1849 BERTHOLD, Arnold Adolph (1803 – 1861)

Transplantation der Hoden.

Berthold showed that transplantation of a cock’s testes to another part of the body prevented atrophy of the comb, the usual sequel to castration. He was thus the first to prove the existence of an internal secretion.…

GMN 1176 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1600

1889 BROWN-SÉQUARD, Charles Édouard (1817 – 1894)

Expérience démontrant la puissance dynamogénique chez l’homme d’un liquide extrait de testicules d’animaux.

Brown-Séquard injected into himself a testicular extract in order to bring about rejuvenation. He reported much benefit but his advocacy of this method evoked scepticism and criticism, although it stimulated research …

GMN 1177 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1606

1891 POEHL, Aleksandr Vasil'evich [VON PEL] (1858 – 1898)

On spermin.

Isolation of spermin from the testis.

GMN 1178 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1621

1896 KNAUER, Emil (1867 – 1935)

Einige Versuche über Ovarientransplantation bei Kaninchen.

Knauer implanted ovaries into immature or castrated animals, producing development of sexual characteristics, thus demonstrating the existence of an ovarian hormone.

GMN 1178.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1625

1896 SOBOTTA, Robert Heinrich Johannes (1869 – 1945)

Ueber die Bildung des Corpus luteum bei der Maus.

GMN 1179 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1629

1905 –1906 STARLING, Ernest Henry (1866 – 1927); LANE-CLAYPON, Janet Elizabeth (1877 – 1967)

An experimental enquiry into the factors which determine the growth and activity of the mammary glands.

In their classic paper on the mammary gland, these workers attributed its changes during pregnancy to the fetus.

GMN 1180 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1633

1908 HITSCHMANN, Fritz (1870 – 1926); ADLER, Ludwig (1876 – 1958)

Der Bau der Uterusschleimhaut des geschlechtsreifen Weibes besonderer Berücksichtigung der Menstruation.

First definite description of the cyclical changes in the endometrium, which were shown to be a normal physiological process.

GMN 1181 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1638

1917 STOCKARD, Charles Rupert (1879 – 1939); PAPANICOLAOU, George Nicholas (1883 – 1962)

The existence of a typical oestrus cycle in the guinea-pig; with a study of its histological and physiological changes.

The vaginal smear test for estrus; it demonstrates the histological changes occurring in the vagina during the menstrual cycle.

GMN 1182 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1646

1923 DOISY, Edward Adelbert (1883 – 1986); ALLEN, Edgar (1892 – 1943)

An ovarian hormone.

Isolation of the active principle of the ovarian hormone (oestrin). More detailed account in J. biol. Chem., 1924, 61, 711-23.

GMN 1183 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1650

1924 DOISY, Edward Adelbert (1883 – 1986); ALLEN, Edgar (1892 – 1943)

The induction of a sexually mature condition in immature females by injection of the ovarian follicular hormone.

Test for recognition of the estrus hormone.

GMN 1184 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1654

1927 DOISY, Edward Adelbert (1883 – 1986); ALLEN, Edgar (1892 – 1943)

The menstrual cycle of the monkey, Macacus rhesus. Observations on normal animals, the effects of removal of the ovaries and the effects of injection of ovarian and placental extracts into the spayed animals.

This paper marks the beginning of modern knowledge of the menstrual cycle. Allen showed that uterine bleeding occurs as a withdrawal effect when estrogen ceases to act on the endometrium.

GMN 1185 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1657

1927 LAQUEUR, Ernst (1880 – 1947); ET AL

Über das Vorkommen weiblichen Sexualhormons (Menformon) im Harn von Männern.

Discovery of the estrogenic activity of male urine. With E. Dingemanse, P. C. Hart, and S. E. de Jongh.

GMN 1186 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1660

1927 MCGEE, Lemuel Clyde (1904 – )

The effect of the injection of a lipoid fraction of bull testicle in capons.

McGee prepared the first active male hormone extract from the lipoid fraction of bull testes. His paper includes a preliminary account of the capon-comb test. See No. 1191.

GMN 1187 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1666

1929 CORNER, George Washington (1889 – 1981); ALLEN, Willard Myron (1904 – 1993)

Physiology of the corpus luteum.

Discovery of the corpus luteum hormone, progesterone.

GMN 1188 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1669

1929 FUNK, Casimir (1884 – 1967); HARROW, Benjamin (1888 – 1970)

The male hormone.

Funk and Harrow obtained crude active male hormone extracts from male urine.

GMN 1189 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1674

1929 MARRIAN, Guy Frederic (1904 – 1981)

The chemistry of oestrin. I. Preparation from urine and separation from an unidentified solid alcohol.

Isolation of pregnanediol.

GMN 1190 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1676

1929 MOORE, Carl Richard (1892 – 1955); ET AL

The effects of extracts of testis in correcting the castrated condition in the fowl and in the mammal.

C. R. Moore, T. F. Gallagher, and F. C. Koch were the first to obtain a potent testicular extract containing the male sex hormone, androsterone, later obtained in crystalline form by Butenandt. They also gave a detail…

GMN 1191 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1680

1930 COLLIP, James Bertram (1892 – 1965)

The ovary-stimulating hormone of the placenta.

Collip’s anterior-pituitary-like (A-L-P) factor.

GMN 1192 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1800

1930 DOISY, Edward Adelbert (1883 – 1986); VELER, Clement D.; THAYER, Sidney A.

The preparation of the crystalline ovarian hormone from the urine of pregnant women.

First isolation of a pure crystalline hormone (estrone). Preliminary communication in Amer. J. Physiol., 1929, 90, 329-30.

GMN 1193 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1803

1930 MARRIAN, Guy Frederic (1904 – 1981)

The chemistry of oestrin. III. An improved method of preparation and the isolation of active crystalline material.

Crystalline estriol obtained.

GMN 1194 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1805

1931 BUTENANDT, Adolf Friedrich Johann (1903 – 1995)

Ueber die chemische Untersuchung der Sexualhormone.

The male sex hormone, androsterone, was isolated in crystalline form by Butenandt. In 1939 Butenandt received half of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his work on sex hormones." The other half was awarded to Leopold …

GMN 1195 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1806

1931 ZONDEK, Bernhard (1891 – 1966)

Die Hormone des Ovariums und des Hypophysenvorderlappens.

Second edition, 1935.

GMN 1196 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1810

1932 ALLEN, Edgar (1892 – 1943)

Sex and internal secretions; a survey of recent research.

Second edition, 1939, with C. H. Danforth and E. A. Doisy.

GMN 1197 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1813

1933 BROWNE, John Symonds Lyon (1904 – 1984)

Chemical and physiological properties of crystalline oestrogenic hormones.

Estriol obtained from placental tissue.

GMN 1198 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1816

1933 KAUFMANN, Carl

Die Behandlung der Amenorrhoë mit hohen Dosen der Ovarialhormone.

First use of estrogenic hormone for the treatment of amenorrhea in ovariectomized women, with production of the typical cyclical endometrial changes.

GMN 1199 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1818

1934 BUTENANDT, Adolf Friedrich Johann (1903 – 1995)

Neuere Ergebnisse auf dem Gebiet der Sexualhormone.

Progesterone obtained in crystalline form.

GMN 1200 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1819

1934 RUZICKA, Leopold (1887 – 1976); ET AL

Über die Synthese des Testikelhormons (Androsteron) und Stereoisomerer desselben durch Abbau hydrierter Sterine.

First complete synthesis of a sex hormone (androsterone). With M. W. Goldberg, J. Meyer, H. Brüngger, and E. Eichenberger. In 1939 Ruzicka shared the 1939 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Butenandt (No. 1195) "for his wo…

GMN 1201 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1821

1935 DAVID, K; ET AL

Über krystallinisches männliches Hormon aus Hoden (Testosteron), wirksamer als aus Harn oder aus Cholesterin bereitetes Androsteron.

Isolation of testosterone from the testis. With E. Dingemanse, J. Freud, and E. Laqueur.

GMN 1201.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1824

1936 MACCORQUODALE, Donald William (1898 – 1986); ET AL

The isolation of the principal estrogenic substance of liquor folliculi.

Isolation of oestradiol. With S. A. Thayer and E. A. Doisy.

GMN 1202 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1826