1903 BINET, Alfred (1857 – 1911)

L'Étude expérimentale de l'intelligence.

Once education was made mandatory for all French children from ages six to fourteen, it became necessary to determine which children might be considered retarded. To do so the question arose concerning what test shoul…

GMN 13067 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/15319

1911 BINET, Alfred (1857 – 1911); SIMON, Theodore (1873 – 1961)

La mesure du développement de l’intelligence chez les jeunes enfants.

Binet–Simon intelligence tests. As early as 1895 Binet had published a plan for studying intelligence. English translation, 1912.

GMN 4985 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6446

1939 WECHSLER, David (1896 – 1981)

The measurement of adult intelligence.

Wechsler made the first attempt to construct an intelligence scale specifically for adults. Until his effort, most intelligence tests used with adults were not standardized for anyone over 18. "Discusses the construct…

GMN 11787 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13989

1981 GOULD, Stephen Jay (1941 – 2002)

The mismeasure of man.

A critique of statistical methods and cultural motivations underlying biological determinism. "Gould argues that the primary assumption underlying biological determinism is that, “worth can be assigned to individuals …

GMN 13068 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/15320