English translations, Philadelphia, 1880, and London, 1882-86.

An elaboration of his lectures on the subject at the Collège de France.

Cohnheim was the master experimental pathologist of the 19th century. He was a pupil of Virchow and Kölliker; in contradiction of the former, he showed the essential feature of inflammation to be the passage of leucocytes through the capillary walls and their accumulation at the site of the injury – “ohne Gefässe keine Entzündung”. His first article on the subject will be found in Virchows Arch. path. Anat., 1867, 40, 1-79.

Apart from Virchow’s Cellularpathologie, this was the most influential textbook of pathology during the 19th century. It includes (vol. 1, p. 38) a report on the experimental production of heart murmurs. English translation, New Sydenham Society, 3 vols., 1889-90.

On the technique of dissection. English translation, London, 1876.

An outstanding textbook which today remains of value to pathologists. Ziegler was Professor of Pathology at Freiburg, and founded the Beiträge zur pathologischen Anatomie (“Ziegler’s Beiträge”).

First reported case of primary amyloidosis.

Metchnikoff delivered his classic lectures on inflammation in French at the Pasteur Institute. They were translated into Russian as Lektsii o sravnitelnoi patologii vospaleniy, and published in St. Petersburg by K. L. Rikker in 1892. The lectures were translated into English from the French by F.A. Starling and E. H. Starling as Lectures on the comparative pathology of inflammation, and published in London in 1893, Digital facsimile of the original French edition from the Internet Archive at this link. Digital facsimile of the English translation from the Internet Archive at this link.

Reproduced in Bibliotheca Medica Americana, Baltimore, 1937, Vol. 3.

Vol. 2 written with A. G. Nicholls.

A notable paper on inflammation. Marchand succeeded Ziegler as editor of the latter’s Beiträge.

1: Blut, Knochenmark, Lymphknoten, Milz.    

1/1: Blut, Lymphknoten von Max Askanazy. 1926.         

1/2: Milz, Knochenmark von Max Askanazy. 1927.          

3A: Lymphknoten: Diagnostik in Schnitt und Ausstrich: Cytologie und Lymphadenitis von Karl Lennert. 1961.  

3B: Malignant lymphomas: Other than Hodgkin's disease; Histology, cytology, ultrastructure, immunology von Karl Lennert. 1978.  

2: Herz und Gefässe von Carl Benda. 1924.        

3: Atmungswege und Lungen.

3/1: Von Walther Berblinger. 1928.  

3/2: Von Walther Berblinger. 1930.  

3/3: Hans J. Arndt. 1931.

3/4: Die gut- und bösartigen Lungengeschwülste von Hermann Eck. 1969.  

3/5: The pathologic anatomy of mycoses: Human infection with fungi actinomycetes and algae by Roger D. Baker. 1971.     

4: Verdauungsschlauch von B. Borchardt.

4/1: Rachen und Tonsillen, Speiseröhre, Magen und Darm, Bauchfell. 1926.     

4/2:  Verdauungsschlauch von B. Borchardt. 1928.

4/3:  Verdauungsschlauch von B. Borchardt. 1929

5: Verdauungsdrüsen von W. Fischer.

5/1: Leber. 1930.  

5/2: Kopfspeicheldrüsen, Bauchspeicheldrüse, Gallenblase und Gallenweg. 1929.

6: Harnorgane, männliche Geschlechtsorgane.

6/1: Niere von Theodor Fahr. 1925.     

6/2: Niere und ableitende Harnwege von Hermann Chiari. 1934.     

6/3: Männliche Geschlechtsorgane  / Chiari, Hermann. 1931.     

7: Weibliche Geschlechtsorgane / hrsg. von E. Uehlinger

7/1: Uterus und Tuben. 1930.

7/2: Die Krankheiten der Brustdrüsen und Gebärmutterbänder. 1933.

7/3: Die Krankheiten des Eierstockes. 1937.                   

7/4: Vulva, Vagina, Urethra. 1972.               

7/5: Placenta von Fritz Strauss. 1967.                      

8: Drüsen mit innerer Sekretion  / Berblinger, Walther. 1926.              

9: Bewegungsapparat von Ambrosius von Albertini, Hermann Beitzke, & Georg Axhausen.

9/1: Knochen, Muskeln, Sehnen, Sehnenscheiden, Schleimbeutel von Ambrosius von Albertini. 1929.                       

9/2: Gelenke und Knochen von Hermann Beitzke. 1934.          

9/3: Knochen und Gelenke von Georg Axhausen. 1937.             

9/4: Spezielle Pathologie des Skelets und seiner Teile : unspezifische  Entzündungen, metastatische Geschwülste,                   Parasiten, Wirbelsäule, Becken von Friedrich Boemke. 1939.               

9/5: Spezielle Pathologie des Skelets und seiner Teile : die primären Knochengeschwülste von Georg Herzog. 1944.               

9/6: Die Entwicklungsstörungen der Extremitäten von Andreas Werthemann. 1952                 

9/7: Pathologische Anatomie des Schädels von Ludwig Burkhardt. 1970                 

10: Pathologische Anatomie und Histologie der Vergiftungen von Else Petri. 1930.               

11/1-3 Auge / Hrsg. von Karl Wessely. Bearb. von G. Abelsdorff.

12: Gehörorgan von Karl Wittmaack. 1926.               

13: Nervensystem / hrsg. von W. Scholz.

13/1A: Erkrankungen des zentralen Nervensystems von Gustav Bodechtel. 1957.    

13/1B: Erkrankungen des zentralen Nervensystems von Gustav Bodechtel. 1957.             

13/2A: Erkrankungen des zentralen Nervensystems von Richard Bieling. 1958.     

13/2B: Erkrankungen des zentralen Nervensystems von Richard Bieling. 1958.     

13/3: Erkrankungen des zentralen Nervensystems von Gerhard Döring. 1955.     

13/4: Erkrankungen des zentralen Nervensystems von G. Biondi. 1956.     

13/5: Erkrankungen des peripheren Nervensystems. Erkrankungen des vegetativen Nervensystems von Gerhard Döring. 1955.

Leukotaxine isolated.

Esper was the first to record the finding, in Gailenreuth Cave, of human bones alongside the remains of unknown and probably extinct animals. The implications of this dramatic observation published in a color plate book about unusual fossil animal bones seem to have been unnoticed by the scientific establishment. Also French translation, Nuremberg, Knorrs, 1774. 

Esper's book also included the first published description of disease in ancient bones, a possible bone tumor affecting a fossil cave bear. 

A collection of papers published previously in various journals. Ruffer spent many years in Egypt in the study of palaeopathology. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Surveys the ancient evidence of disease in plants, invertebrates and vertebrates, including man. 

Includes material on the history of paleopathology in the United States.

The first text providing diagnostic criteria for evaluating ancient skeletal remains.

Traces the development of pathological anatomical illustration, and includes a chronological bibliography of all important publications known to Goldschmid containing illustrations of pathological conditions, and an index of artists, printers, and publishers. Fine color plates.

The first systematic history of the subject in the English language. Revised edition, New York, Dover Publications, 1965.

This work makes it possible to read many of the classical writings on the subject which previously, through language difficulties, were beyond the reach of many. The book forms a valuable companion to Long’s history of the subject. 2nd ed., 1961.

Krumbhaar edited the Clio Medica series of volumes on the history of medicine, and contributed a history of pathology to it.

The fact that tuberculosis was present among the ancient Egyptians was proved when Elliot Smith and Ruffer described a genuine case of Pott’s disease in a mummy of 1000 B.C.E.

Tuberculosis was known to the ancients only in its advanced form, and little progress was made in the knowledge of the condition until the time of Sylvius. He asserted that tubercles are often to be found in the lung and that they softened and suppurated to form cavities.

The beginning of the modern clinical conception of tuberculosis. Bayle gave the best description to date of the varieties of tuberculosis. He was first to use the term “miliary” to describe small tubercles and first to speak of tuberculous diathesis. He left an original description of the coarse character of the tubercle and its identity with the pulmonary, granular, and other varieties of tuberculosis. He recognized six types of pulmonary lesion. English translation, Liverpool, 1815.

Klencke showed the possibility of the transmission of tuberculosis to man by cow’s milk. In 1843 he succeeded in inoculating rabbits with tuberculosis.

Villemin inoculated guinea-pigs and rabbits with sputum, caseous material, and miliary tubercles, with resulting development of tuberculosis. His brilliant experimental work proved tuberculosis to be a specific infection transmissible by an inoculable agent.

Buhl stated that disseminated miliary tuberculosis is always associated with the presence of a caseous focus in some part of the body, which is the centre from which infection starts (Buhl-Dittrich law). English translation, New York, 1874.

Confirmation of Villemin. Grancher in 1903 instituted the “Grancher system” – the boarding out of children from tuberculous households in France. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Klebs was the first to produce experimental bovine tuberculosis (by feeding cattle with infected milk). His work confirmed the earlier researches of Villemin.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Cohnheim, a pioneer pathologist, was Virchow’s most distinguished pupil. Among his many valuable experiments, the greatest was perhaps his successful inoculation of tuberculosis in the anterior chamber of the rabbit’s eye, 1877, an account of which is included in the above work. This proved that tuberculous material derived from different sources owed its infectiveness to the same contagious factor. The book first appeared in quarto, 29 pp., 1879, with a Latin imprint: Lipsiae, typis A. Edelmanni. This scarce version was followed by the more common octavo (44 pp.) recorded above. An English translation is included in D. U. Cullimore’s Consumption as a contagious disease, London, [1880].

Concato’s excellent description of tuberculous inflammation of the serous membranes resulted in the eponym “Concato’s disease”.

Discovery of the tubercle bacillus announced March 24, 1882. This paper also contains a statement of “Koch’s postulates”. See also Nos. 2536 and 5167. Koch published a fuller account as "Die Aetiologie der Tuberkulose," Mitt. k. Gesundh. Amte,  2 (1884) 1-88, in which he reported how he had succeeded in producing experimental tuberculosis in animals after cultivating the bacillus. Historian of bacteriology Thomas Brock stated that the 1884 paper "announced what became known as Koch's postulates." Reprinted with translation in Med. Classics, 1938, 2, 821-80. Koch received the Nobel Prize in 1905.

In 2019 Juan Weiss pointed out that on p. 225 Koch published the first reference to the discovery of Agar, without crediting its discoverer, Walther Hesse, an assistant who worked in Koch's laboratory at the time.

Ziehl-Neelsen stain.

Includes (p. 500) details of his stain for the tubercle bacillus (see No. 2331.1).

In 1890, Koch announced the discovery of tuberculin, a substance derived from tubercle bacilli, which he thought was capable of arresting bacterial development in-vitro and in animals. This news gave rise to tremendous hope throughout the world, which was soon replaced by disillusionment when the product turned out to be an ineffective therapeutic agent. In this paper Koch provided his definitive expression of "Koch's Postulates."

The second paper described “Koch’s phenomenon”, and tuberculin skin test. Koch showed that tuberculin injected intradermally would elicit a severe local inflammatory reaction in tuberculous patients. This was the first diagnostic skin test. Abbreviated English translation of second paper in Bibel, Milestones of immunology (1988).

Koch’s new tuberculin (Tuberculin R).

Sero-agglutination for the diagnosis of tubercle bacillus.

First clear differentiation between the bovine and human types of tubercle bacillus.

An account of the work of the Rothschild Hospital at Berck-sur-Mer, where Calot specialized in the treatment of surgical tuberculosis in children.

Calmette’s conjunctival reaction test for tuberculosis.

Introduction of Pirquet’s test – a cutaneous reaction employed in the diagnosis of tuberculosis.

Moro’s percutaneous tuberculin reaction, employed as a diagnostic measure.

Wolff-Eisner’s conjunctival tuberculin reaction.

Mantoux’s intradermal tuberculin skin test.

In 1903 Rollier introduced ultra-violet light and Alpine sunlight in the treatment of surgical tuberculosis. Heliotherapy for chronic affections was advocated as early as the 5th century CE by Caelius Aurelianus.

B.C.G. (Bacille Calmette–Guérin) vaccine was first produced in 1906 and subcultured for 13 years. It was first used as a prophylactic against tuberculosis in children in 1921. It remained in use in 2020. See also No. 2346.

Mollgaard was responsible for the introduction of sanocrysin.

Gerson introduced a salt-restricted diet in the treatment of tuberculosis; this was subsequently modified by Sauerbruch and Herrmannsdorfer, becoming known as the “Gerson–Sauerbruch–Hermannsdorfer diet”. The scientific efficacy of this diet, or of other diets promoted by Gerson to cure cancer, was never independently confirmed. With A. Hermannsdorfer,

Experimental evidence of the value of promin (sodium glucosulphone) in tuberculosis. With H. C. Hinshaw and H.E. Moses. See also Amer. Rev. Tuberc., 1942, 45, 303-33.

Classic work on the pathogenesis of tuberculosis and its immunology and hypersensitivity.

Introduction of thiosemicarbazone in treatment of tuberculosis. With R. Behnisch, F. Mietzsch, and H. Schmidt.

The Heaf multiple-puncture tuberculin test.

Introduction of isoniazid. With I. J. Selikoff and G. G. Omstein. See also Amer. Rev. Tuberc., 1952, 65, 257-442.

Freeze-dried B.C.G. vaccine.

Ethionamide. With F. Grumbach and D. Liberman.

Ethambutol for the treatment of tuberculosis. With C. O. Baughn, R. G. Wilkinson and R. G. Shepherd.

Clio Medica series.

Grünpeck was first to record mixed primary lesions, multiple primary lesions, and to note the second incubation period of syphilis. A translation of the above is in Arch. Derm. Syph. (Chicago), 1930, 22, 430. Digital facsimile from Harvard University Libraries at this link. Harvard describes this as: "Commentary on Brant's poem, De pestilentiali scorra sive mala de Franzos, eulogium, which was first published in Sept. 1496. Cf. Sudhoff, K. Earliest printed lit. on syphilis, p. xxvii. Includes text of poem. Dedication dated Nov. 15, 1496. Printer identified in Voulliéme, E., Die Inkunabeln der K. Bibl. Berlin." ISTC NO. ig00516000. The same printer issued a German translation of this work in the same year:  ISTC No. ig00518000

One of the earliest treatises on syphilis, and one of the few medical books printed by Aldus Manutius in the 15th century. Leoniceno included a good description of syphilitic hemiplegia. He believed that syphilis was known to classical writers. English translation in Major, Classic Descriptions of Disease, 3rd ed., 1945, p. 15.  ISTC No. il00165000. Digital facsimile from the Bayerisches StaatsBibliothek at this link.

H. Goodman considers this treatise, written in verse, among the best of all works on the syphilis in the 15th and 16th centuries. Reprinted Salamanca, 1973. For English translation see Bull. Inst. Hist. Med., 1939, 7, 1129-39. An English translation was also published in London, 1870. ISTC No. il00286000.

The most famous of all medical poems. It epitomized contemporary knowledge of syphilis, gave to it its present name, and recognized a venereal cause. Fracastorius refers to mercury as a remedy. First complete English translation by Nahum Tate (Later Poet Laureate) was published in 1686; translation by W. van Wyck (1934). L. Baumgartner and J. F. Fulton published a handlist of editions of the poem in 1933 and a bibliography of the poem in 1935. Digital facsimile of the 1530 edition from the Hathi Trust at this link.

Includes a description of the neurological manifestations of syphilis. Though this work bears the date 1507, Peter Krivatsy, provided evidence that this edition was printed in 1527. See Krivatsy, "Nicola Massa's Liber de Morbo Gallico--dated 1507 but printed in 1527," J. Hist. Med., 1974, 29, 230-33. Massa was Professor of Anatomy in Venice.

Mattioli considered mercury a specific in the treatment of syphilis. He was probably the first to work extensively on syphilis of the newborn. He is better known for his commentary on Dioscorides.

Diaz de Isla, a Barcelonese surgeon, wrote of a disease “previously unknown, unseen and undescribed”, which appeared in Barcelona in 1493 and which was obviously syphilis. This is probably the earliest reference to the West Indian origin of syphilis (the writer believed that the disease originated in Haiti) and the book is the chief source of the opinions of those who believe in the American origin of syphilis. Text reproduced with German translation in Janus, 1901, 6, 653-55; 1902, 7, 31-40. Extensively discussed in No. 2430.

Digital facsimile from Bayerische StaatsBibliothek at this link.

De Héry made a fortune from treating syphilitic patients. He recommended mercurial inunctions and guaiac internally.

Paracelsus suggested the hereditary transmission of syphilis and advocated mercury internally, as an antisyphilitic. He called the disease “French gonorrhoea” and thus started the confusion which lasted until the 19th century.

Falloppius was one of the first prominent opponents of the use of mercury in syphilis. He distinguished syphilitic and non-syphilitic condylomata.

Includes the first mention of syphilis in the English literature. Facsimile reprint, New York, Da Capo Press, 1971.

A collection of important writings on syphilis to 1500. Boerhaave published a revision of this work in 1728, covering the period 1495-1566.

William Clowes, the greatest of the Elizabethan surgeons, published the first original English treatise on syphilis. It was his first work; it demonstrates the prevalence of the disease at that time (Clowes says that of every 20 persons admitted to St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, 15 were found to be suffering from syphilis). Facsimile reprint, New York, Da Capo Press, 1972.

French translation, Paris, 1879.

Abercromby advanced the idea that syphilis was caused by a parasite, and promoted mercury as a treatment. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Pp. 85-100: “Lists 191 semeiological varieties of syphilis described in the period” (Garrison).

In Hunter's day venereal diseases were thought to be due to a single poison. To test this theory Hunter experimented with matter taken from a gonorrhoeal patient who, unknown to Hunter, also had syphilis. Hunter maintained that gonorrhoea and syphilis were caused by a single pathogen. Backed by the weight of his authority, this experiment retarded the development of knowledge regarding the two diseases. Contrary to legend, however, there is no proof that Hunter actually inoculated himself with venereal disease. The hard (“Hunterian”) chancre eponymizes Hunter; his book also contains the first suggestion of lymphogranuloma venereum as a separate disease, and this work also makes a major contribution to urological surgery. Hunter issued this book at his private press at his anatomy school, the address for which he provided on the title page. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Bell was the first to differentiate between gonorrhoea and syphilis.

The first systematic work on congenital syphilis.

Wallace introduced potassium iodide in the treatment of syphilis, reporting good results in 139 patients.

“Colles’s law” is stated on. p. 304. Colles introduced small doses of mercury in the treatment of syphilis. He was Professor of Surgery at Dublin.

Includes the description of “Ricord’s chancre”, the initial lesion in syphilis. Ricord re-demonstrated the specific character of syphilis and divided it into the three stages, primary, secondary, and tertiary. 

Repeating John Hunter’s experiment, Ricord proved that syphilis and gonorrhoea were separate diseases. After Hunter, he was the greatest authority on venereal disease. 

The first of several English translations appeared in 1842.

An important work on congenital syphilis. English translation, 1859.

First demonstration of the experimental inoculability of syphilis. The information is given in a discussion on the subject by the Society of Physicians of the Palatinate; it appeared anonymously, without title, and identity of the writer was not disclosed until fifty years later. See the footnote on page 585 of Garrison’s Introduction for further details; a biographical note appears in Derm. Z., 1913, 20, 220-23.

Virchow’s great work on the pathology of syphilis confirmed the fact that it was a disease which involved all organs and tissues of the body and showed that the causal organism was transferred through the blood to the various organs and tissues. Issued as offprint, Berlin, 1859.

Hutchinson of St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, is memorable for his original description of the notched incisors (“Hutchinson’s teeth”) in congenital syphilis. His name is also associated with “Hutchinson’s triad” (interstitial keratitis, notched incisors and labyrinthine disease) in congenital syphilis.

Proof of the possibility of transmission of syphilis by blood transfusion.

Wilks’s outstanding work was on visceral syphilis, a subject which he was one of the first to study.

Profeta’s law – a non-syphilitic child born of syphilitic parents is immune.

A complete review of contemporary knowledge. English translation, 2 vols., 1868-69.

“Moon’s molars”, the first molars in congenital syphilitics.

Klebs inoculated syphilis into apes and probably saw the spirochete before Schaudinn and Hoffmann.

Fournier, one of the greatest syphilologists, did more than any other person to develop the knowledge regarding congenital syphilis. Through his writings, the importance of syphilis as a cause of degenerative diseases was recognized.

Balzer was the first to suggest bismuth in the treatment of syphilis.

Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction; see also No. 2397.

See No. 2396.

Metchnikoff and Roux successfully transmitted syphilis from man to the higher apes. Although not the first to do this, they recorded much new information concerning the disease.

On March 3, 1905, Schaudinn discovered the causal organism of syphilis Spirochaeta pallida, in serum obtained from a genital lesion by Hoffmann. Schaudinn later renamed the spirochete Treponema pallidum.

Transmission of syphilis to rabbits.