1861 –1862 BÄRENSPRUNG, Friedrich Wilhelm Felix von (1822 – 1864)
Die Gürtelkrankheit.
Herpes zoster first ascribed to a lesion of the spinal ganglia.
GMN 4640 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/8866
1881 GALTIER, Pierre-Victor (1846 – 1908)
Les injections de virus rabique dans le torrent circulatoire ne provoquent pas l’éclosion de la rage et semblant conférer l’immunité. La rage peut être transmise par l’ingestion de la matiére rabique.
Galtier immunized sheep by inoculating rabid saliva in the veins; this did not produce the disease and protected the animals from a further inoculation. His work aroused the interest of Pasteur.
GMN 5481.3 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6378
1881 PASTEUR, Louis (1822 – 1895); CHAMBERLAND, Charles (1851 – 1908); ROUX, Pierre Paul Émile (1853 – 1933); THUILLIER, Louis (1856 – 1883)
Sur la rage.
This paper marks the beginning of Pasteur’s studies on rabies. English translation in R. Suzor, Hydrophobia: An account of M. Pasteur’s system…London, 1887.
GMN 5481.4 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6382
1883 PASTEUR, Louis (1822 – 1895); CHAMBERLAND, Charles (1851 – 1908); ROUX, Pierre Paul Émile (1853 – 1933); THUILLIER, Louis (1856 – 1883)
De l'Atténuation des virus, avec la collaboration de MM. Chamberland, Roux et Thuillier. Quatrième Congrès international d'hygiène et de démographie. Séance du 5 Septembre 1882.
In his seminal 1880 paper, Sur les maladies virulentes, et en particulier sur la maladie appelée vulgairement choléra des poules, GM-2537, Pasteur developed the idea of a protective inoculation by attenuated living cu…
GMN 14211 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/16527
1884 LANDOUZY, Louis Théophile Joseph (1845 – 1917)
Fièvre zoster etexanthèmes zosteriformes.
Landouzy first suggested the infective nature of herpes.
GMN 4642 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/717
1884 CHAMBERLAND, Charles (1851 – 1908)
Sur un filtre donnant de l’eau physiologiquement pure.
Chamberland filter, an unglazed porcelain bar with pores smaller than bacteria, enabled the earliest distinction between viruses and bacteria and led in 1898 to the re-introduction of the Latin word "virus" with the i…
GMN 2498.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/3183
1884 PASTEUR, Louis (1822 – 1895); CHAMBERLAND, Charles (1851 – 1908); ROUX, Pierre Paul Émile (1853 – 1933)
Nouvelle communication sur la rage.
Demonstration in the blood of the rabies virus. English translation in R. Suzor, Hydrophobia: An account of M. Pasteur’s system…London, 1887.
GMN 5482 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6383
1885 PASTEUR, Louis (1822 – 1895)
Méthode pour prévenir la rage après morsure.
Pasteur’s papers describing his rabies vaccine, and the results he attained with it gave further proof of the value of attenuated virus as a protective inoculum against infective diseases in man and animals. This is c…
GMN 2541 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/3549
1886 MAYER, Adolf Eduard Maydolf (1843 – 1942)
Ueber die Mosaikkrankheit des Tabaks.
Mayer was first to describe and name tobacco mosaic disease and to demonstrate its infectious nature, that it could be transferred between plants, similar to bacterial infections. Translation in Phytopathological Clas…
GMN 2503.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/3207
1886 BUIST, John Brown (1846 – 1915)
The life-history of the micro-organisms associated with variola and vaccinia. An abstract of results obtained from a study of smallpox and vaccination in the surgical laboratory of the University of Edinburgh.
The “Paschen elementary bodies” (No. 5430) were first recognized and demonstrated by Buist. Republished as an appendix to his Vaccinia and variola, London, 1887.
GMN 5427 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7375
1889 PFEIFFER, Emil (1846 – 1921)
Drüsenfieber.
“Pfeiffer’s disease”. He is sometimes credited with the original description of infectious mononucleosis, ascribed to Filatov. Pfeiffer’s paper is a most comprehensive discussion of the clinical aspects of the disease.
GMN 5486 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6421
1892 IVANOVSKI, Dmitri Iosifovich (Ivanowski; Iwanowski) (1864 – 1920)
Ueber die Mosaikkrankheit der Tabakspflanze.
The Russian botanist Ivanovski demonstrated that the agent responsible for tobacco mosaic disease could pass through the finest filter then available. This was the starting point of research into the etiology of virus…
GMN 2506.2 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/3229
1892 STERNBERG, George Miller (1838 – 1915)
Practical results of bacteriological researches.
Sternberg demonstrated that the serum of an animal recovered from vaccinia possesses the property of neutralizing the activity of the causative virus. His test was readily adaptable for use in various host-systems.
GMN 2545.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/3581
1892 BÓKAY, János (1858 – 1937)
Das Auftreten von Varizellen unter eigentümlichen Verhältnissen.
Bokay was the first to suggest an etiological relationship between varicella and herpes zoster. See also his paper in Wien. klin. Wschr., 1909, 22, 1323-26.
GMN 5439.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7460
1893 GUARNIERI, Guiseppe (1856 – 1918)
Ricerche sulla patogenesi ed etiologia dell’ infezione vaccinica e vaiolosa.
Guamieri described bodies found in the specific lesions of smallpox. Cytorrhyctes variolae guarnieri, which he believed to be the causative organism of the disease. Guarnieri bodies are found in all poxvirus infection…
GMN 5428 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7380
1896 HANKIN, Ernest Hanbury (1865 – 1939)
L'action bactericide des eaux de la Jumna et du Gange sur le vibrion du cholera.
Hankin described the antibacterial activity of a then-unknown source in the Ganges and Jumna Rivers in India. He noted that "It is seen that the unboiled water of the Ganges kills the cholera germ in less than 3 hours…
GMN 11380 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13579
1898 LOEFFLER, Friedrich August Johann (1852 – 1915); FROSCH, Paul (1860 – 1928)
Bericht der Kommission zur Erforschung der Maul-und Klauenseuche bei dem Institut für Infektionskrankheiten.
Loeffler and Frosch proved that foot-and-mouth disease is caused by a filter-passing virus; this was the first recognition that a virus causes disease.
GMN 2511 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/3251
1898 BEIJERINCK, Martinus Willem (1851 – 1931)
Ueber ein Contagium vivum fluidum als Ursache der Fleckenkrankheit der Tabaksblätter.
Beijerinck confirmed the findings of Ivanovski. He showed that the tobacco mosaic virus would diffuse through agar. "Like Ivanovsky before him and Adolf Mayer, predecessor at Wageningen, Beijerinck could not culture t…
GMN 2512 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/3254
1900 HEAD, Sir Henry (1861 – 1940); CAMPBELL, Alfred Walter (1868 – 1937)
The pathology of herpes zoster and its bearing on sensory localisation.
Head and Campbell showed herpes zoster to be a hemorrhagic inflammation of the posterior nerve roots and the homologous spinal ganglia.
GMN 4644 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/724
1900 CARTER, Henry Rose (1852 – 1925)
A note on the interval between infecting and secondary cases of yellow fever from the records of yellow fever at Orwood and Taylor, Mississippi, in 1898.
Carter's determination of the incubation period yellow fever influenced the direction of Reed’s researches, and was instrumental in the discovery of the mode of transmission of the yellow fever virus.
GMN 5456 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7553
1901 REED, Walter (1851 – 1902)
The etiology of yellow fever: An additional note.
"The article describes a series of experiments conducted to explore how yellow fever is propagated from individual to individual and how the contagium is spread within households. The study was conducted in an experim…
GMN 9372 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/11555
1902 REED, Walter (1851 – 1902)
Recent researches concerning the etiology, propagation, and prevention of yellow fever, by the United States Army Commission.
By 1902 Reed knew that the infectious agent of yellow fever was smaller than bacteria, though he did not specifically call it a virus. "In 1898, the passage of an animal pathogen through a Chamberland filter was repor…
GMN 11860 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14064
1903 NEGRI, Adelchi (1876 – 1912)
Contributo alio studio dell’ eziologia della rabia.
Discovery of the “Negri bodies” in rabies, the size of which makes viewing possible with a light microscope, and allows prompt microscopic diagnosis. German translation in Z. Hyg. InfektKr., 1903, 43, 507-28. Even tho…
GMN 5484 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6388
1903 REMLINGER, Paul (1871 – 1964)
Le passage du virus rabique à travers les filtres.
By demonstrating that the rabies organism is filterable Remlinger proved that rabies is a virus. The rabies virus was the second virus causing disease in humans to be identified. Remlinger made his discovery by follow…
GMN 14034 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/16341
1905 JULIUSBERG, Max (1874 – )
Zur Kenntnis des Virus des Molluscum contagiosum des Menschen.
Juliusberg showed that the virus of molluscum contagiosum passed a Chamberland filter.
GMN 4140 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/5793
1905 –1906 TYZZER, Ernest Edward (1875 – 1965)
The histology of the skin lesions in varicella.
Tyzzer was first to recognize inclusion bodies in varicella.
GMN 5440 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7464
1907 CIUFFO, Giuseppe (1870 – 1936)
Innesto positivo con filtrato de verruca volgare.
Ciuffo presented the first demonstration that a cell-free agent could induce a human tumor. He induced human warts on his own hand with a bacteria-free filtrate (a virus) prepared from excised wart tissue. The signifi…
GMN 4142 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/5799
1907 ASHBURN, Percy Moreau (1872 – 1940); CRAIG, Charles Franklin (1872 – 1950)
Experimental investigations regarding the aetiology of dengue fever, with a general consideration regarding the disease.
Proof that the causal organism of dengue is a filterable virus. Published also in J. infect. Dis., 1907, 4, 440-75.
GMN 5473 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7613
1907 HUNT, James Ramsay (1872 – 1937)
On herpetic inflammations of the geniculate ganglion: A new syndrome and its complications.
Herpes zoster oticus, also known as Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2.
GMN 12253 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14468
1907 MAREK, József (1868 – 1952)
Multiple Nervenentzündung (Polyneuritis) bei Hühnern.
Marek's disease (fowl paralysis) later named by Peter Biggs, who determined that the disease was caused by Gallid alphaherpesvirus 2, and developed the first generation Marek's disease vaccine.
GMN 13400 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/15672
1908 DOERR, Robert (1871 – 1952)
Ueber ein neues invisibles Virus.
Doerr showed the relation of phlebotomus fever to the sandfly, Phlebotomus.
GMN 5477 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6363
1908 FERMI, Claudio (1862 – 1952)
Über die Immunisierung gegen Wutkrankheit.
Fermi was the first to use chemical treatment of tissue suspensions of fixed rabies virus for the preparation of vaccine (Fermi vaccine). He introduced the use of carbolic acid for this purpose.
GMN 5484.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6389
1909 LANDSTEINER, Karl (1868 – 1943); POPPER, Erwin (1879 – 1955)
Uebertragung der Poliomyelitis acuta auf Affen.
Landsteiner and Popper were the first to isolate poliovirus and to transmit poliomyelitis to monkeys.
GMN 4669 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/830
1909 DOERR, Robert (1871 – 1952); RUSS, Viktor Karl (1879 – )
Weitere Untersuchungen über das Pappatacifieber.
Doerr and Russ suggested that the virus of phlebotomus fever may be transmitted from one generation of infected Phlebotomus papatasii to another.
GMN 5478 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6366
1909 DOERR, Robert (1871 – 1952); ET AL
Das Pappatacifieber.
An Austrian military commission consisting of R. Doerr, K. Franz, and S. Taussig proved that the causal organism of pappataci fever was a virus and that Phlebotomus papatasii was the vector.
GMN 5479 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6367
1910 LANDSTEINER, Karl (1868 – 1943); LEVADITI, Constantin (1874 – 1953)
La poliomyélite experimental.
Serum from a monkey that had recovered from experimental poliomyelitis was mixed with an emulsion containing active polio virus; it failed to produce paralytic disease when injected into fresh monkeys.
GMN 4670.3 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/853
1910 CARREL, Alexis (1873 – 1944); BURROWS, Montrose Thomas (1884 – 1947)
Cultures de sarcome en dehors de l’organisme.
Using the Rous chicken sarcoma, Carrel and Burrows were the first to grow tumor tissue in vitro.
GMN 2636 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/3234
1910 ROUS, Francis Peyton (1879 – 1970)
A transmissible avian neoplasm (sarcoma of the common fowl).
Original description of the chicken sarcoma (Rous sarcoma). Rous demonstrated that sarcomatous tumors in hens could be transmitted to normal hens by the injection of cell-free filtrates (virus) of the original tumor. …
GMN 2637 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/3238
1911 REED, Walter (1851 – 1902); CARROLL, James (1854 – 1907)
Yellow fever: A compilation of various publications. Results of the work of Maj. Walter Reed, Medical Corps, United States Army, and the Yellow Fever Commission. Presented by Mr. Owen.
A convenient compilation of the work of Reed and his associates, including the work of James Carroll published after the death of Walter Reed. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.
GMN 9373 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/11556
1912 KLING, Carl (1887 – 1967)
Experimental and pathological investigation. In: Investigations on epidemic infantile paralysis, report from the State Medical Institute of Sweden to the XVth International Congress on Hygiene and Demography.
Kling, A. Pettersson, and W. Wernstedt recovered the poliomyelitis virus from the intestinal wall and contents, disproving the contention of Flexner that it was exclusively neurotropic.
GMN 4670.4 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/857
1912 BOTTERI, Albert (1879 – 1955)
Klinische, experimentelle und mikroskopische Studien über Trachom, Einschlussblenorrhöe und Frühjahrskatarrh.
Filtration of the virus of inclusion conjunctivitis.
GMN 5960 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6978
1914 HESS, Alfred Fabian (1875 – 1933)
German measles (rubella): an experimental study.
Experimental proof that rubella is caused by a virus.
GMN 5506.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6494
1915 TWORT, Frederick William (1877 – 1950)
An investigation on the nature of ultra-microscopic viruses.
Twort discovered discovered bacteriophages, a type of virus that attacks bacteria (the term bacteriophage was coined by Félix d’Herelle, who in 1917 independently confirmed Twort’s discovery). The discovery of bacteri…
GMN 2571 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/3705
1915 NOGUCHI, Hideyo (1876 – 1928)
Pure cultivation in vivo of vaccine virus free from bacteria.
Noguchi obtained a pure culture of vaccinia virus.
GMN 5430.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7400
1917 CAMPBELL, Alfred Walter (1868 – 1937); CLELAND, Sir John Burton (1878 – 1971)
The Australian epidemics of an acute polio-encephalomyelitis (X disease).
Campbell was Australia's first neurologist. This paper described Murray Valley encephalitis (Australian X disease). Cleland and Campbell isolated a virus from the cerebral tissue of three patients.
GMN 4648 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/738
1917 D'HÉRELLE, Félix Hubert (1873 – 1949)
Sur une microbe invisible antagoniste des bacilles dysentérique.
d'Herrelle discovered a microbe-eating virus that he called "bacteriophage." He made his discovery independently of the work of Frederick Twort, which was published two years earlier. (See No. 2571).
GMN 2572 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/3687
1920 BORDET, Jules Jean Baptiste Vincent (1870 – 1961); CIUCÃ, Mihai (1883 – 1969)
Exsudats leucocytaires et autolyse microbienne transmissible.
Lysogeny
GMN 2572.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/3693
1920 GREAT BRITAIN. MINISTRY OF HEALTH
Report on the pandemic of influenza 1918-19.
Reports on Public Health and Medical Subjects, No. 4. The most widespread and serious pandemic of influenza occurred in 1918-19. It spread throughout Europe, Russia, Canada, S. America, New Zealand, Australia, Africa,…
GMN 5492 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6441
1920 ZAHORSKY, John (1871 – 1963)
Herpetic sore throat.
First description of herpangina, an acute infection associated with Coxsackie viruses.
GMN 5538 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6713
1921 LIPSCHÜTZ, Benjamin (1878 – 1931)
Untersuchungen über die Ätiologie der Krankheiten der Herpesgruppe (Herpes zoster, Herpes genitalis, Herpes febrilis).
Lipschütz’s account of herpes virus diseases included identification of the characteristic inclusion bodies (“Zosterkörperchen”).
GMN 2521.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/3300
