1925 WEBER, Frederick Parkes (1863 – 1962)
A case of relapsing non-suppurative nodular panniculitis, showing phagocytosis of subcutaneous fat-cells by macrophages.
Weber–Christian disease (see No. 4152).
GMN 4151 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/5851
1926 LEVADITI, Constantin (1874 – 1953)
Essai de prophylaxie des trypanosomiases par des dérivés phénylarsiniques administré
First attempt to induce prophylaxis by chemical means in trypanosomiasis. With S. Nicolau and I. Galloway.
GMN 5289 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6371
1927 CALMETTE, Léon Charles Albert (1863 – 1933); GUÉRIN, Camille (1872 – 1961); BOQUET, Alfred (1879 – 1947); NÈGRE, Léopold (1879 – 1961)
Sur la vaccination préventive des enfants nouveau-nés contre la tuberculose par le B.C.G.
GMN 2346 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/3105
1927 CALMETTE, Léon Charles Albert (1863 – 1933); GUÉRIN, Camille (1872 – 1961); BOQUET, Alfred (1879 – 1947); NÈGRE, Léopold (1879 – 1961)
La vaccination préventive contre la tuberculose par le "BGG". Par Albert Calmette avec la collaboration de C. Guérin, A. Boquet et L. Nègre.
A 250-page monograph, with bibliographical references, on the development of the BCG vaccine from M. bovis, from 1909 to 1927 by the scientists involved. (Thanks to Ron Cox for this reference.)
GMN 11994 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14202
1928 RAMON, Gaston Léon (1886 – 1963)
L’anatoxine diphtérique. Ses propriétés–ses applications.
In 1923 Ramon so modified the diphtheria toxin with formaldehyde that it lost its toxic properties while retaining its antigenic virtues. This modified “anatoxin” (toxoid) superseded toxin–antitoxin as an immunizing a…
GMN 5070 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/5909
1928 HINDLE, Edward (1886 – 1973)
A yellow fever vaccine.
First vaccine for immunization against yellow fever. Hindle devised a method for the transportation of frozen infected material from West Africa to London, making it possible to carry on experimental work in Britain.
GMN 5461 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7571
1929 HEIDELBERGER, Michael (1888 – 1991); KENDALL, Forrest E. (1898 – 1975)
A quantitative study of the precipitin reaction between Type III pneumococcus polysaccharide and purified homologous antibody.
Heidelberger and Kendall adapted the precipitin reaction to permit the quantitative measurement of antibody and antigen. This established the principle of quantitative immunochemistry.
GMN 2576.01 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/3702
1929 SULZBERGER, Marion Baldur (1895 – 1983)
Hypersensitiveness to arsphenamine in guinea pigs. I. Experiments in prevention and desensitization.
First demonstration of specific, acquired, lasting refractoriness to sensitization. This is the same or a closely related phenomenon to that demonstrated later by Burnet and Medawar under the name immune tolerance. Se…
GMN 2576.02 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/3707
1930 BREINL, Friedrich (1888 – 1936); HAUROWITZ, Felix (1896 – 1987)
Chemische Untersuchung des Präzipitates aus Hämoglobin und AntiHämoglobin-Serum und Bemerkungen über die Natur der Antikörper.
Template or instruction theory of antibody formation.
GMN 2576.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4108
1930 GLENNY, Alexander Thomas (1882 – 1965)
Insoluble precipitates in diphtheria and tetanus immunization.
Alum-precipitated toxoid for active immunization.
GMN 5071 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/5911
1931 BURNET, Sir Frank Macfarlane (1899 – 1985); MACNAMARA, Annie Jean Dame (1899 – 1968)
Immunological differences between strains of poliomyelitis virus.
GMN 4670.5 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/861
1931 LESLIE, Patrick Holt (1900 – 1972); GARDNER, Arthur Duncan (1884 – 1977)
The phases of Haemophilus pertussis.
Leslie and Gardner classified H. pertussis cultures into four types and established an experimental basis for the development of an effective vaccine.
GMN 5087.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/5975
1932 FOSHAY, Lee (1896 – 1960)
Serum treatment of tularemia.
Foshay devised a serum for the treatment of tularemia.
GMN 5179 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6292
1932 SAWYER, Wilbur Augustus (1879 – 1951); LLOYD, Wray Devere Marr (1902 – 1936)
Vaccination against yellow fever with immune serum and virus fixed for mice.
These workers devised an immune serum for prophylactic inoculation against yellow fever. With S. F. Kitchen and W. D. M. Lloyd.
GMN 5465 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7586
1933 LANDSTEINER, Karl (1868 – 1943)
Die Spezifizität der serologischen Reaktionen.
Summary of many years of research on antigen-antibody interactions. Landsteiner considered his study of hapten-antibody reactions to be his most significant work. Revised English translation, 1936 (revised 1945).
GMN 2576.2 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4112
1933 RAMON, Gaston Léon (1886 – 1963); ZOELLER, Christian (1888 – 1934)
Sur la valeur et la durée de l’immunité conférée par l’anatoxine tétanique dans la vaccination de l’homme contre le tétanos.
Tetanus toxoid first employed in the immunization of humans.
GMN 5151 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6194
1933 WANI, Hidetsune
Ueber die Prophylaxe der Spirochaetosis icterohaemorrhagica Inada (Weilschen Krankheit) durch Schutzimpfung.
Prophylactic vaccination against leptospirosis.
GMN 5335.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6688
1934 MARRACK, John Richardson (1886 – 1976)
The chemistry of antigens and antibodies.
“The advent of the lattice theory of antibody-antigen coupling” (Bibel, Milestones in immunology [1988]pp. 91-94).
GMN 2576.6 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4123
1934 FELIX, Arthur (1887 – 1956); PITT, R. Margaret
A new antigen of B. typhosus. Its relation to virulence and to active and passive immunisation.
Vi antigens first described.
GMN 5045 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/8970
1935 HOSKINS, Meredith
A protective action of neurotropic against viscerotropic yellow fever virus in Macacus rhesus.
One of the first examples of an animal virus interference phenomenon was demonstrated by Hoskins.
GMN 2576.3 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4118
1936 IRWIN, M. Robert (1897 – 1987); COLE, Leon Jacob (1877 – 1948)
Immunogenetic studies of species and of species hybrids in doves, and the separation of species-specific substances in the backcross.
Irwin coined the term, “immunogenetics” to describe the union of immunology with genetics. He attempted to determine the genetic control of antigenicity through genetic cross matings.
GMN 2576.4 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4116
1936 WEBSTER, Leslie Tillotson (1894 – 1943); CLOW, Anna D. (1905 – 1992)
Propagation of rabies virus in tissue culture and the successful use of culture virus as antirabic vaccine.
Webster and Clow succeeded in growing rabies virus in tissue culture.
GMN 5484.2 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6390
1937 GORER, Peter Alfred (1907 – 1961)
The genetic and antigenic basis of tumour transplantation.
Gorer made the initial discoveries which formed the basis of transplantation genetics. He studied mouse blood groups and described an antigen in erythrocytes (antigen II). His studies established the laws of transplan…
GMN 2576.5 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4121
1937 THEILER, Max (1899 – 1972); SMITH, Hugh Hollingsworth (1902 – 1995)
The use of yellow fever virus modified by in vitro cultivation for human immunization.
Immunization without the use of immune serum. In 1951 Theiler was awared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for his discovery of an effective vaccine against yellow fever." This was the first Nobel Prize award…
GMN 5467 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7597
1937 TISELIUS, Arne Wilhelm Kaurin (1902 – 1971)
Electrophoresis of serum globulin. II- Electrophoretic analysis of normal and immune sera.
Tiselius showed that an antibody that he produced in a rabbit by immunizing it with albumin (ovalbumin) was clearly located in the gamma globulin fraction. He summarized the paper with this statement: "Investigation o…
GMN 12832 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/15078
1938 WOLLMAN, Eugène (1883 – 1943); WOLLMAN, Elisabeth (1888 – 1943)
Recherches sur le phénomène de Twort-d’Hérelle (bactériophage ou autolyse hérédo-contagieuse).
The Wollmans made important contributions to the knowledge on bacteriophage and lysogeny.
GMN 2576.7 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4125
1938 DAMESHEK, William (1900 – 1969); SCHWARTS, Steven Otto (1911 – )
Hemolysins as the cause of clinical and experimental hemolytic anemias.
Acquired hemolytic anemia was the first condition to be recognized as an auto-immune disease.
GMN 3787.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4694
1938 FELIX, Arthur (1887 – 1956); PETRIE, George Ford (1863 – 1955)
The preparation of anti-typhoid serum in the horse for therapeutic use in man.
Typhoid antiserum.
GMN 5045.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/5826
1939 TISELIUS, Arne Wilhelm Kaurin (1902 – 1971); KABAT, Elvin Abraham (1914 – 2000)
An electrophoretic study of immune sera and purified antibody preparations.
Antibodies shown to be gamma globulins.
GMN 2576.8 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4127
1939 KENDRICK, Pearl Louella (1890 – 1980); ELDERING, Grace (1900 – 1988)
A study in active immunization against pertussis.
Pertussis vaccine.
GMN 5087.2 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/5978
1939 STERNE, Max (1905 – 1997)
The use of anthrax vaccines prepared from avirulent (uncapsulatec) variants of Bacillus anthracis.
Nonencapsulated spore vaccine.
GMN 5172.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6264
1940 COX, Herald Rea (1907 – 1986); BELL, E. John
Epidemic and endemic typhus. Protective value for guinea pigs of vaccines prepared from infected tissues of the developing chick embryo.
Typhus vaccine.
GMN 5398.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7191
1940 WAALER, Erik (1903 – 1997)
On the occurrence of a factor in human serum activating the specific agglutination of sheep blood corpuscles.
Discovery of the Rheumatoid factor.
GMN 10706 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/12899
1941 HARE, Ronald (1899 – 1986); MCCLELLAND, Laurella (1912 – 1993)
The absorption of influenza virus by red cells and a new in vitro method of measuring antibodies for influenza virus.
Independently of Hirst, McClelland and Hare discovered virus hemagglutination.
GMN 2578 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4133
1942 FREUND, Jules Thomas (1891 – 1960); MCDERMOTT, Katherine
Sensitization to horse serum by means of adjuvants.
Freund’s adjuvant. Freund’s procedure allowed adjuvants to be used for any antigen.
GMN 2578.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4135
1942 FELTON, Lloyd Derr (1885 – 1953); OTTINGER, Barbara
Pneumococcus polysaccharide as a paralyzing agent on the mechanism of immunity in white mice.
GMN 2578.2 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4138
1942 LANDSTEINER, Karl (1868 – 1943); CHASE, Merrill Wallace (1905 – 2004)
Experiments on transfer of cutaneous sensitivity to simple compounds.
Cellular transfer of delayed hypersensitivity, establishing the criticial role of mononuclear cells in cellular immunity.
GMN 2578.3 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4140
1943 GIBSON, Thomas (1915 – 1993); MEDAWAR, Sir Peter Brian (1915 – 1987)
The fate of skin homografts in man.
Gibson and Medawar placed the laws of transplantation on a firm scientific basis. A later paper by Medawar (J. Anat. [Lond.], 1944, 78, 176- 99) demonstrated that the mechanism of rejection of transplanted tissues is …
GMN 2578.4 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4141
1944 ORDMAN, Charles William (1914 – ); ET AL
Chemical, clinical, and immunological studies on the products of human plasma fractionation. XII. The use of concentrated normal human serum gamma globulin (human immune serum globulin) in the prevention and attenuation of measles.
Gamma globulin used for passive immunization against measles. With C. G. Jennings and C. A. Janeway.
GMN 5449.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7494
1945 FULTON, Forrest (1913 – 1971); JOYNER, L
Cultivation of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi in lungs of rodents. Preparation of a scrub-typhus vaccine.
Scrub-typhus vaccine.
GMN 5399 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7205
1945 SABIN, Albert Bruce (1906 – 1993); SCHLESINGER, Robert Walter (1913 – 2003)
Production of immunity to dengue with virus modified by propagation in mice.
Successful propagation of dengue in mice and production of a vaccine.
GMN 5475.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7622
1946 ENDERS, John Franklin (1897 – 1985); STOKES, Joseph Jr. (1896 – 1972); ET AL
Immunity in mumps. VI. Experiments on the vaccination of human beings with formolized mumps virus.
With E. P. Maris, and L. W. Kane.
GMN 5544.2 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6756
1948 OUCHTERLONY, Örjan Thomas Gunnersson (1914 – 2004)
In vitro method for testing the toxin-producing capacity of diphtheria bacteria.
Agar gel immunodiffusion.
GMN 2578.6 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4143
1949 ENDERS, John Franklin (1897 – 1985); WELLER, Thomas Huckle (1915 – 2008); ROBBINS, Frederick Chapman (1916 – 2003)
Cultivation of the Lansing strain of poliomyelitis virus in cultures of various human embryonic tissues.
Enders, Weller, and Robbins grew the poliomyelitis virus in cultures of different tissues. Their method proved of great value in virus research, and removed the final obstacles to vaccine production. In 1974 Enders, W…
GMN 4671.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/874
1949 BURNET, Sir Frank Macfarlane (1899 – 1985); FENNER, Frank John (1914 – 2010)
The production of antibodies. 2nd ed.
Burnet and Fenner introduced the “self-marker” concept – natural tolerance to one’s own body constituents depended on their presence at a critical stage of embryonic development.
GMN 2578.7 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4144
1950 COONS, Albert Hewitt (1912 – 1978); KAPLAN, Melvin H. (1920 – )
Localization of antigen in tissue cells. II. Improvements in a method for the detection of antigen by means of fluorescent antibody.
Fluorescent antibody technique.
GMN 2578.8 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4145
1951 MEDAWAR, Sir Peter Brian (1915 – 1987); BILLINGHAM, Rupert Everett (1921 – 2002)
The technique of free skin grafting in mammals.
This "paper facilitated the later discovery of `actively acquired tolerance' and the definition of the principal laws of transplantation tolerance. Thus, it was in a series of classic experiments (stemming from this J…
GMN 13595 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/15874
1952 KOPROWSKI, Hilary (1916 – 2013); ET AL
Immune responses in human volunteers upon oral administration of a rodent-adapted strain of poliomyelitis virus.
Successful immunization against poliomyelitis with a living attenuated virus vaccine. With G. A. Jervis and T. W. Norton.
GMN 4672.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/885
1952 BRUTON, Ogden Carr (1908 – 2003)
Agammaglobulinemia.
First report.
GMN 2578.9 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4146
1952 DAUSSET, Jean (1916 – 2009); NENNA, André Dominique (1925 – 1991)
Presence d’une leuco-agglutinine dans le sérum d’un cas d’agranulocytose chronique.
Discovery of leuco-agglutinins.
GMN 2578.10 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4147
