1619 SCHEINER, Christoph (1575 – 1650)
Oculus, hoc est: fundamentum opticum.
Scheiner, a Jesuit astronomer, was a pioneer in physiological optics. He demonstrated how images fall on the human retina, noting the change in curvature of the lens during accommodation, and devised the pin-hole test…
GMN 1480 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2465
1843 KÜCHLER, Heinrich (1811 – 1873)
Schriftnummerprobe für Gesichtsleidende.
Küchler introduced test readings of print at a distance, for examination of patients.
GMN 5858 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7214
1860 JÄGER VON JAXTHAL, Eduard (1818 – 1884)
Schriftskalen. 3te. Aufl.
Jaeger first introduced his test types in 1854; Emil Fuchs improved them in 1895.
GMN 5887 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7345
1862 DONDERS, Frans Cornelis (1818 – 1889)
Astigmatisme en cilindrische glazen.
Includes statement of “Donders’s law” – the rotation of the eye around the line of sight is not voluntary. French and German translations, 1862.
GMN 5889 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7354
1862 SNELLEN, Hermann (1834 – 1908)
Probebuchstaben zur Bestimmung der Sehschärfe.
Snellen’s test-types (“Optotypi”) which soon gained acceptance in all civilized countries. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.
GMN 5890 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7357
1867 JAVAL, Louis Émile (1839 – 1907)
Sur un nouvel instrument pour la détermination de l’astigmatisme.
Javal invented the astigmometer, and described it in the above paper.
GMN 5901 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7402
1873 –1874 CUIGNET, Ferdinand Louis Joseph (1823 – 1890)
Kératoscopie.
Introduction of the shadow test (retinoscopy), sometimes called “Cuignet’s method”.
GMN 5908 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6782
1874 HOLMGREN, Alarik Frithiof (1831 – 1897)
Om den medfödda, färgblindhetens diagnostic och teori.
Holmgren introduced the wool-skein test for the diagnosis of color-blindness.
GMN 5911 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6791
1917 ISHIHARA, Shinobu (1879 – 1963)
Tests for colour-blindness.
Ishihara’s color tests. 15th ed., 1960.
GMN 5966 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6997
