1921 –1922 BANTING, Sir Frederick Grant (1891 – 1941); BEST, Charles Herbert (1899 – 1978)
The internal secretion of the pancreas.
This paper reports the isolation of insulin. An extract from the pancreas of a dog, removed after ligation of the excretory duct, was found to exercise a reducing influence on the percentage of sugar in the blood. Dig…
GMN 1205 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1847
1922 –1923 ABEL, John Jacob (1857 – 1938); ROUILLER, Charles August (1883 – )
Evaluation of the hormone of the infundibulum of the pituitary gland in terms of histamine, with experiments on the action of repeated injections of the hormone on the blood pressure.
GMN 1164 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1535
1923 HUNT, Reid (1870 – 1948)
The acetonitril test for thyroid and of some alterations of metabolism.
The acetonitril test was introduced by Hunt in 1905 (J. biol. Chem., 1, 33) and later modified by him. It shows the activity of thyroid preparations to be proportional to their iodine content.
GMN 1134 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1320
1923 HANSON, Adolph Melanchton (1888 – 1959)
An elementary chemical study of the parathyroid glands of cattle.
Hanson isolated the first really potent parathyroid extract.
GMN 1135 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1322
1923 –1924 ABEL, John Jacob (1857 – 1938); ROUILLER, Charles August (1883 – ); GEILING, Eugene Maximilian Karl (1891 – 1971)
Further investigations on the oxytocic-pressor-diuretic principle of the infundibular portion of the pituitary gland.
GMN 1165 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1540
1923 DOISY, Edward Adelbert (1883 – 1986); ALLEN, Edgar (1892 – 1943)
An ovarian hormone.
Isolation of the active principle of the ovarian hormone (oestrin). More detailed account in J. biol. Chem., 1924, 61, 711-23.
GMN 1183 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1650
1924 DOISY, Edward Adelbert (1883 – 1986); ALLEN, Edgar (1892 – 1943)
The induction of a sexually mature condition in immature females by injection of the ovarian follicular hormone.
Test for recognition of the estrus hormone.
GMN 1184 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1654
1924 RICHARDS, Alfred Newton (1876 – 1966); SCHMIDT, Carl Frederic (1893 – 1988)
A description of the glomerular circulation in the frog’s kidney and observations concerning the action of adrenalin and various other substances upon it.
Richards made many experiments concerning the secretion of urine. Among other things he collected and analysed the fluid from a single glomerulus; his work confirmed the theories of Ludwig and Cushny.
GMN 1238 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2002
1925 COLLIP, James Bertram (1892 – 1965)
The extraction of a parathyroid hormone which will prevent or control parathyroid tetany and which regulates the level of blood calcium.
Isolation of parathormone, the active principle of the parathyroids. Collip’s “parathormone”. He showed that it raises the calcium level in para-thyroidectomized dogs.
GMN 1136 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1325
1926 HARINGTON, Sir Charles Robert (1897 – 1972)
Chemistry of thyroxine I.
Harington showed that thyroxine is a derivative of tyrosine, and he gave its formula as C15H11O4NI4.
GMN 1137 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1329
1926 ABEL, John Jacob (1857 – 1938)
Crystalline insulin.
Crystalline insulin first obtained. See also J. Pharmacol., 1927, 31, 65-85.
GMN 1206 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/5277
1927 HARINGTON, Sir Charles Robert (1897 – 1972); BARGER, George (1878 – 1939)
Chemistry of thyroxine. III. Constitution and synthesis of thyroxine.
Synthesis of thyroxine.
GMN 1138 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1338
1927 ROGOFF, Julius Moses (1883 – 1966); STEWART, George Neil (1860 – 1930)
Further studies on adrenal insufficiency in dogs.
Cortical hormone first obtained.
GMN 1148 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1445
1927 SMITH, Philip Edward (1884 – 1970)
The induction of precocious sexual maturity by pituitary homeotransplants.
Smith was able to induce precocious sexual maturity in mice and rats by the implantation of pituitary tissue.
GMN 1166 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1542
1927 SMITH, Philip Edward (1884 – 1970); ENGLE, Earl Theron (1896 – 1957)
Experimental evidence regarding the rôle of the anterior pituitary in the development and regulation of the genital system.
Pituitary tissue implanted in the immature mouse was found by these writers to cause precocious sexual maturity. Thus they showed that the activity of the gonads is maintained by the anterior lobe of the pituitary.
GMN 1167 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1546
1927 ZONDEK, Bernhard (1891 – 1966); ASCHHEIM, Selmar (1878 – 1965)
Das Hormon des Hypophysenvorderlappens.
Isolation of the gonadotrophic hormone of the anterior pituitary (Prolan A & B).
GMN 1168 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1550
1927 DOISY, Edward Adelbert (1883 – 1986); ALLEN, Edgar (1892 – 1943)
The menstrual cycle of the monkey, Macacus rhesus. Observations on normal animals, the effects of removal of the ovaries and the effects of injection of ovarian and placental extracts into the spayed animals.
This paper marks the beginning of modern knowledge of the menstrual cycle. Allen showed that uterine bleeding occurs as a withdrawal effect when estrogen ceases to act on the endometrium.
GMN 1185 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1657
1927 LAQUEUR, Ernst (1880 – 1947); ET AL
Über das Vorkommen weiblichen Sexualhormons (Menformon) im Harn von Männern.
Discovery of the estrogenic activity of male urine. With E. Dingemanse, P. C. Hart, and S. E. de Jongh.
GMN 1186 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1660
1927 MCGEE, Lemuel Clyde (1904 – )
The effect of the injection of a lipoid fraction of bull testicle in capons.
McGee prepared the first active male hormone extract from the lipoid fraction of bull testes. His paper includes a preliminary account of the capon-comb test. See No. 1191.
GMN 1187 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1666
1927 WILDER, Russell Morse (1885 – 1959); ET AL
Carcinoma of the islands of the pancreas; hyperinsulinism and hypoglycemia.
R. M. Wilder, F. N. Allan, M. H. Power, and H. E. Robertson reported the occurrence of carcinoma with hyperinsulinism. They also reported the first operation for hyperinsulinism performed on December 2, 1926 by Willia…
GMN 3972 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/5280
1928 KAMM, Oliver (1888 – 1965); ET AL
The active principles of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. I. The demonstration of the presence of two active principles. II. The separation of the two principles and their concentration in the form of potent solid preparations.
Isolation of vasopressin and oxytocin. With T. B. Aldrich, I. W. Grote, L. W. Rowe, and E. P. Bugbee.
GMN 1168.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1554
1929 –1934 TRENDELENBURG, Paul (1884 – 1931)
Die Hormone; ihre Physiologie und Pharmakologie. 2 vols.
GMN 1125 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1245
1929 LOEB, Leo (1869 – 1959); BASSETT, R. B.
Effect of hormones of anterior pituitary on thyroid gland in the guinea pig.
Loeb and Aron (No.1138.2) demonstrated the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in the anterior pituitary.
GMN 1138.01 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1342
1929 ARON, Max Raymond Emile (1892 – 1974)
Action de la préhypophyse sur le thyroïde chez le cobaye.
Simultaneously with Loeb (No. 1138.1) Aron demonstrated the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in the anterior pituitary.
GMN 1138.02 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1345
1929 PFIFFNER, Joseph John (1903 – 1975); SWINGLE, Wilbur Willis (1891 – 1975)
The preparation of an active extract of the supra-renal cortex.
First practical method of preparing an extract of the active agent of the adrenal cortical hormone. It was named cortin until it was recognized that there are several active agents in the secretion.
GMN 1149 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1449
1929 STRICKER, P; GRUETER, F
Action du lobe antérieur de l’hypophyse sur la montée laiteuse.
Demonstration of the existence of a pituitary lactogenic hormone (prolactin).
GMN 1168.2 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1558
1929 CORNER, George Washington (1889 – 1981); ALLEN, Willard Myron (1904 – 1993)
Physiology of the corpus luteum.
Discovery of the corpus luteum hormone, progesterone.
GMN 1188 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1669
1929 FUNK, Casimir (1884 – 1967); HARROW, Benjamin (1888 – 1970)
The male hormone.
Funk and Harrow obtained crude active male hormone extracts from male urine.
GMN 1189 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1674
1929 MARRIAN, Guy Frederic (1904 – 1981)
The chemistry of oestrin. I. Preparation from urine and separation from an unidentified solid alcohol.
Isolation of pregnanediol.
GMN 1190 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1676
1929 MOORE, Carl Richard (1892 – 1955); ET AL
The effects of extracts of testis in correcting the castrated condition in the fowl and in the mammal.
C. R. Moore, T. F. Gallagher, and F. C. Koch were the first to obtain a potent testicular extract containing the male sex hormone, androsterone, later obtained in crystalline form by Butenandt. They also gave a detail…
GMN 1191 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1680
1929 SWANSON, Edward E.
The action of ephedrine, pseudoephedrine and epinephrine on the bronchioles.
Swanson showed that just 0.01 mg. of epinephrine was as vasconstrictive as 2 mg. of ephedrine and 4 mg. of pseudoephedrine. He also showed that all three of these drugs have bronchodilator properties, but epinephrine …
GMN 14192 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/16508
1930 HOUSSAY, Bernardo Alberto (1887 – 1971); BIASOTTI, Alfredo Benito (1903 – 1991)
La diabetes pancreática de los perros hipofisoprivos.
Houssay’s depancreatized hypophysectomized dog. This work led to Houssay’s demonstration of the importance of the anterior pituitary in sugar metabolism. See also Endocrinology, 1931,15, 511-23. In 1947 Houssay shared…
GMN 1169 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1562
1930 COLLIP, James Bertram (1892 – 1965)
The ovary-stimulating hormone of the placenta.
Collip’s anterior-pituitary-like (A-L-P) factor.
GMN 1192 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1800
1930 DOISY, Edward Adelbert (1883 – 1986); VELER, Clement D.; THAYER, Sidney A.
The preparation of the crystalline ovarian hormone from the urine of pregnant women.
First isolation of a pure crystalline hormone (estrone). Preliminary communication in Amer. J. Physiol., 1929, 90, 329-30.
GMN 1193 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1803
1930 MARRIAN, Guy Frederic (1904 – 1981)
The chemistry of oestrin. III. An improved method of preparation and the isolation of active crystalline material.
Crystalline estriol obtained.
GMN 1194 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1805
1931 BUTENANDT, Adolf Friedrich Johann (1903 – 1995)
Ueber die chemische Untersuchung der Sexualhormone.
The male sex hormone, androsterone, was isolated in crystalline form by Butenandt. In 1939 Butenandt received half of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his work on sex hormones." The other half was awarded to Leopold …
GMN 1195 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1806
1931 ZONDEK, Bernhard (1891 – 1966)
Die Hormone des Ovariums und des Hypophysenvorderlappens.
Second edition, 1935.
GMN 1196 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1810
1932 ALLEN, Edgar (1892 – 1943)
Sex and internal secretions; a survey of recent research.
Second edition, 1939, with C. H. Danforth and E. A. Doisy.
GMN 1197 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1813
1932 CUSHING, Harvey Williams (1869 – 1939)
Papers relating to the pituitary body, hypothalamus, and para-sympathetic nervous system.
Cushing advanced the theory that the hypothalamus is responsible for the development of peptic ulcer (see p. 175 et seq.). This work contains his four principal contributions to pituitary-hypothalamic interrelationshi…
GMN 3552 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4063
1933 COLLIP, James Bertram (1892 – 1965); ET AL
The adrenotropic hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe.
Isolation of an impure “adrenotropic hormone” containing adrenocorticotropic principle. With E. M. Anderson and D. L. Thomson.
GMN 1170 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1568
1933 RIDDLE, Oscar (1877 – 1968); ET AL
The preparation, identification and assay of prolactin – a hormone of the anterior pituitary.
With R. W. Bates and S. W. Dykshorn.
GMN 1171 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1570
1933 BROWNE, John Symonds Lyon (1904 – 1984)
Chemical and physiological properties of crystalline oestrogenic hormones.
Estriol obtained from placental tissue.
GMN 1198 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1816
1933 KAUFMANN, Carl
Die Behandlung der Amenorrhoë mit hohen Dosen der Ovarialhormone.
First use of estrogenic hormone for the treatment of amenorrhea in ovariectomized women, with production of the typical cyclical endometrial changes.
GMN 1199 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1818
1934 KENDALL, Edward Calvin (1886 – 1972); ET AL
Isolation in crystalline form of the hormone essential to life from the suprarenal cortex; its chemical nature and physiologic properties.
Together with H. L. Mason, B. F. McKenzie, C. S. Myers, and G. A. Koelsche, Kendall reported the isolation in crystalline form of cortin ('C20H30O5)'
GMN 1150 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1451
1934 BUTENANDT, Adolf Friedrich Johann (1903 – 1995)
Neuere Ergebnisse auf dem Gebiet der Sexualhormone.
Progesterone obtained in crystalline form.
GMN 1200 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1819
1934 RUZICKA, Leopold (1887 – 1976); ET AL
Über die Synthese des Testikelhormons (Androsteron) und Stereoisomerer desselben durch Abbau hydrierter Sterine.
First complete synthesis of a sex hormone (androsterone). With M. W. Goldberg, J. Meyer, H. Brüngger, and E. Eichenberger. In 1939 Ruzicka shared the 1939 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Butenandt (No. 1195) "for his wo…
GMN 1201 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1821
1935 PFIFFNER, Joseph John (1903 – 1975); WINTERSTEINER, Oskar Paul (1898 – 1971)
Chemical studies on the adrenal cortex. II. Isolation of several physicologically inactive crystalline compounds from active extracts. III. Isolation of two new physiologically inactive compounds.
Isolation of Compound F, identical with Kendall’s Compund E. See No. 1151.
GMN 1152 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1460
1935 DAVID, K; ET AL
Über krystallinisches männliches Hormon aus Hoden (Testosteron), wirksamer als aus Harn oder aus Cholesterin bereitetes Androsteron.
Isolation of testosterone from the testis. With E. Dingemanse, J. Freud, and E. Laqueur.
GMN 1201.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1824
1935 WHIPPLE, Allen Oldfather (1881 – 1963); ET AL
Treatment of carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater.
Pancreaticoduodenectomy for cancer of pancreas. With W. B. Parsons and C. R. Mullins.
GMN 3659.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4789
1936 KENDALL, Edward Calvin (1886 – 1972)
A physiologic and chemical investigation of the suprarenal cortex.
Isolation of nine closely related steroid hormones from adrenal cortical extracts; one of these was Compound E (C21H28O5) which in 1939 was renamed cortisone. With H. L. Mason, C. S. Myers, and W. D. Allers. See also …
GMN 1151 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1455
