2001 SHARPLESS, Karl Barry (1941 – ); KOLB, Hartmuth C. (1964 – ); FINN, M. G. (1958 – )

Click chemistry: Diverse chemical function from a few good reactions.

In 2022 Barry Sharpless shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Carolyn Bertozzi and Morten Meldal for "the discovery of click chemistry." "Barry Sharpless coined the concept of click chemistry, where molecular build…

GMN 14291 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/16614

2002 MELDAL, Morten Peter (1954 – ); TORNOE, Christian Wenzel; CHRISTENSEN, Christian A.

Peptidotriazoles on Solid Phase: [1,2,3]-Triazoles by Regiospecific Copper(I)-Catalyzed 1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions of Terminal Alkynes to Azides.

In 2022 Morten Meldal shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Carolyn Bertozzi and Barry Sharpless for the discovery of click chemistry. Simultaneously, but independently of Sharpless, the authors discovered that cop…

GMN 14292 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/16615

2002 MACKINNON, Roderick (1956 – ); JIANG, Youxing; LEE, Alice; CHEN, Jiayun; ET AL

Crystal structure and mechanism of a calcium gated potassium channel.

The authors first obtained the crystal structure of a Ca2+ - gated K+ ion channel and then deciphered how ion channels open and close, a process called "gating" in response to cues in their environment. They determine…

GMN 14333 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/16658

2003 BAKER, David (1962 – ); KUHLMAN, Brian A.; DANTAS, Gautam; IRETON, Gregory C.; VARANI, Gabriele; ET AL

Design of a novel globular protein fold with atomic-level accuracy.

Called, "the breakthrough in computational de novo protein design." This was the proof of concept paper that computers and AI could be used to predict protein structures accurately and much faster than with convention…

GMN 14300 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/16625

2005 KARIKÓ, Katalin (1955 – ); WEISSMAN, Drew; BUCKSTEIN, Michael; NI, Houping

Suppression of RNA recognition by toll-like receptors: The impact of nucleoside modification and the evolutionary origin of RNA.

Karikó and Weissman discovered the nucleoside modifications that suppress the immungenicity of RNA, leading to their patents for the application of non-immunogenic, nucleoside-modified RNA (modRNA). This technology wa…

GMN 13622 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/15902

2005 SÜDHOF, Thomas Christian (1955 – ); MAXIMOV, Anton

Autonomous function of synaptotagmin 1 in triggering synchronous release independent of asynchronous release.

Südhof is credited with discovering much of the machinery mediating neurotransmitter release and presynaptic plasticity, beginning with the discovery of symaptotagmins and their role in neurostrasmitter release from t…

GMN 14257 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/16577

2005 MOSER, May-Britt (1963 – ); MOSER, Edvard Ingjald; HAFTING, Torkel; FYHN, Marianne Hafting (1973 – ); MOLDEN, Sturla

Microstructure of a spatial map in the entorhinal cortex.

May-Britt Moser and Edvard Moser and colleagues discovered grid cells, specialized types of neurons that respond to specific locations in space. They are main components of the brain's GPS. Order of authorship in the …

GMN 14259 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/16580

2006 PAULING, Linus Carl (1901 – 1994); PAULING, Ava Helen (1903 – 1981)

The Pauling catalogue. Ava Helen and Linus Pauling papers at Oregon State University. Edited by Christoffer Petersen and Cliff Mead. 6 vols.

Vol. 1. Timeline, correspondence, publications, manuscripts & typescripts of articles, speechs, and books. Vol. 2. Science, Research Notebooks. 1917 Linus Pauling Diary. Vol. 3. Peace, Ava Helen Pauling, travel, honor…

GMN 13094 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/15346

2006 YAMANAKA, Shinya (1962 – ); TAKAHASHI, Kazutoshi

Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors.

Takahashi and Yamanaka reprogrammed mice fibroblast cells, which can produce only other fibroblast cells, to become pluripotent stem cells, which have the capacity to produce many different types of cells. This they a…

GMN 13287 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/15553

2006 GORE, Albert Arnold Jr. (1948 – )

An inconvenient truth. The planetary emergency of global warming and what we can do about it.

A politician, Gore was one of the first to draw popular attention to climate change. He supplemented the best-selling book with a film and DVD with the same title. Ten years later, recognizing that in spite of its wid…

GMN 14048 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/16358

2007 CARTER, Jimmy (1924 – )

Beyond the White House, waging peace, fighting disease, and building hope.

President Carter devoted half of this book to Guinea worm disease, nature of the illness, its epidemiology, its cause and the current importance from a public health and human suffering standpoint. Carter's leadership…

GMN 14128 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/16439

2010 PATAPOUTIAN, Ardem (1967 – ); COSTE, Bertrand; ET AL

Piezo1 and Piezo2 are essential components of distinct mechanically activated cation channels.

Patapoutian and colleagues characterized the PIEZO1, PIEZO2, and TRPM8 receptors that detect pressure, menthol, and temperature. With Mathur, J.; Schmidt, M.; Earley, T. J.; Ranade, S.; Petrus, M. J.; Dubin, A. E. See…

GMN 14275 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/16597

2011 RASMUSSEN, Søren G. F.; DEVREE, Brian T.; KOBILKA, Brian Kent (1955 – ); ET AL

Crystal structure of the β2 adrenergic receptor–Gs protein complex.

Kobilka and colleagues published the crystal structure of a beta-2 receptor forming a complex with the G protein coupled receptor. This was the first time that a complete complex of an active receptor and it's Gs prot…

GMN 14134 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/16445

2012 DOUDNA, Jennifer Anne (1964 – ); CHARPENTIER, Emmanuelle (1968 – ); JINEK, Martin; CHYLINSKI, Krzysztof; FONFARA, Ines; HAUER, Michael

A programmable dual RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity.

Order of authorship in the original publication: Jinek, Chylinski, Fonfar, Hauer, Doudna, Charpentier. Doudna, Charpentier and colleagues showed for the first time that the CRISPR evolutionary immune tool of bacteria …

GMN 11844 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14048

2014 PÄÄBO, Svante (1955 – )

The complete genome sequence of a Neanderthal from the Altai Mountains.

First complete sequence of a Neanderthal genome. With more than 20 co-authors. In 2022 Pääbo was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for his discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominins and hu…

GMN 7289 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/9459

2015 TU (TU YOUYOU), Youyou (1930 – )

NOBEL LECTURE: Discovery of Artemisinin - A gift from traditional Chinese medicine to the world.

In 1972 Tu Youyou discovered Artemisinin, the standard treatment worldwide for P. falciparum malaria as well as malaria due to other species of Plasmodium. Artemisinin is extracted from Artemisia annua (sweet wormwood…

GMN 14260 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/16581

2021 EVANS, Richard; JUMPER, John; HASSABIS, Demis (1976 – ); ET AL

Highly accurate protein structure prediction with AlphaFold.

Abstract: "Proteins are essential to life, and understanding their structure can facilitate a mechanistic understanding of their function. Through an enormous experimental effort1,2,3,4, the structures of around 100,0…

GMN 14026 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/16333