument is given in Dublin Quart. J. med. Sci., 1861, 32, 13.

“Beard’s disease” (neurasthenia) first described. See also No. 4846.

Splanchnoptosis (“Glénard’s disease”).

In Nothnagel’s Handbuch der speziellen Pathologie und Therapie, XI, Bd. 3, Abt. 3-4.

The first global, historically documented, hierarchically organized parts list of the human nervous system. "This defined vocabulary accurately and systematically describes every human nervous system structural feature that can be observed with current imaging methods, and provides an extendible frame for describing accurately the nervous system in all animals including invertebrates and vertebrates. . . ."

In this paper on neuroblasts (young neurons) and their development in the embryonic spinal cord, His coined the term, “dendrite,” for what had been called protoplasmic processes since the term was introduced by Deiters in 1865 (Larry W. Swanson).

Vieussens, professor at Montpellier, was the first to describe the centrum ovale correctly. The publication of the above work threw new light on the subject of the configuration and structure of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. With numerous large folding copperplates, it is considered the best illustrated work on the nervous system published in the 17th century. Second issue, identical except dated 1685. Both issues have the words, “editio nova” on the title page. Digital facsimile of the 1584 issue from Google Books at this link.

Digital facsimile from semanticscholar.org at this link.

Full translations of 20 classic European contributions to 19th and 20th century neurology.

Remak was first to describe the intrinsic ganglia of the heart.

This set of enormous chromolithographed color wall charts contains probably the largest charts of the brain and nervous system ever published. The two largest measure 5 feet 3 inches by 7 feet 2-5/8 inches! The 13 striking charts include illustrations of the motor and sensory fibers; the peripheral nerve system; the arteries of the brain; the visual projection system in its entirety; the spinal segments in relation to the vertebrae, together with the muscles and reflex centers; the cell and myelin architecture of the cerebrum; the intra-uterine development of the brain; the myelin development of the brain and cord in a newborn infant; and the sympathetic innervation of the neck, chest and abdomen.

Wilson died before this monumental work was completed, and it was edited by A. N. Bruce. It includes a vast amount of history and hundreds of references. Second edition, 1954.

Bernhardt drew attention to meralgia paraesthetica in the leg (“Bernhardt’s disease”) due to disease of the external cutaneous nerve of the thigh.

Thirty-one contributions to a symposium in honour of F. O. Schmitt. 

The beginning of image-guided surgery. Abstract: "The NeuroStation is an image-guided neurosurgery workstation designed to deliver frameless stereotaxy within an ergonomic, integrated surgical environment. Generally, stereotaxy can provide the neurosurgeon with important intra-operative localization information using diagnostic images such as computerized tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). To date, however, stereotaxy has not been widely accepted by neurosurgeons due to the procedural difficulties of incorporating conventional stereotaxy. The NeuroStation addresses the problems of conventional stereotaxy through the use of frameless stereotactic methods wherein state-of-the-art instrumentation and computer innovations allow: a) standard surgical instruments to be used as the localization device; b) multipoint registration methods in place of frame-based registration; and c) real-time interactive surgical localization. The NeuroStation can thus be transparently integrated into the neurosurgical procedure providing the neurosurgeon with image-guidance for surgical planning, biopsies, craniotomies, endoscopy, intra-operative ultrasound, radiation therapy, etc."

The first complete textbook of pediatric neurosurgery. Ingraham, a protegé of Harvey Cushing, established the first pediatric neurosurgery unit at Peter Bent Brigham Hospital in 1929.

A collection of 52 classic contributions to neurosurgery, translated, where necessary, into English, with an appendix containing over 200 additional references related to the historical development of neurological surgery.

Brief biographical essays by various authors, edited by Bucy. The companion volume, Modern neurosurgical giants (1986) includes articles on living neurosurgeons, written by colleagues. Neither volume includes bibliographies.

A very well written semi-popular historical account of autism.

Order of authorship in the original paper: Smithburn, Hughes, Burke. In 1937 the authors isolated a virus from the blood of an adult female with fever from the Omogo West Nile district of Uganda, and named it West Nile virus. They described pathology that involves encephalitis and can cause death in monkeys. Digital facsimile from ajtmh.org at this link

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.).

Braid inaugurated modern hypnotism, the word itself being introduced by him. His theories were adopted by Broca, Charcot, Liébeault, and Bernheim; thus he founded the French School. New edition, edited with an introduction biographical and bibliographical embodying the author's later views and further evidence on the subject by Arthur Edward Waite  (London: George Redway, 1899).

First report of human illness caused by Zika virus, detected in Uganda and Tanzania. 38 patients had neutralizing antibodies to Zika virus in their blood serum, proving that they had been infected by the virus.

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

“Arneth count”. Arneth distinguished five groups of polymorphonuclear leucocytes and advocated the estimation of these groups as a valuable aid in the determination of bone-marrow reaction to infective and other agents (plate 8, p. 37).

Alcohol injection of the Gasserian ganglion for treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. See also pp. 91-96 of the same volume. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Black received the Nobel Prize in Medicine for development of Propranolol, the first beta-blocker effectively used in the treatment of coronary heart disease and hypertension.  R. G. Shanks, L. H. Smith and A. C. Dornhorst.

Discovery of M and N agglutinogens. See also the same journal, pp. 941-42.

Taggart invented the modern method of making gold inlays.

About the same time as Agote, Lewisohn introduced the citrate method of blood transfusion. See also his later paper in Surg. Gynec. Obstet., 1915, 21, 37-47.

In order to prevent blood coagulation during transfusion, Kimpton and Brown used apparatus lined with paraffin wax. See also Boston med. surg. J., 1915, 173, 425-7.

Vi antigens first described.

"The pioneers of modern cardiopulmonary resucitation describe their breakthrough technique of combining mouth-to-mouth ventilation, closed chest compressions, and transthoracic defibrillation to treat cardiac arrest" (W. Bruce Fye).

Digital facsimile from PubMedCentral at this link.

The Rastelli procedure. “Intraventricular rerouting of left ventricular output through the ventricular septal defect to the aorta and establishing of a new right ventricular outflow through the ventriculotomy and an extracardiac conduit to the pulmonary artery” (Callahan, McGoon, & Key, Classics of Cardiology).

The first printed atlas of color computer images adapted from 3D images developed in the National Library of Medicine's Visible Human Project. Includes CD-ROM with 3D electronic images.

Semi-automatic (Békésy) audiometer.

Translation by John Phaer of a book by Jehan Goeurot published in 1530. Garrison states that it is a version of the Regimen Sanitatis.

The first fossil human discovered in Africa: Homo rhodesiensis, commonly referred to as the Broken Hill Skull or the Kabwe Cranium.The skull, which most current experts classify as Homo heidelbergensis, was discovered in 1921 in a lead and zinc mine in Kabwe, Zambia (formerly Broken Hill, Rhodesia).

"Drawing on oral histories, archival records, and medical journals from the 1930s and 1940s, Grey finds the programs were both a rehearsal for more modern forms of medical organization and a lightning rod for critics of "socialized medicine." He assesses the compromises made to try to preserve the programs' somewhat "secret objective" of providing the poor with health care while not running afoul of conservative politicians and their colleagues in the AMA..." (publisher)

Brown–Buerger cystoscope.

Harington invented a water-closet in which the disposal of excreta was for the first time controlled by mechanical means. He published several tracts on the device, the first appearing in 1596. These were elegantly reprinted by the Chiswick Press in an edition limited to 100 copies (1814). “Ajax” is a pun on “a jakes”, an Elizabethan name for a privy. Critical, annotated edition by E. S. Donno, New York, Columbia Univ. Press, 1962.

“Stevens-Johnson syndrome”, a generalized eruption, continued fever, inflamed buccal mucosa, and severe purulent conjunctivitis. B.A. Thomas (Brit. med. J., 1950, 1, 1393) believes this to be merely a severe form of Hebra’s erythema multiforme exudativum (No. 4049, p. 198).

Boyle showed the effects of the elasticity, compressibility, and weight of air. He investigated the function of air in respiration, combustion, and conveyance of sound. Most significantly Boyle demonstrated that air is essential for life.

The Baldwin effect. "In evolutionary biology, the Baldwin effect describes the effect of learned behavior on evolution. In brief, James Mark Baldwin suggested that an organism's ability to learn new behaviors (e.g. to acclimatise to a new stressor) will affect its reproductive success and will therefore have an effect on the genetic makeup of its species through natural selection. Though this process appears similar to Lamarckian evolution, Lamarck proposed that living things inherited their parents' acquired characteristics. The Baldwin effect has been independently proposed several times, and today it is generally recognized as part of the modern evolutionary synthesis" (Wikipedia article on Baldwin effect, accessed 04-2017). Digital text of the paper from brocku.ca at this link.

Fabry’s book includes an early description of a field drug chest for army use. He was one of the most eminent surgeons of his time, although not prepared to adopt all the teachings of Paré. He had considerable mechanical ingenuity and devised many pieces of apparatus. English translation, 1674.

Synthesis of salicylic acid.

In 1959 Mary Leakey discovered the "Zinj" skull (OH 5) at Olduvai Gorge. This became the type specimen for Paranthropus boisei, arguably the most famous early human fossil from Olduvai in Northern Tanzania. The species lived from about 2.3 to about 1.2 million years before present.

In 1965, a research team led by Bryan Patterson from Harvard University discovered a single arm bone (KNM-KP 271) of an early human at Kanapoi in northern Kenya, but without additional fossils Patterson could not confidently identify the species to which it belonged. In 1994 Meave Leakey and her team found numerous teeth and fragments of bone at the same site, which they identified as a new species. This they named Australopithecus anamensis (‘anam’ means ‘lake’ in the Turkana language). Researchers have since found other Au. anamensis fossils at nearby sites (including Allia Bay), all of which date between about 4.2 million and 3.9 million years old. With I. McDougall and A. Walker.

Order of authorship in the original paper: Doubna, Charpenter.

"Abstract

"The advent of facile genome engineering using the bacterial RNA-guided CRISPR-Cas9 system in animals and plants is transforming biology. We review the history of CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeat) biology from its initial discovery through the elucidation of the CRISPR-Cas9 enzyme mechanism, which has set the stage for remarkable developments using this technology to modify, regulate, or mark genomic loci in a wide variety of cells and organisms from all three domains of life. These results highlight a new era in which genomic manipulation is no longer a bottleneck to experiments, paving the way toward fundamental discoveries in biology, with applications in all branches of biotechnology, as well as strategies for human therapeutics."

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

Hirszfeld gave an important description of Salmonella paratyphi C. (“Hirszfeld’s bacillus”).

Order of authorship in the original publication: Almeida, Mitchell, Boland....

Abstract:

"The composition of the human gut microbiota is linked to health and disease, but knowledge of individual microbial species is needed to decipher their biological roles. Despite extensive culturing and sequencing efforts, the complete bacterial repertoire of the human gut microbiota remains undefined. Here we identify 1,952 uncultured candidate bacterial species by reconstructing 92,143 metagenome-assembled genomes from 11,850 human gut microbiomes. These uncultured genomes substantially expand the known species repertoire of the collective human gut microbiota, with a 281% increase in phylogenetic diversity. Although the newly identified species are less prevalent in well-studied populations compared to reference isolate genomes, they improve classification of understudied African and South American samples by more than 200%. These candidate species encode hundreds of newly identified biosynthetic gene clusters and possess a distinctive functional capacity that might explain their elusive nature. Our work expands the known diversity of uncultured gut bacteria, which provides unprecedented resolution for taxonomic and functional characterization of the intestinal microbiota." 

When we wrote this entry in January 2020 this paper was available from nature.com at this link.

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

Introduction of mercurochrome. With E. C. White and E. O. Swartz.

The "Bible" of Thomsonism or "Thomsonian medicine", which employed botanical remedies, often based on native American medicines. Digital facsimile from the Medical Heritage Library, Internet Archive, at this link.

The first original scientific herbal written by an Englishman, and the first scientific herbal published in the English language. The illustrations were taken from the blocks cut for the 8vo edition of Fuchs (1546). Turner was a strongly unorthodox thinker whose stubborn Protestant convictions forced him into exile on the Continent during the Catholic reaction at the end of the reign of Henry VIII, and again during the reign of Mary. He had a varied and turbulent career as naturalist, theologian and physician. Parts 2 and 3 were produced in English in Cologne, 1562 and 1568, while Turner was an exile in Germany. Part 3 was issued only with a reprint of Parts 1 and 2.

In 1998 and 1999, working in the Lake Turkana region of northern Kenya, Meave Leakey and her team found a cranium and other fossil remains of a 3.5 million year old hominin with a mixture of features unseen in other early human fossils. Noting the unusual combination of traits, Leakey and her team designated the hominin a new genus and species: Kenyanthropus platyops, or “flat-faced human from Kenya.” With F. Spoor, F. H. Brown, P. N. Gathogo, C. Kiarie,, L. N. Leakey, and I. McDougall. 

Addresses the goal of "the provision of adequate health care for every citizen."

S blood-group antigen.

Smith devised an anterior or suspensatory splint for use in the treatment of fractures of the femur. The apparatus was heavily used during the U.S. Civil War and was especially valuable in treating compound fractures.

Original description of technique of making “bite-wing” radiographs.

A cookbook with recipes to restore the health of convalescents.

Bock was the first to describe the local flora of Germany, discovering many new species. His work gave a fresh impetus to plant description, With Brunfels and Fuchs he was one of the three “German fathers of botany”. See B. Hoppe, Das Kräuterbuch des Hieronymus Bock, Stuttgart, A. Hiersemann, 1969.

Plasmodium ovale described.

The Gilbert-Maxam method for sequencing DNA. In 1980 Gilbert shared the 1980 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Frederick Sanger and Paul Berg. Berg received half of the prize "for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA". The other half was split between Gilbert and Frederick Sanger "for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids". This paper is available from PNAS at this link.

Use of transthoracic direct current countershock of very short duration to avoid the vulnerable period in the cardiac cycle.

The first tests for disorders of central auditory function were developed by Bocca, C. Calearo, and V. Cassinari.

Folin introduced several micro-methods for the determination of nitrogen, urea, creatine, etc.

Heparin used in blood transfusion. See also the same journal, 88, 443-49.

Wolfe insisted that in free skin grafts the subcutaneous tissue at the site of the graft must be removed, and that the graft should consist of skin only. His name is perpetuated in the “Wolfe-Krause graft rest”.

Geraghty’s modification of Young’s perineal prostatectomy.

Silvester’s method of artificial respiration.

The first description of the use of a musculocutaneous flap in reconstructive surgery. The resulting penis was fully-functional.

Alexander’s suspension operation for retroversion of the uterus, first performed by him in 1881.

Wood of Edinburgh was the first (1853) to employ hypodermic injection that used a true syringe and hollow needle as a therapeutic procedure. He referred to his invention as "subcutaneous" rather than hypodermic. See also Brit. med. J., 1858, 721-23, for a later paper by him. A full account of his work is given by Howard-Jones (No. 2063). Digital facsimile from ncbi.nlm.nih.gov at this link.

Mackenzie established the remarkable action of digitalis in auricular fibrillation.

Guthrie in America, Liebig in Germany, and Soubeiran in France discovered chloroform independently of one another. Guthrie discovered the modern method of making chloroform by distilling alcohol with chlorinated lime. The second paper has the title: On pure chloric ether.

Myco. ulcerans first described. With J. C. Tolhurst, G. Buckle, and H. A. Sissons.

Original and suggestive work on vital statistics, showing vividly the changing conditions of life as he saw it (Greenwood).

First successful tendon transplantation.

Luckett developed the modern operation for the correction of protruding ears.

Verhoeffs buttonhole iridectomy.

Spastic torticollis treated by division of spinal accessory nerve and posterior roots of first, second, and third spinal nerves.

Pancoast devised the operative procedure of sectioning the second and third branches of the fifth pair of nerves as they emerge from the base of the brain. Reported by F. Woodbury.

Adams devised an operation for retroversion of the uterus, similar to that performed by Alexander (No. 6077).

Sympathetic ramisection. See also Surg. Gynec. Obstet., 1924, 39, 701-20.

Brunton’s otoscope.

Ventriculocisternostomy for the relief of obstructive hydrocephalus.

Recognition that the protozoan was the pathogenic phase of a mycelial fungus.

Leaf helped found Physicians for Social Responsibility (PSR) in 1961 and became a prominent member of International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (IPPNW). This paper highlighted "new research on estimated casualties, the effects of radiation, and post-blast immune dysfunction. A full third of the article examined what looked to be the most deadly consequence of any nuclear war: global starvation. Food reserves would be contaminated or plundered, technologies for harvest, transportation, and refrigeration would fail, and radiation would disrupt ecosystems" (Dunk & Jones, Sounding the alarm on climate change, 1989 and 2019," New Engl. J. Med., 382 (2020) 205-07.).

Order of authorship in the original paper: McMullan, Folk, Kelly. Discovery of a new Phlebovirus, which the authors name the "Heartland virus" and with high probability that Amblyoma is the tick vector. Digital facsimile from nejm.org at this link.

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

Foley’s operation for hydronephrosis.

Abbe’s lip-switch flap, transferring a full-thickness flap from one lip of the oral cavity to fill a defect in the other lip. This is also known eponymically as the Abbe–Estlander operation, crediting Jakob Estlander (1831-1881). 

Jenner’s methylene blue-eosin stain for blood.

Gillies’s operation for cleft palate.

Young’s punch prostatectomy operation.

Order of authorship in the original paper: Wang, Ze-Dong; Wang, Bo; Wei, Feng. Discovery of a new tick-borne virus that the authors name the "Alongshan virus" (ALSV) in the family Flaviridae. Digital facsimile from nejm.org at this link.

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

Oxamniquinine.

In his important studies on the filtration of virus preparations, Elford showed that different viruses possessed different and characteristic sizes.

Cardiolipin antigen for serological diagnosis of syphilis. For isolation and purification see J. biol. Chem., 1942, 143, 247-56.