1476 GALEN, [Κλαύδιος Γαληνός; Galen of Pergamon] (129 – 216); HIPPOCRATES, [Ἱπποκράτης; Hippocrates of Kos] (-460 – -370); HUNAYN IBN ISHAQ [أبو زيد حنين بن إسحاق العبادي; ’ABŪ ZAYD ḤUNAYN IBN ’ISḤĀQ AL-‘IBĀDĪ], (Latin: Iohannitius) (809 – 873); THEOPHILUS PROTOSPATHARIUS, (Θεόφιλος Πρωτοσπαθάριος) (650 – ); PHILARETOS, (Philaretus) (820 – 1075)
Articella seu opus artis medicinae. Con: Johannitius: Isagoge ad tegni Galeni. Philaretus: De pulsibus; Theophilus Protospatharius: De urinis. Hippocrates: Aphorismi (comm: Galenus; tr: Constantinus Africanus); Prognostica (comm: Galenus); De regimine acutorum morborum (comm: Galenus; tr: Gerardus Cremonensis). Galenus: Liber Tegni, sive Ars medica (comm: Hali; tr: Gerardus Cremonensis).
A collection of Greek, Roman and Byzantine texts on medicine, written in Latin, that was mainly used as medical school textbook or reference manual between the 13th and 16th centuries. The Articella grew around a synt…
GMN 52 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/8771
1483 HIPPOCRATES, [Ἱπποκράτης; Hippocrates of Kos] (-460 – -370); GENTILI DA FOLIGNO, Gentile (Gentilis Fulginas; Gentilis de Flugineo) ( – 1348); ARGILAGNES, Franciscus (1450 – )
De divisione librorum Galeni IN: Articella seu Opus artis medicinae.
Considering the central importance of Galen's writings in medicine from the time he wrote well through the sixteenth and even the seventeenth century, and the need for physicians to make sense of such a large number o…
GMN 6813 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/8976
1536 CONSTANTINE THE AFRICAN (CONSTANTINUS AFRICANUS) (1015 – 1087); PETRUS HISPANUS, Pope John XXI (Pedro Hispano; Peter of Spain) (1226 – 1277); ISAAC JUDAEUS [ABU YA'QUB ISHAQ IBN SULAIMAN AL ISRA’ILI’], (Isaac Israeli ben Solomon) (832 – 932); TURINI, Andrea (Andreas Turinus) (1473 – 1543)
Omnia opera Ysaac in hoc volumini contenta: cum quibusdam alijs opusculis: Liber de definitionibus. Liber de elementis. Liber dietaru[m] vniversalium: cum co[m]me[n]to Petri Hispani. Liber dietarum particularium ... Liber de vrinis cum commento eiusdem. Liber de febribus. Pantechni decem libri theorices: et decem practices: cum tractatu de gradibus medicinarum Constantini. Viaticum Ysaac quod constantinus sibi attribuit. Liber de oculis Constantini. Liber des stomacho Constantini. Liber virtutum de simplici medicina Constantini. Compendium megatechni Galeni a Constantino compositum ; Cum tabula [et] repertorio omnium operum et questionum in co[m]mentis contentarum. Edited by Andreas Turinus.
Constantine was a Muslim from North Africa who converted to Christianity. His writings were first published with those of Isaac Judaeus in the above edition which includes many separate texts. Many of the writings of …
GMN 46 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/8767
1662 BARTHOLIN, Thomas (1616 – 1680)
Cista medica Hafniensis: variis consiliis, curationibus, casibus rarioribus, Vitis medicorum Hafniensium, aliisq; ad rem medicam, anatomicam, botanicam & chymicam spectantibus referta. Accedit eiusdem Domus anatomica brevissime descripta.
Histories of famous physicians in Copenhagen along with the description of the building designed for the teaching of anatomy there, designated the "Anatomy House". Bartholin's Domus anatomica brevissime descripta was …
GMN 7690 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/9862
1742 BOERHAAVE, Herman (1668 – 1738)
Opera omnia medica.
Boerhaave created of the modern method of clinical teaching. His writings had an enormous influence during his lifetime. Haller, Cullen, Pringle, van Swieten and de Haen were among his pupils. See Lindeboom, Herman Bo…
GMN 73 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1282
1765 MORGAN, John (1735 – 1789)
A discourse upon the institution of medical schools in America.…
The first American publication on medical education. Morgan founded the first medical school in the United States, in connection with what is now the University of Pennsylvania.
GMN 1766.5 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/3208
1777 BOURGELAT, Claude (1712 – 1779)
Règlemens pour les Écoles Royales Vétérinaires de France, divisés en deux parties; la première, contenant la police & la discipline générale: la seconde, concernant l'enseignement en général, l'enseignement en particulier & la police des études.
Bourgelat founded the first veterinary school in Lyon, 1761. He later developed the French system of veterinary schools. Digital facsimile from BnFGallica at this link.
GMN 10157 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/12346
1815 CROSSE, John Green (1790 – 1850)
Sketches of the medical schools of Paris.
Crosse, a British surgeon whose name appears without the final "ed" on the title page, was a British surgeon who spent the winter of 1814-15 in Paris, where he wrote numerous letters to friends in london and Dublin de…
GMN 14176 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/16491
1819 BÉRARD, Joseph Frédéric (1789 – 1828)
Doctrine médicale de l'École de Montpellier, et comparaison de ses principes avec ceux des autres écoles d'Europe.
Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.
GMN 10066 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/12255
1827 CULLEN, William (1710 – 1790)
The works. 2 vols.
Cullen was the most conspicuous figure in the history of the Edinburgh Medical School during the 18th century. He was an inspiring teacher and was instrumental in founding the Glasgow Medical School in 1744. His clini…
GMN 76 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1295
1832 DRAKE, Daniel (1785 – 1852)
Practical essays on medical education, and the medical profession, in the United States.
Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.
GMN 8630 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/10807
1833 CLOT, Antoine Barthélemy (Clot-Bey) (1793 – 1868)
Compte rendu des travaux de l'École de Médecine d'Abou-Zabel (Égypte), et de l'examen général des élèves pour les 1re, 2e, 3e, 4e, et 5e années da sa fondation 1242-1243 (1827-1828)....Suivi de l'exposé de la conduite et des travaux de l'auteur lui-même en Égypte, depuis 1240 à 1248 (Hégyre) 1825 à 1832, et de diverses pièces relatives à son voyage en France.
"During the French occupation of Egypt, Napoleon designated Kasr al-Aini a hospital for his troops in 1799, and then afterwards proposed the opening of a school to teach local Egyptian students the medicine required t…
GMN 13664 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/15946
1837 DUNGLISON, Robley (1798 – 1869)
The medical student; or, aids to the study of medicine. Including a glossary of the terms of the science, and of the mode of prescribing,--bibliographical notices of medical works; the regulations of different medical colleges of the union, &c. &c.
A remarkable survey of medical education in the U.S. at the time, with a thorough analysis of the different medical schools and the courses they offered, and an extensively annotated bibliography of 195 recommended me…
GMN 10107 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/12296
1840 FABRE, François (1797 – 1854); DAUMIER, Honoré-Victorin (1808 – 1879)
Némésis médicale illustrée, recueil de satires par François Fabre....contenant trente vignettes dessinées par M. Daumier... 2 vols.
The only medical book illustrated by Honoré Daumier (1808-79), and a great satire in verse on the medical profession. Digital facsimile from BnF Gallica at this link.
GMN 6604.94 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/8568
1847 AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION; HAYES, Isaac (1796 – 1879)
Proceedings of the National Medical Conventions, held in New York, May, 1846, and in Philadelphia, May, 1847.
The complete proceedings of the founding of the American Medical Association. This version also contains the text of the Code of Ethics written by Isaac Hayes and adopted by the AMA. In updated forms, this remains the…
GMN 10063 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/12252
1849 HIPPOCRATES, [Ἱπποκράτης; Hippocrates of Kos] (-460 – -370); ADAMS, Francis (1796 – 1861)
The genuine works of Hippocrates. Translated from the Greek with a preliminary discourse and annotations by Francis Adams. 2 vols.
Francis Adams, surgeon of Banchory, Scotland, prepared this partial translation to acquaint his contemporaries with “the opinions of an author, whom I verily believe to be the highest exemplar of professional excellen…
GMN 14 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/914
1849 CLOT, Antoine Barthélemy (Clot-Bey) (1793 – 1868)
Compte-rendu de l'état del'enseignement médical et du service de santé civil et militaire de l'Égypte au commencement de mars 1849.
Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.
GMN 13666 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/15948
1851 DAVIS, Nathan Smith (1817 – 1904)
History of medical education and institutions in the United States: From the first settlement of the British colonies to the year 1850; with a chapter on the present condition and wants of the profession, and the means necessary for supplying those wants, and elevating the character and extending the usefulness of the whole profession.
Davis instrumental in the establishment of the American Medical Association and was twice elected its president. He became the first editor of the Journal of the American Medical Association. He was a founder of the C…
GMN 10102 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/12291
1852 –1859 DAREMBERG, Charles Victor (1817 – 1872); RENZI, Salvatore de (1801 – 1871); HENSCHEL, August Wilhelm Eduard Theodor (1790 – 1856)
Collectio Salernitana: Ossia documenti inediti, e trattati di medicina appartenenti alla scuola medica Salernitana, raccolti ed illustrati da G.E.T Henschel, C. Daremberg, E.S. deRenzi; premessa la storia della scuola e publicati a cura di Salvatore de Renzi. 5 vols.
The School of Medicine at Salerno dispelled the stagnation of medicine which had persisted throughout the early Middle Ages. Its masters were the first medieval physicians to cultivate medicine as an independent scien…
GMN 49 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/47
1855 DAVIS, Nathan Smith (1817 – 1904); BUTLER, Samuel Worcester (1823 – 1874)
History of the American Medical Association, from its organization up to January, 1855. To which is appended biographical notices, with portraits of the presidents of the association, and of the author
The first history of the American Medical Association, founded in 1847, written by one of its chief founders. Digital facsimile from Hathi Trust at this link.
GMN 10103 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/12292
1856 COOPER, Elias Samuel (1820 – 1862)
Anatomical and surgical lectures.
A one-page advertising circular dated December 10, 1856 advertising Cooper's first course of private lectures in San Francisco. Cooper, founder of California’s (and the West Coast’s) first medical school, came to San …
GMN 12319 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14542
1857 RENZI, Salvatore de (1801 – 1871)
Storia documentata della scuola medica di Salerno. 2nd. ed.
An account of the School was provided by P.O. Kristeller in Bull. Hist. Med., 1945, 17, 138-94. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.
GMN 6518 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/8088
1857 MEDICI, Michele (1782 – 1859)
Compendio storico della scuola anatomica di Bologna dal Rinascimento delle scienze e delle letters a tutto il secolo XVIII. Con un paragone fra la sua antichità e quella delle scuole di Salerno e di Padova.
Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.
GMN 8854 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/11032
1858 BROECKX, Corneille (1807 – 1869)
Histoire du Collegium Medicum Antverpiense.
Text in French. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.
GMN 10218 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/12407
1858 CLOT, Antoine Barthélemy (Clot-Bey) (1793 – 1868)
Compte rendu de l'examen des élèves de l'École de Médecine et de l'École d'Accouchement du Caire, pour la première année de sa réorganisation ... 6 avril 1858.
Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.
GMN 13665 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/15947
1859 SMITH, Sir Thomas (1833 – 1909)
A manual of operative surgery on the dead body.
Smith's concept was the teaching of surgery in a manner analogous to the teaching of anatomy--i.e. from a cadaver. His book organizes and explains the operations that student surgeons could practice on a cadaver. Digi…
GMN 11364 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13563
1865 BERNARD, Claude (1813 – 1878)
Introduction à l’étude de la médecine expérimentale.
Probably the greatest classic on the principles of physiological investigation and of the scientific method as applied to the life sciences. English translation, New York, 1927. See P.F. Cranefield, Claude Bernard’s r…
GMN 1766.501 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/3211
1872 JEX-BLAKE, Sophia Louisa (1840 – 1912)
Medical women: Two essays. I. Medicine as a profession for women. II. Medical education for women
From the time of her admission to medical school Jex-Blake became virtually the leader of the movement in Great Britain to open the medical profession to women. Greatly expanded second edition, Edinburgh, 1886.
GMN 6649.91 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7780
1874 TONER, Joseph Meredith (1825 – 1896)
Contributions to the annals of medical progress and medical education in the United States before and during the War of Independence.
Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.
GMN 6585 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/8496
1877 CORLIEU, Auguste (1825 – 1907)
L'ancienne faculté de médecine de Paris.
Digital facsimile from BnF Gallica at this link.
GMN 8417 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/10594
1879 RIVINGTON, Walter (1835 – 1897)
The medical profession. Being the essay to which was awarded the first Carmichael Prize of £200 by the Council of the Royal College of Surgeons, Ireland, 1879.
A history of the organization of the medical profession with particular reference to Britain. Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.
GMN 1766.6 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/3239
1881 BODLEY, Rachel Litter (1831 – 1888)
The college story: Valedictory address to the twenty-ninth graduating class of the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania.
"Bodley sought to survey all the graduates of the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania from its founding 1850 through 1880. Of the total 276 graduates, 244 were alive. Her survey is based on the 186 graduates who r…
GMN 11022 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13218
1884 RAUCH, John Henry (1828 – 1894)
Medical education and the regulation of the practice of medicine in the United States and Canada. prepared by the Illinois State Board of Health, and published by permission of the board.
Rauch, Secretary of the Illinois State Board of Health, was responsible for compiling and publishing this detailed report. It was the most important and comprehensive summary of American, and Canadian medical educatio…
GMN 10114 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/12303
1884 –1885 WITKOWSKI, Gustave-Joseph (1844 – 1922)
Le mal qu'on a dit des médecins. Première série: auteurs grecs & Latins. Deuxième série: Auteurs français jusqu'a Molière. 2 vols.
Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link. Selections were translated , with annotations by T. C. Minor as The Evil that has been said of doctors: Extracts from early writers. (Cincinnati: Reprint from …
GMN 11120 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13316
1886 WITHINGTON, Charles Francis (1852 – 1917)
The relation of hospitals to medical education.
Withington, pp. 18-22, proposed Bills of Rights for subjects of experiments "to secure patients again any injustice from the votaries of science." Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.
GMN 10350 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/12542
1888 RIVINGTON, Walter (1835 – 1897)
The medical profession in the United Kingdom.
(1200pp.) This is the greatly expanded edition of the book first published with the same title nine years earlier. "His most important and voluminous writings were the two Carmichael Prize essays of the Royal College …
GMN 8746 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/10924
1888 KUHN, Georges Paul Emile
L'Enseignement et l'organisation de l'art dentaire aux États-Unis. Rapport adresse à Monsieur le Ministre de l'Instruction publique.
The first study of the American dental profession, and the system of teaching dentistry in the United States.
GMN 13173 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/15433
1888 PERY, G.
Histoire de la Faculté de Médecine de Bordeaux et de l'enseignement médical dans cette ville 1441-1888.
Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.
GMN 13617 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/15897
1889 PUSCHMANN, Theodor (1844 – 1899)
Geschichte des medizinischen Unterrichtes von den ältesten Zeiten bis zur Gegenwart.
The only comprehensive multinational study of the development of medical education, and of limited value for coverage of the 19th century. Translated into English by Evan H. Hare as A history of medical education from…
GMN 1766.601 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/3246
1890 CORDASCO, Francesco (1920 – 2001); ALLOWAY, David Nelson
Medical education in the United States: A guide to information sources.
"2364 references to bibliographies, journal articles, books, dictionaries, directories, histories, biographical accounts, and miscellaneous literature. Intended to provide the basic references from which the developme…
GMN 13188 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/15449
1891 HOWARD, Robert Palmer (1823 – 1889)
Notes on the practice of medicine.
This was Howard's only book. Osler, in his anonymous obituary of his mentor R. Palmer Howard (1823-1889), wrote, "As a teacher of medicine for thirty-three years, Dr. Howard enjoyed a unique reputation in his own coun…
GMN 11633 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13833
1896 BAAS, Johann Hermann (1838 – 1909)
Die geschichtliche Entwicklung des ärztlichen Standes und der medicinischen Wissenschaften.
Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.
GMN 1766.602 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/3252
1896 CUTLER, Harry Gardner (1856 – )
Medical and dental colleges of the west: Historical and biographical.
Covers institutions in Chicago and environs: Augustana Hospital, the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Hahnemann Medical College and Hospital, Mercy Hospital, Michael Reese Hospital, Northwestern University Medical …
GMN 10825 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13021
1896 CORLIEU, Auguste (1825 – 1907)
Centenaire de la faculté de médecine de Paris (1794-1894).
Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.
GMN 14309 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/16634
1897 HENRY, Frederick P. (1844 – 1919); ANDERS, James M. (1854 – 1936); KONKLE, Burton Alva (1861 – 1944)
Standard history of the medical profession of Philadelphia. Edited by Frederick P. Henry, with the collaboration of James M. Anders....
"The materials of the first five chapters were collected by an experienced historian in the employ of the publishers"--Pref. 2nd ed; 1977, identifies as Burton Alva Konkle. Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at th…
GMN 12608 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14848
1898 BRADFORD, Thomas Lindsley (1847 – 1898)
History of the Homeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania; The Hahnemann Medical College and Hospital of Philadelphia
Now Drexel University College of Medicine. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.
GMN 13222 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/15486
1901 GIACOSA, Piero (1853 – 1928); GABOTTO, Ferdinando Maria (1866 – 1918)
Magistri salernitani nondum editi. Catalogo ragionato della Esposizione di storia della medicina aperta in Torino nel 1898. By Piero Giacosa, with the assistance of Ferdinando Gabotto. 2 vols.
Reproduction of some of the texts produced at the School of Salerno. In all, it is believed that the total output from the School numbered 100 texts, including the famous poem Regimen Sanitatis Salernitanum, or Flos M…
GMN 50 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/8770
c. 1903 SHRADY, John
The College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, and its founders, officers, instructors, benefactors and alumni: A history. Edited by John Shrady. 2 vols.
A massive history of nearly 1200 pages issued by the publisher of the similarly huge history of the Rush Medical College (No. 10826). Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.
GMN 10827 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13023
1904 GOULD, George Milbry (1848 – 1922)
The Jefferson Medical College of Philadelphia: Benefactors, alumni, hospital, etc., its founders, officers, instructors, 1826-1904: A history. Edited by George M. Gould. 2 vols.
A massive history, consisting of nearly 1100 pages. Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.
GMN 10826 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13022
1908 LENNMALM, Karl Gustav Frithiof (1858 – 1924)
Svenska Läkaresällskapets historia 1808-1908.
Continued (1908-38) by Gunnar Nilson, Stockholm, General-Statens litograf. Anstalt, 1947.
GMN 6572 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/8276
![GALEN, [Κλαύδιος Γαληνός; Galen of Pergamon] (129 – 216)](/media/portraits/21)
![HIPPOCRATES, [Ἱπποκράτης; Hippocrates of Kos] (-460 – -370)](/media/portraits/50)
