1846 BOWDITCH, Henry Ingersoll (1808 – 1892)
The young stethoscopist; or, the student's aid to auscultation.
Through this book Bowditch established the stethoscope as a diagnostic tool in America. Digital facsimile from the Medical Heritage Library, Internet Archive, at this link.
GMN 8587 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/10764
1847 LUDWIG, Carl Friedrich Wilhelm (1816 – 1895)
Beiträge zur Kenntniss des Einflusses der Respirationsbewegungen auf den Blutlauf im Aortensystem.
Ludwig changed Poiseuille’s hemodynamometer into the kymograph by the addition of a float and caused this float to write on a recording cylinder. Abridged English translation in Ruskin (No. 3160.1).
GMN 770 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1758
1848 SNOW, John (1813 – 1858)
On the inhalation of chloroform and ether. With description of an apparatus.
Snow’s chloroform inhaler.
GMN 5663 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7310
1850 HELMHOLTZ, Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von (1821 – 1894)
Vorläufiger Bericht über die Fortpflanzungsgeschwindigkeit der Nervenreizung.
Helmholtz succeeded in measuring the velocity of the nervous impulse, by applying the knowledge and techniques of ballistics to the problem. In 1852, using a pendulum-myograph of his own invention, he measured the dur…
GMN 1265 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2192
1851 HELMHOLTZ, Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von (1821 – 1894)
Beschreibung eines Augen-Spiegels zur Untersuchung der Netzhaut im lebenden Auge.
Invention of the ophthalmoscope, one of the greatest events in the history of ophthalmology. English translation by T. H. Shastid, Chicago, Cleveland Press, 1916.
GMN 5866 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7238
1852 RUETE, Christian Georg Theodor (1810 – 1867)
Der Augenspiegel und des Optometer für practische Aerzte.
Ruete introduced a practical lens system for examining the inverted image, and improved the illumination, producing the first practical ophthalmoscope.
GMN 5866.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7240
1853 PRAVAZ, Charles Gabriel (1791 – 1853)
Sur un nouveau moyen d’opérer la coagulation du sang dans les artères, applicable à la guérison des anéurismes.
Pravaz invented galvanocautery.
GMN 5603 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7108
1853 TRIGT, Adrien Christophe van (1825 – 1864)
Dissertatio ophthalmologica inauguralis de speculo oculi.
Trigt's thesis contains the first printed illustrations of the fundus of the eye. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link. The following year Trigt's thesis was translated into German by C. H. Schauenberg as …
GMN 5869.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7258
1854 VIERORDT, Karl von (1818 – 1884)
Die bildliche Darstellung des menschlichen Arterienpulses.
Vierordt invented a sphygmograph which acted on the principle that indirect estimation of blood-pressure could be accomplished by measuring the counter-pressure necessary to obliterate the arterial pulsation. This was…
GMN 2759 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1760
1854 –1855 HELMHOLTZ, Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von (1821 – 1894)
Ueber die Accommodation des Auges.
Helmholtz determined the optical constants and explained the mechanism of accommodation, with the help of the ophthalmometer which he had invented in 1852.
GMN 1509 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2595
1854 –1855 GARCIA, Manuel Patricio Rodríguez (1805 – 1906)
Observations on the human voice.
Garcia, a teacher of singing, invented the modern laryngoscope.
GMN 3329 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4575
1854 MIDDELDORPF, Albrecht Theodor (1824 – 1868)
Die Galvanokaustik.
Middeldorpf improved the galvano-cautery and introduced it in major surgery.
GMN 5604 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7114
1854 JONES, Thomas Wharton (1808 – 1891)
Report on the ophthalmoscope.
Jones reported that Charles Babbage (1792-1871), the computer pioneer, had produced a simple ophthalmoscope in 1847. After the success of Helmholtz’s instrument in 1851 (No. 5866) Jones wrote about Babbage’s instrumen…
GMN 5874 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7269
1855 WOOD, Alexander (1817 – 1884)
New method of treating neuralgia by the direct application of opiates to the painful joints.
Wood of Edinburgh was the first (1853) to employ hypodermic injection that used a true syringe and hollow needle as a therapeutic procedure. He referred to his invention as "subcutaneous" rather than hypodermic. See a…
GMN 1969 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/3750
1855 CAMMANN, George Philip (1804 – 1863)
Self-adjusting stethoscope of Dr. Cammann.
The American physician George P. Cammann invented the binaural flexible stethoscope. By 1852 Cammann "had developed a stethoscope with flexible tubing (spirals of wire covered with silk, later rubber, or as he called …
GMN 11566 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13765
1856 FAIVRE, Jean
Études expérimentales sur les lésions organiques du coeur.
Faivre made the first accurate estimation of the blood-pressure in man, by connecting the artery with a mercury manometer and making direct readings. These investigations were important, since they established normal …
GMN 773 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1761
1856 LEARED, Arthur (1822 – 1879)
On the self-adjusting double stethoscope.
Leared demonstrated a binaural stethoscope at the Great Exhibition, London, 1851. Camman introduced the pattern whose main design continues in use today; this was illustrated in the N.Y. med. Times, Jan. 1855, and rep…
GMN 2676.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/3530
1857 FERGUSSON, Sir William (1808 – 1877)
System of practical surgery. 4th ed.
Fergusson’s vaginal speculum is described on p. 724.
GMN 6043 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7360
1858 VIERORDT, Karl von (1818 – 1884)
Die Erscheinungen und Gesetze der Stromgeschwindigkeiten des Blutes.
Vierordt estimated, by means of a “hemotachometer” of his own invention, the rate of the blood flow in various arteries, and also the influence of the blood volume, pulse rate and respiratory rate upon it.
GMN 775 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1886
1858 TÜRCK, Ludwig (1810 – 1868)
Der Kehlkopfrachenspiegel und die Methode seines Gebrauches.
Türck, at first sceptical of Garcia’s laryngoscope, later adopted it and claimed from Czermak priority in its clinical employment; these two gentlemen fought one another bitterly for some years over this point.
GMN 3330 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4580
1858 CZERMAK, Johann Nepomuk (1828 – 1873)
Physiologie Untersuchungen mit Garcia’s Kehlkopfspiegel.
Czermak was the first to demonstrate the utility of the laryngoscope invented by Garcia. He substituted artificial light for sunlight and made other improvements.
GMN 3331 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4582
1858 GRAEFE, Alfred Carl (1830 – 1899)
Klinische Analyse der Motilitätsstörungendes Auges.
Alfred Carl Graefe, cousin of Albrecht, made a careful clinical analysis of disordered movements of the eye. He also invented a special “localization ophthalmoscope”, and, with Saemisch, edited the great Handbuch der …
GMN 5883 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7286
1859 SMITH, Edward (1819 – 1874)
Experimental inquiries into the chemical and other phenomena of respiration, and their modifications by various physical agents.
Smith invented a respirometer to study changes in respiratory function under various conditions. See also the following paper (pp. 715-42) on the effects of foods on respiration. For an account of his work in this and…
GMN 935.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/182
1859 GROUX, Eugène Alexandre (1833 – 1878); UPHAM, Jabez Baxter (1820 – 1902)
Fissura sterni congenita. New observations and experiments made in Amerika [sic] and Great Britain with illustrations of the case and instruments.
Records first use of telegraphy to record and measure the heart beat and pulse, written and published by the patient, who lived to the age of 45. This was done in Boston with an instrument placed against Groux’s chest…
GMN 812.2 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/213
1860 MAREY, Étienne Jules (1830 – 1904)
Recherches sur le pouls au moyen d’un nouvel appareil enregistreur le sphygmographe.
Invention of the modern sphygmograph. Also published in C.R. Acad. Sci. (Paris), 1860, 51, 281-309. Preliminary paper in same journal, 1860, 50, 634-37.
GMN 776 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1763
1860 TÜRCK, Ludwig (1810 – 1868)
Praktische Anleitung zur Laryngoscopie.
GMN 3333 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4589
1860 TRÖLTSCH, Anton Freiherr von (1829 – 1890)
Die Untersuchung des Gehörgangs und Trommelfells. Ihre Bedeutung. Kritik der bisherigen Untersuchungsmethoden und Angabe einer neuen.
Invention of the modern otoscope.
GMN 3374 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4780
1860 HODGE, Hugh Lenox (1796 – 1873)
On diseases peculiar to women, including displacements of the uterus.
Chapter 5 includes a lengthy description of the “Hodge pessary”. See No. 6185.
GMN 6043.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7364
1860 SNOWDON & BROTHER
Illustrated wholesale catalogue of surgical and dental instruments, elastic trusses, medical saddle bags, abdominal supporters, shoulder braces and druggists sundries, offered by Snowden & Brother.
Snowden & Brother provided an excellent selection of the exact types of equipment used by the Union Army during the Civil War. Facsimile reprint, with John Weiss & Son 1863 catalogue, with a new introduction by James …
GMN 10495 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/12688
1862 BILL, Joseph Howland (1835 – 1885)
Notes on arrow wounds.
The definitive work on American Indian arrow wounds suffered by U. S. troops and settlers in frontier warfare during the Western expansion of the United States. Bill eventually developed a "Forceps for the Extraction …
GMN 2166.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1101
1862 LEWIN, Georg Richard (1820 – 1896)
Beiträge zur Laryngoscopie.
Lewin was probably the first to extirpate a laryngeal growth with the aid of the laryngoscope. Bruns claimed this distinction, but may not have heard of Lewin.
GMN 3269 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/3969
1863 MAREY, Étienne Jules (1830 – 1904); CHAUVEAU, Jean Baptiste Auguste (1827 – 1917)
Appareils et expériences cardiographiques.
First direct records of the heart impulse by means of a “cardiac sound” and the sphygmograph – recording tambours, which wrote on a moving drum covered with smoked paper.
GMN 816 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/235
1863 –1865 JACKSON, John Hughlings (1835 – 1911)
Observations on defects of sight in brain disease.
In this work Jackson showed the importance of the ophthalmoscope in the investigation of diseases of the nervous system. Reprinted in Med. Classics, 1939, 3, 918-26.
GMN 4537 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/8899
1863 JOHN WEISS & SON
A catalogue of surgical instruments, apparatus, appliances, etc. Manufactured and sold by John Weiss & Son.
Though based in England, John Weiss & Son's catalogue offered and illustrated a wide range of equipment that would have been used in the American Civil War or the Crimean War. Facsimile reprint, with Snowdon & Brother…
GMN 10496 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/12689
1864 FICK, Adolph Eugen (1829 – 1901)
Untersuchungen über elektrische Nervenreizung.
Among the instruments introduced by Fick for the study of muscle and nerve physiology were the myotonograph, the cosine lever, and an improved thermopile.
GMN 623 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/506
1864 HODGE, Hugh Lenox (1796 – 1873)
The principles and practice of obstetrics.
Hodge, nearly blind, dictated this superb textbook from memory to his son. It includes his concept of “parallel planes” at the various levels of the pelvic canal, and his placental forceps for the completion of aborti…
GMN 6185 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7519
1865 BRUNS, Viktor von (1812 – 1883)
Die Laryngoskopie und die laryngoskopische Chirurgie. 1 vol. and atlas.
Bruns claimed to have been the first to remove a tumor from the larynx with the aid of the laryngoscope.
GMN 3271 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/3974
1865 MACKENZIE, Sir Morell (1837 – 1892)
The use of the laryngoscope in diseases of the throat; with an appendix on rhinoscopy.
GMN 3334 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4592
1865 BRUNTON, John (1836 – 1899)
A new otoscope or speculum auris.
Brunton’s otoscope.
GMN 3378.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4796
1865 DESORMEAUX, Antonin Jean (1815 – 1894)
De l’endoscope et de ses applications au diagnostic et au traitement des affections de l’urèthre et de la vessie.
Desormeaux was a pioneer of endoscopy. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.
GMN 4172 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6019
1866 SIMS, James Marion (1813 – 1883)
Clinical notes on uterine surgery, with reference to the management of the sterile condition.
A revolutionary and controversial work, written in Paris while Sims was in voluntary exile because of the U.S. Civil War, and first serialized in Lancet 2 (1864) and 1 (1865). Includes, pp. 16-18, the description of S…
GMN 6057 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7410
1867 SOLIS-COHEN, Jacob da Silva (1838 – 1927)
Removal of a fibrous polyp from the inferior anterior surface of the right vocal cord with the aid of the laryngoscope.
First successful operation for cancer of the larynx.
GMN 3274 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/3982
1867 LUCAE, Johann Constantin August (1835 – 1911)
Ueber eine neue Methode zur Untersuchung des Gehörorgans zu physiologischen und diagnostischen Zwecken mit Hülfe des Interferenz Otoscopes.
Lucae described an interference otoscope, precursor of auditory impedance devices.
GMN 3378.2 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4798
1867 JUNKER, Ferdinand Ethelbert (1828 – 1901)
Description of a new apparatus for administering narcotic vapors.
Junker’s chloroform inhaler.
GMN 5668 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7325
1867 JAVAL, Louis Émile (1839 – 1907)
Sur un nouvel instrument pour la détermination de l’astigmatisme.
Javal invented the astigmometer, and described it in the above paper.
GMN 5901 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7402
1867 ULLERSPERGER, Jean Baptiste
Prize essay. Ancient transfusion and infusion compared with modern transfusion, infusion, and hypodermic or subcutaneous injections. Translated by Charles F. Wittig.
A comprehensive review, for the time, of the historical literature on these subjects. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.
GMN 9869 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/12057
1867 WALES, Philip Skinner (1837 – 1906)
Mechanical therapeutics. A practical treatise on surgical apparatus, appliances, and elementary operations; embracing bandaging, minor surgery, orthopraxy, and the treatment of fractures and dislocations.
Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.
GMN 10718 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/12912
1867 OBSTETRICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON
Catalogue and report of obstetrical and other instruments exhibited at the Conversazione of the Obstetrical Society of London...held, by permission, at the Royal College of Physicians, March 28th, 1866.
“ A key reference source for mid-19th century [obstetrical] instruments. Many of these instruments became incorporated into the Museum of the Obstetrical Society of London, the contents of which became the property of…
GMN 11641 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13842
1867 –1872 GAUJOT, Constantin Mametz Gustav (1828 – 1913); SPILLMANN, Eugène-Pierre
Arsenal de la chirurgie contemporaine. Description, mode d'emploi et appréciation des appareils et instruments en usage pour le diagnostic et le traitement des maladies chirurgicales, l'orthopédie, la prothèse, les opérations simples, générales, spéciales et obstétricales. 2 vols.
Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.
GMN 14321 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/16646
1868 BERNSTEIN, Julius (1839 – 1917)
Über den zeitlichen Verlauf der negativen Schwankung des Nervenstroms.
Bernstein introduced the differential rheotome, and the first electrocardiograms were obtained with it by Marchand in 1877 (No. 823.1).
GMN 819.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/247
