1476 SALICETO, Guglielmo da [WILLIAM OF SALICETO] (1210 – 1277)
Summa conservationis et curationis. Chirurgia.
Contains (Cap. cxl) his classic account of renal edema: De duritie in renibus, an English translation of which is in Major, Classic descriptions of disease, 3rd ed., 1945, p. 527. ISTC no. is00032000.
GMN 4204 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6214
1483 GENTILI DA FOLIGNO, Gentile (Gentilis Fulginas; Gentilis de Flugineo) ( – 1348); GILLES DE CORBEIL, (Egidius de Corbolio; Egidius Corboliensis; Aegidius) (1140 – 1215); MUTIUS, Venantius, of Camerino
De urinis by Gilles de Corbeil, with commentary by Gentilis de Fulgineo. Edited by Venantius Mutius.
Gilles de Corbeil's medical poem De urinis was based on writings by Theophilus Protospatharius by way of the Articella. Poems such as this were intended as mnemonic aids for students, and they tended to be widely used…
GMN 8341 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/10517
1513 GALEN, [Κλαύδιος Γαληνός; Galen of Pergamon] (129 – 216); COPP, Wilhelm (1460 – 1532)
Galen: De affectorum locorum notitia libri vi.
First separate dated Latin translation of De locis affectis, made by Wilhelm Copp of Basel. In this work devoted to pathology, Galen made many valuable deductions on inflammation and on tumors. He was familiar with ch…
GMN 2269 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2834
1522 BERENGARIO DA CARPI, Giacomo (1460 – 1530)
Isagoge breves perlucide ac uberime in anatomiam humani corporis a communi medicorum academia usitatam.
One year after publishing his Commentary on Mondino, Giacomo Berengario da Carpi issued an abbreviated version or Isagoge, with most of the same woodcuts. This was the book by which Berengario's contributions to anato…
GMN 368 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/445
1554 RUFUS OF EPHESUS, (Ῥοῦφος ὁ Ἐφέσιος) (60 – 100); GOUPYL, Jacques (Goupil) (1525 – 1564)
De vesicae renumque morbis. De purgantibus medicamentis. De partibus corporis humani...
First printed edition in Greek, edited by Jacques Goupyl. Rufus was a Greek physician who lived during the rule of Trajan. He wrote wrote treatises on dietetics, pathology, anatomy, and patient care. His De partibus c…
GMN 23 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/41
1563 –1564 EUSTACHI, Bartolomeo [EUSTACHIUS] (1510 – 1574)
Opuscula anatomica.
Eustachius is credited with several anatomical discoveries, among them the tensor tympani muscle and the Eustachian tube, published in his chapter entitled De auditus organis. In the last respect, however, he was anti…
GMN 1093 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/159
1638 BEVERWIJCK, Johan van (Johannes Beverovicius) (1594 – 1647)
De calculo renum & vesicae liber singularis. Cum epistolis & consultationibus magnorum virorum.
The first medical book to contain an endorsement of Harvey's theory of the circulation of the blood (originally published ten years earlier in 1628). Beverwijck began his work with a treatise on urinary and renal calc…
GMN 11647 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13848
1662 BELLINI, Lorenzo (1643 – 1704)
Exercitatio anatomica de structura et usu renum.
Classic description of the gross anatomy of the kidney. Bellini discovered the renal excretory ducts (“Bellini’s ducts”) and advanced a physical theory of the secretion of the urine. A translation of an extract from t…
GMN 1229 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1948
1666 MALPIGHI, Marcello (1628 – 1694)
De viscerum structura exercitatio anatomica.
Includes (pp. 71-100) his essay, De renibus, in which he described the uriniferous tubules and the “Malpighian bodies”. The great detail and clarity of Malpighi’s description was unsurpassed until Bowman (No. 1231). T…
GMN 1230 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/153
1673 DEKKERS, Frederik [DECKERS] (1648 – 1720)
Exercitationes medicae practicae circa medendi methodum.
This work contains the first clear description of proteinuria, noting precipitation of urine with heat or acetic acid. Albuminuria was first described by Dekkers (Chapter V). A translation of this chapter is in Major,…
GMN 4161 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/8635
1764 COTUGNO, Domenico [COTUNNIUS] (1736 – 1822)
De ischiade nervosa commentarius.
Cotugno published a classic description of sciatica, which is useful even today. He recognized two types – arthritic and nervous; the latter has been called “Cotugno’s disease”, and his book is confined to that type. …
GMN 1382 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/8632
1796 WALTER, Johann Gottlieb (1734 – 1818); WALTER, Friedrich August (1764 – 1826)
Anatomisches museum. Gesammelt von Johann Gottlieb Walter. Beschrieben von Friedrich August Walter. 2 vols.
Includes fine hand-colored plates of kidney stones and gall stones. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.
GMN 7723 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/9895
1812 WELLS, William Charles (1757 – 1817)
On the presence of the red matter and serum of blood in the urine of dropsy, which has not originated from scarlet fever.
Wells was the first to notice the presence of blood and albumin in edematous urine. He also established the fact that the edema occurred in the upper parts of the body, and he described the uremic seizures to which su…
GMN 4205 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6229
1827 –1831 BRIGHT, Richard (1789 – 1858)
Reports of medical cases, selected with a view of illustrating the symptoms and cure of diseases by a reference to morbid anatomy. 2 vols. in 3.
Beside's Bright's classic description of chronic non-suppurative nephritis, known eponymically as “Bright’s disease”, the Reports contain numerous other outstanding contributions to general pathology, neuropathology, …
GMN 2285 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2906
1836 BRIGHT, Richard (1789 – 1858)
Cases and observations, illustrative of renal disease accompanied with the secretion of albuminous urine.
As a result of greater experience on renal disease, Bright rounded off his work on the subject with the above paper, wherein he recorded his extended observations; by this time he had come to more definite conclusions…
GMN 4207 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6238
1839 –1841 RAYER, Pierre François Olive (1793 – 1867)
Traité des maladies des reins. 3 vols, and atlas.
Rayer insisted on the exhaustive analysis of the urine as an aid to the diagnosis of lesions. He classified “albuminus nephritis” into six distinct forms and distinguished these from other forms of nephritis associate…
GMN 4208 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6240
1842 BOWMAN, Sir William (1816 – 1892)
On the structure and use of the Malpighian bodies of the kidney with observations on the circulation through that gland.
“Bowman’s capsule”. Bowman provided convincing evidence that the glomerular corpuscle is continuous with the renal tubule and gave the first adequate description of the vascular supply of the nephron. He described the…
GMN 1231 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1955
1843 LUDWIG, Carl Friedrich Wilhelm (1816 – 1895)
Beiträge zur Lehre vom Mechanismus der Harnsecretion.
Ludwig wrote a classic monograph on renal secretion. He theorized that urine formation could be explained purely in terms of the laws of physics and chemistry, and that under the hydrostatic pressure of the blood in t…
GMN 1232 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1960
1851 PARKER, Willard (1800 – 1884)
Cystitis; lateral operation on the bladder, death; tuberculous kidney.
First cystotomy for inflammation and rupture of the bladder.
GMN 4169 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/5997
1851 FRERICHS, Friedrich Theodor von (1819 – 1885)
Die Bright’sche Nierenkrankheit.
Frerichs divided the progression of renal disease into three stages: initial hyperemia, fatty infiltration and exudation, and organization leading to fibrosis and atrophy. This is one of the earliest works on kidney d…
GMN 4209 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6247
1855 –1871 HENLE, Friedrich Gustav Jakob (1809 – 1885)
Handbuch der systematischen Anatomie des Menschen. 3 vols.
Considered by many authorities to be the greatest of the 19th-century systems of anatomy. Many structures are named after Henle, including the looped portion of the uriniferous tubules of the kidney, the layer of cell…
GMN 417 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/953
1857 ISAACS, Charles Edward (1811 – 1860)
Researches into the structure and physiology of the kidney.
GMN 1233 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1963
1857 ISAACS, Charles Edward (1811 – 1860)
On the function of the Malpighian bodies of the kidney.
Isaacs confirmed and corrected the findings of Bowman; he introduced dye experiments in the study of the kidney, from which he drew the important conclusion that the Malpighian bodies are the most important agency in …
GMN 1234 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/8971
1859 BERNARD, Claude (1813 – 1878)
Leçons sur les propriétés physiologiques et les altérations pathologiques des liquides de l’organisme.
Bernard was the first to describe an effect of the renal nerves on urine flow.
GMN 1234.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1970
1861 GRAHAM, Thomas (1805 – 1869)
Liquid diffusion applied to analysis.
Graham’s method of separating animal and other fluids by dialysis introduced the distinction between colloidal and crystalloid substances.
GMN 688 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/839
1861 STODDARD, Charles L.
Case of encephaloid disease of the kidney; removal, etc.
Erastus Bradley Wolcott (1804-1880) was first to excise the kidney (for renal tumor). The preoperative diagnosis had been tumor of the liver. Only after the operation did the surgeons realize that they had removed the…
GMN 4210 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6249
1864 DIETL, Josef (1804 – 1878)
Wandernde Nieren und deren Einklemmung.
“Dietl’s crisis”. Dietl described the sudden severe attacks of nephralgic or gastric pain, chills, fever, nausea and vomiting, and general collapse, ascribing them to partial turning of the kidney upon its pedicle. Fi…
GMN 4211 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6252
1864 CHARCOT, Jean Martin (1825 – 1893); CORNIL, André Victor (1837 – 1908)
Contributions à l’étude des altérations anatomiques de la goutte.
Charcot and Cornil gave an important description of the renal lesions in gout.
GMN 4498 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/8882
1865 HILLIER, Thomas (1831 – 1868)
Hydronephrosis in a boy four years old, repeatedly tapped; recovery.
Hillier performed the first therapeutic percutaneous nephrostomy for giant hydronephrosis with ureteropelvic junction obstruction in a four-year old boy.
GMN 4211.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6256
1870 KLEBS, Theodor Albrecht Edwin (1834 – 1913)
Handbuch der pathologischen Anatomie. I. Abt.
A classic description of glomerulonephritis (“Klebs’s disease”) is on pp. 644-48.
GMN 4212 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6260
1870 SIMON, Gustav (1824 – 1876)
Exstirpation einer Niere am Menschen.
First successful planned nephrectomy for urinary tract fistula. A more detailed, illustrated account of the case appears in No. 4214.
GMN 4213 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6266
1871 –1876 SIMON, Gustav (1824 – 1876)
Chirurgie der Nieren. Teil 1-2.
Simon was Professor of Surgery at Rostock and Heidelberg. The work was projected as 3 vols., but Simon died before it was completed.
GMN 4214 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6272
1872 GULL, Sir William Withey (1816 – 1890); SUTTON, Henry Gawen (1837 – 1891)
On the pathology of the morbid state commonly called chronic Bright’s disease with contracted kidney (“arterio-capillary fibrosis”).
First clear description of arteriosclerotic atrophy of the kidney (“Gull–Sutton disease”), and probably the first description of hypertensive nephrosclerosis.
GMN 4215 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6277
1873 JOHNSON, George (1818 – 1896)
Lectures on Bright’s disease: with special reference to pathology, diagnosis, and treatment.
Johnson showed that fatty infiltrations of the renal tubules are reflected by the presence of fatty casts and droplets in the urine, thus introducing the concept of lipoid nephrosis associated with nephrotic syndrome.
GMN 4215.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6280
1874 HEIDENHAIN, Rudolf Peter Heinrich (1834 – 1897)
Versuche über den Vorgang der Harnabsonderung.
Heidenhain’s “secretion” theory of renal function.
GMN 1235 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1974
1874 MAHOMED, Frederick Horatio Akbar (1849 – 1884)
The etiology of Bright’s disease and the prealbuminuric stage.
Mahomed proved that cases of “arteriocapillary fibrosis” were hypertensive, and showed that they may occur without renal involvement.
GMN 2906.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4863
1876 GOWERS, Sir William Richard (1845 – 1915)
The state of the arteries in Bright’s disease.
Gowers’s important account of the changes in the retinal vessels in Bright’s disease is reproduced in Willius & Keys, Cardiac classics, 1941, pp. 605-11.
GMN 4216 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6283
1876 DUZAN, J.
Du cancer chez les enfants.
Duzan's thesis was the first treatise exclusively on cancer in childhood. He was able to collect 182 cases. All 182 cases were of pediatric sarcoma: 70 of the eye, 45 of the kidney, 11 of the testicle, 8 of the prosta…
GMN 11161 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13358
1877 LANGENBUCH, Carl Johann August (1846 – 1901)
Eine eigenthümliche Nierenexstirpation.
First nephrectomy for malignant disease.
GMN 4216.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6285
1877 CHARCOT, Jean Martin (1825 – 1893)
Leçons sur les maladies du foie, des voies biliaires et des reins.
Charcot defined “scarlatinous nephritis” and “amyloid kidney” as distinct pathological entities. English translation, New York, 1878.
GMN 4216.2 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6291
1879 RUFUS OF EPHESUS, (Ῥοῦφος ὁ Ἐφέσιος) (60 – 100); DAREMBERG, Charles Victor (1817 – 1872); RUELLE, Charles Émile (1833 – 1912)
Oeuvres, texte collationné sur les manuscrits, traduit pour la première fois en français avec une introduction. Publication commencée par Ch. Daremberg, continuée et terminée par Ch. Émile Ruelle.
Greek–French edition containing all the extant works of Rufus, as well as fragments collected from a wide range of ancient and medieval sources. Digital facsimile fro the BnF at this link. The treatise On the interrog…
GMN 24 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4667
1879 WEIGERT, Carl (1845 – 1904)
Die Bright’sche Nierenkrankung vom pathologisch-anatomischen Standpunkte.
Classic study of the pathological anatomy of Bright’s disease.
GMN 4217 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6295
1880 –1881 MORRIS, Sir Henry (1844 – 1926)
A case of nephro-lithotomy; or the extraction of a calculus from an undilated kidney.
Nephrolithotomy; removal of a renal calculus by a lumbar incision.
GMN 4292.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/5380
1881 HAHN, Eugen (1841 – 1902)
Die operative Behandlung der beweglichen Niere durch Fixation.
Hahn devised the operation of nephropexy (nephrorrhaphy) for the relief of movable kidney.
GMN 4218 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6299
1882 BASSINI, Edoardo (1844 – 1924)
Un caso di rene mobile fissato col mezzo dell’operazione cruenta.
Important modification of Hahn’s operation of nephropexy.
GMN 4219 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6302
1884 GRAWITZ, Paul Albert (1850 – 1932)
Die Entstehung von Nierentumoren aus Nebennierengewebe.
An important investigation of the origin of hypernephroma (“Grawitz tumor”). See also Arch. klin. Chir., 1884, 30, 824-34.
GMN 4220 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6305
1886 FRÄNKEL, Felix
Ein Fall von doppelseitigem, völlig latent verlaufenen Nebennieren-tumor und gleichzeitiger Nephritis mit Veränderungen am Circulationsapparat und Retinitis.
Pheochromocytoma first described. Republished in book form.
GMN 3865 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4915
1888 BOZEMAN, Nathan (1825 – 1905)
Chronic pyelitis, successfully treated by kolpo-uretero-cystotomy.
Bozeman treated vesical and fecal fistulae in women, dealing with the complication of pyelitis by catheterization of the ureter through a vesicovaginal opening.
GMN 4221 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6309
1890 TRENDELENBURG, Friedrich (1844 – 1924)
Ueber Blasenscheidenfisteloperationen und über Beckenhochlagerung bei Operationen in der Bauchhöhle.
Includes an account of his attempt, 1886, to cure hydronephrosis by a plastic operation – the first recorded surgical intervention for the relief of this condition. Includes description of the “Trendelenburg position”…
GMN 4222 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6313
1892 KÜSTER, Ernst Georg Ferdinand von (1839 – 1930)
Ein Fall von Resektion des Harnleiters.
First successful plastic operation for the relief of hydronephrosis.
GMN 4223 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6318
![SALICETO, Guglielmo da [WILLIAM OF SALICETO] (1210 – 1277)](/media/portraits/6798)
![GALEN, [Κλαύδιος Γαληνός; Galen of Pergamon] (129 – 216)](/media/portraits/21)
