1909 MACCALLUM, William George (1874 – 1944)
On the relation of the islands of Langerhans to glycosuria.
MacCallum suggested a relationship between lesions of the islands of Langerhans and the glycosuria of diabetes.
GMN 3962 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/5240
1909 MAGNUS-LEVY, Adolf (1865 – 1955)
Das Koma diabeticum und seine Behandlung.
Magnus-Levy is remembered for his work on the treatment of diabetic coma.
GMN 3963 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/5244
1912 CUSHING, Harvey Williams (1869 – 1939)
The pituitary body and its disorders.
The first clinical monograph on the hypophysis. Cushing, outstanding neurological surgeon of the early 20th century, added much to our knowledge of the pituitary body and its disorders. The above work includes a descr…
GMN 3896 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4960
1912 FRANK, Alfred Erich (1884 – 1957)
Ueber Beziehungen der Hypophyse zum Diabetes insipidus.
Frank was the first definitely to connect the posterior lobe of the pituitary with diabetes insipidus.
GMN 3897 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4962
1915 BENEDICT, Francis Gano (1870 – 1957)
A study of prolonged fasting.
Study of a subject who was allowed to drink water but ingested no food for 31 days. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.
GMN 11015 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13211
1916 JOSLIN, Elliot Proctor (1869 – 1962)
The treatment of diabetes mellitus, with observations upon the disease based upon one thousand cases.
Joslin was the first physician in the United States to specialize in the treatment of diabetes; this was the first textbook on the subject in the English language. The book underwent its 12th edition in 1985. Digital …
GMN 11820 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14022
1917 GÖPPERT, Friedrich (1870 – 1927)
Galaktosurie nach Milchzuckergabe bei angeborenen, familiärem, chronischem Leberleiden.
First clear account of galactosemia (although A. von. Reuss may have been describing a case in Wien. med. Wschr., 1908, 58, 799).
GMN 3921.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/5051
1919 FOLIN, Otto Knut Olof (1876 – 1934); WU, Hsien (1893 – 1959)
A system of blood analysis.
Folin–Wu test for blood sugar.
GMN 3922 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/5053
1920 BARRON, Moses (1884 – 1974)
The relation of the islets of Langerhans to diabetes with special reference to cases of pancreatic lithiasis.
Barron confirmed the experimental work of Sobolew. It was whilst reading the above paper that Banting first formulated the hypothesis upon which he based his successful experiments.
GMN 3964 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/5247
1921 –1922 BANTING, Sir Frederick Grant (1891 – 1941); BEST, Charles Herbert (1899 – 1978)
The internal secretion of the pancreas.
This paper reports the isolation of insulin. An extract from the pancreas of a dog, removed after ligation of the excretory duct, was found to exercise a reducing influence on the percentage of sugar in the blood. Dig…
GMN 1205 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1847
1921 ACHARD, Émile Charles (1860 – 1944); THIERS, Joseph (1885 – )
La virilisme pilaire et son association à l’insuffisance glycolytique (Diabète des femmes à barbe).
“Achard–Thiers syndrome”. These writers established as a definite syndrome the combination of hirsutism with diabetes.
GMN 3870 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4923
1921 PAULESCO, Nicolas Constantin (1869 – 1931)
Recherches sur le rôle du pancréas dans l’assimilation nutritive.
Paulesco isolated the anti-diabetic hormone of the pancreas before Banting and Best. He named it “pancréine”.
GMN 3965 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/5251
1922 BANTING, Sir Frederick Grant (1891 – 1941); BEST, Charles Herbert (1899 – 1978); MACLEOD, John James Rickard (1876 – 1935)
The internal secretion of the pancreas. (Abstract).
A preliminary one-page communication regarding the isolation of insulin, made to a meeting of the American Physiological Society in December 1921. Digital facsimile from insulin.library.utoronto.ca at this link. In 19…
GMN 3966 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/5253
1922 COLLIP, James Bertram (1892 – 1965); BANTING, Sir Frederick Grant (1891 – 1941); BEST, Charles Herbert (1899 – 1978)
Pancreatic extracts in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.
The first clinical application of insulin in the treatment of diabetes. Co-authored by W. R. Campbell, and A. A. Fletcher. Digital facsimile from PubMedCentral at this link.
GMN 3968 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/5257
1923 COLLIP, James Bertram (1892 – 1965)
The original method as used for the isolation of insulin in semipure form for the treatment of the first clinical cases.
Collip improved insulin.
GMN 3969 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/5261
1924 DUBOIS, Eugène Floyd (1882 – 1959)
Basal metabolism in health and disease.
GMN 1036 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1011
1924 BANTING, Sir Frederick Grant (1891 – 1941)
Insulin.
GMN 3970 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/5269
1926 PICK, Ludwig (1868 – 1935)
Der Morbus Gaucher und die ihm ähnlichen Erkrankungen. (Die lipoidzellige Splenohepatomegalie Typus Niemann und die diabetische Lipoidzellenhyperplasie der Milz.)
“Niemann-Pick disease” – a group of inherited, severe metabolic disorders, first noted by Albert Niemann in 1914, (No. 3784) in 1914. Pick’s account is of greater importance.
GMN 3785 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4686
1927 WILDER, Russell Morse (1885 – 1959); ET AL
Carcinoma of the islands of the pancreas; hyperinsulinism and hypoglycemia.
R. M. Wilder, F. N. Allan, M. H. Power, and H. E. Robertson reported the occurrence of carcinoma with hyperinsulinism. They also reported the first operation for hyperinsulinism performed on December 2, 1926 by Willia…
GMN 3972 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/5280
1930 RUIZ, Celestino L. (1904 – ); ET AL
Contribución al estudio sobre la composición quimica de la insulina. Estudio de algunos cuerpos sintéticos solfurados con acción hypoglucemiante.
Discovery of the hypoglycemic effect of certain sulphonamide derivatives. With L. L. Silva and L. Libenson.
GMN 3973 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/5284
1931 BENEDICT, Stanley Rossiter (1884 – 1936)
The analysis of whole-blood. II. The determination of sugar and of saccharoids (non-fermentable copper-reducing substances).
Benedict’s test for blood-sugar.
GMN 3923 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/5056
1932 MEDES, Grace May (1886 – 1967)
A new error of tyrosine metabolism: tyrosinosis, intermediary metabolism of tyrosine and phenylalanine.
GMN 3923.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/5061
1936 INGRAM, Walter Robinson (1905 – 1978); ET AL
Experimental diabetes insipidus in the monkey.
With C. Fisher and S. W. Ransom.
GMN 3905 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4981
1936 WILSON, Clifford (1906 – 1997); KIMMELSTIEL, Paul (1900 – 1970)
Intercapillary lesions in the glomeruli of the kidney.
“Kimmelstiel–Wilson syndrome”. First description of nodular intercapillary glomerulosclerosis, the only known morphological alteration specific, or almost so, for diabetes mellitus.
GMN 4250 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/5138
1936 HAGEDORN, Hans Christian (1888 – 1971); ET AL
Protamine insulinate.
Hagedorn created NPH insulin and founded Nordisk Insulinlaboratorium, known today as Novo Nordisk. NPH insulin is one of the earliest examples of engineering drug delivery. Hagedorn became interested in modifying the …
GMN 3974 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/5285
1936 KERR, Robert Bews (1908 – 1997); ET AL
Protamine insulin.
R. B. Kerr, C. H. Best, W. R. Campbell, and A. A. Fletcher advocated the combination of zinc with insulin to delay its absorption rate. Later this was combined with protamine to form protamine zinc insulin.
GMN 3975 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/5288
1937 YOUNG, Sir Frank George (1908 – 1988)
Permanent experimental diabetes produced by pituitary (anterior lobe) injections.
Anterior pituitary diabetogenic hormone.
GMN 1173 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1576
1939 BIGGART, Sir John Henry (1905 – 1979); ALEXANDER, George Lionel (1902 – 1970)
Experimental diabetes insipidus.
Production of diabetes insipidus in dogs by injury to the hypothalamus.
GMN 3907 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4983
1939 WHITE, Priscilla (1900 – 1989); ET AL
Prediction and prevention of late pregnancy accidents in diabetes.
First report of hormone treatment. Written with R.S. Titus, E.P. Joslin, and H. Hunt.
GMN 6231 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7860
1944 WALDENSTRÖM, Jan Gösta (1906 – 1996)
Incipient myelomatosis or “essential” hyperglobulinemia with fibrino-genopenia – a new syndrome?
“Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia”.
GMN 3924.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/5070
1944 LOUBATIÈRES, Auguste-Louis (1912 – 1977)
Analyse du mécanisme de l’action hypoglycémiante de p-aminobenzène-sulfamido-isopropylthiodiazol (2254 RP).
Loubatières initiated work on the hypoglycaemic sulphonamides. See his historical account in Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 1957, 71, 4-11.
GMN 3976.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/5292
1946 REFSUM, Sigvald Bernhard (1907 – 1991)
Heredopathia atactica polyneuritiformis; a familial syndrome not hitherto described.
“Refsum’s syndrome”, an inherited disorder of lipid metabolism.
GMN 3924.2 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/5074
1948 DOHAN, Francis Curtis (1907 – 1991); LUKENS, Francis Dring Wetherill (1899 – 1978)
Experimental diabetes produced by the administration of glucose.
Experimental diabetes produced by artificially-induced hyperglycemia.
GMN 3977 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/5294
1951 HALLAS-MØLLER, Knud (1914 – 1984); ET AL
Kliniske undersøgelser med nye retarderet virkende insulin-praeparater.
First clinical trials of lente, ultralente, and semilente insulin zinc suspension. See also Science, 1952, 116, 394-98; and J. Amer. med. Assoc., 1952, 150, 1667. With M. Jersild, K. Peterson, and J. Schlichtkrull.
GMN 3978 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4756
1954 MENKES, John Hans (1928 – 2008); ET AL
A new syndrome: progressive familial infantile cerebral dysfunction associated with unusual urinary substance.
Maple syrup urine disease described. With P. L. Hurst and J. M. Craig.
GMN 3924.3 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/5078
1955 FRANKE, Hans (1909 – 1955); FUCHS, J.
Ein neues antidiabetisches Prinzip. Ergebnisse klinischer Untersuchungen.
Introduction of carbutamide (BZ55), the first of the sulphonylureas. It was followed by tolbutamide and chlorpropamide.
GMN 3978.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4761
1956 MASKE, Helmut (1921 – )
Über die orale Behandlung des Diabetes mellitus mit N-(4-Methyl-Benzolsulfonyl)-N’Butyl-Harnstoff (D 860).
A Symposium on tolbutamide, introduced by H. Maske.
GMN 3978.2 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4766
1957 UNGAR, Georges (1906 – 1977); ET AL
Pharmacological studies of a new oral hypoglycemic drug.
Phenformin, a biguanide formerly used in diabetes. With L. Freedman and S. L. Shapiro. Clinical report on pp. 193-4.
GMN 3978.3 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4770
1960 BLOOMFIELD, Arthur Leonard (1888 – 1962)
A bibliography of internal medicine: Selected diseases.
Literature on "selected diseases" presented in chronological order, beginning with auricular fibrillation and ending with trichinosis, emphasizing cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.
GMN 11219 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13416
1961 SCHUMACHER, Joseph (1902 – 1966)
Index zum Diabetes mellitus. Eine internationale Bibliographie.
GMN 3978.4 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4779
1962 WRENSHALL, Gerald Alfred
The story of insulin: Forty years of success against diabetes.
With G. Hetenyi and W. R. Feasby.
GMN 3978.5 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4783
1963 GUTHRIE, Robert (1916 – 1995); SUSI, Ada J. (1918 – 2002)
A simple phenylalanine method for detecting phenylketonuria in large populations of newborn infants.
Bacterial inhibition test for phenylketonuria.
GMN 3924.4 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/5084
1964 PAPASPYROS, Nikos S.
The history of diabetes mellitus. 2nd ed.
GMN 3979 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4788
1976 KOENIG, Ronald Jay; PETERSON, Charles M.; CERAMI, Anthony (1940 – ); ET AL
Correlation of glucose regulation and hemoglobin AIc in diabetes mellitus.
The authors studied 5 diabetic patients and first realized that A1c was an ideal index to reveal the overall control of a patient’s blood sugar over the past several months before a doctor’s visit. They were the first…
GMN 14222 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/16539
1979 GOEDDEL, David V. (1951 – ); KLEID, Dennis G.; CREA, Roberto; BOLÍVAR ZAPATA, Francisco Gonzalo (1948 – ); ET AL
Expression in Escherichia coli of chemically synthesized genes for human insulin (plasmid construction / lac operon / fused proteins / radioimmunoassay / peptide purification).
Working at Genentech, Kleid and Goeddel and colleagues were the first scientists to apply genetic engineering techniques, incorporating chemically synthesized DNA encoding human insulin into E. coli, that expressed, a…
GMN 13980 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/16283
1982 BLISS, Michael John William (1941 – 2017)
The discovery of insulin.
GMN 3979.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4791
1987 PEUMERY, Jean-Jacques
Histoire illustrée du diabète de l’antiquité à nos jours.
GMN 3979.2 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4795
1989 ENGELHARDT, Dietrich von (1941 – )
Diabetes, its medical and cultural history: Outlines — texts — bibliography. Edited by Dietrich von Engelhardt.
GMN 9465 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/11648
2009 FURDELL, Elizabeth Lane (1944 – )
Fatal thirst: Diabetes in Britain until insulin.
GMN 9817 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/12005
2011 BRAY, George A. (1931 – )
A guide to obesity and the metabolic syndrome: Origins and treatment.
GMN 7132 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/9299
