1840 –1844 BREWSTER, Sir David (1781 – 1868)
On the knowledge of distance given by binocular vision.
GMN 1500 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2578
1841 FERRALL, Joseph Michael [afterwards O’FERRALL] (1790 – 1860)
On the anatomy and pathology of certain structures in the orbit not previously described.
Ferrall’s operation for enucleation of the eyeball (p. 354).
GMN 5854 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7197
1842 DIEFFENBACH, Johann Friedrich (1792 – 1847)
Ueber das Schielen und die Heilung desselben durch eine Operation.
The first successful attempt at treating strabismus by myotomy. The operation was later abandoned owing to the frequently disastrous final effects. A preliminary paper appeared in Med. Ztg., 1839, 8, 227.
GMN 5856 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7204
1842 BOLTON, James (1812 – 1869)
A treatise on strabismus, with a description of new instruments designed to improve the operation for its cure.
GMN 5855 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7499
1843 HIMLY, Karl Gustav (1772 – 1837)
Die Krankheiten und Missbildungen des menschlichen Auges und deren Heilung. 2 vols.
Himly was professor of ophthalmology at Jena and later at Göttingen. He introduced clinical teaching in ophthalmology.
GMN 5857 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7209
1844 –1850 SUŚRUTA, (Sushruta); HESSLER, Franz (1799 – 1890)
Suśrutas. Áyruvédas. Id est medicinae systema a venerabili d'hanvantare demonstratum a Suśruta discipulo compositum. Nunc primum ex Sanksríta in Latinum sermonem vertit, introductionem, annotationes et rerum indicem adjecit Dr. Franciscus Hessler. 3 vols.
First translation of the Suśruta Samhitā into Latin, and the first publication of this text in the West. Suśruta is said to have lived in the 6th or 5th centuries, BCE. The principal medical contribution of the ancien…
GMN 11 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/35
1844 BRUCH, Karl Wilhelm Ludwig (1819 – 1884)
Untersuchungen zur Kenntniss des körnigen Pigments der Wirbelthiere in physiologischer und pathologischer Hinsicht.
Includes a description of “Bruch’s membrane” of the choroid.
GMN 1501 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2579
1845 KUSSMAUL, Adolf (1822 – 1902)
Die Farbenerscheinungen im Grunde des menschlichen Auges.
An important description of colour phenomena in the fundus oculi. This paper won for Kussmaul the Karl Friedrich Medal of the University of Heidelberg.
GMN 1502 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2580
1845 LISTING, Johann Benedict (1808 – 1882)
Beitrag zur physiologischen Optik.
GMN 1503 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2581
1845 MACKENZIE, William (1791 – 1868)
On the vision of objects on and in the eye.
An introduction to the then little-known subject of catoptrics.
GMN 1504 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2583
1845 BRÜCKE, Ernst Wilhelm von (1819 – 1892)
Anatomische Untersuchungen über die sogenannten leuchtenden Augen bei den Wirbelthieren.
Von Brücke studied the luminosity of the eye in animals, and by passing a tube through a candle flame, was able to see the fundus. See also the same journal, 1847, 225-27.
GMN 5859 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7218
1845 WALTHER, Phillipp Franz von (1782 – 1849)
Ueber die Hornhautflecken.
First description of corneal opacity.
GMN 5860 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7221
1845 PACINI, Filippo (1812 – 1883)
Nuove ricerche microscopiche sulla tessiture intima della retina nell’ uomo, nei vertebrati, nei cefalapodi, e negli insetti precedute da alcune riflessioni sugli elementi morfologici globulari del sisteme nervoso.
Pacini was the first to provide an accurate description of all the layers of the retina. Digital facsimile of the separate (offprint) edition from the Internet Archive at this link.
GMN 7330 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/9501
1846 CUMMING, William (1812 – 1886)
On a luminous appearance of the human eye, and its application to the detection of disease of the retina and posterior part of the eye.
While a student at the London Hospital, Cumming, by shading the eye of a fellow student from the light, was able to look directly into it and obtain both the retinal reflex and the white light from the entrance of the…
GMN 5861 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7224
1847 JONES, Thomas Wharton (1808 – 1891)
A manual of the principles and practice of ophthalmic medicine and surgery.
The last important English work on opthalmology published before the invention of the ophthalmoscope. Jones did not appreciate the prototype ophthalmoscope devised by Charles Babbage, and shown to him in 1847. After t…
GMN 5862 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7227
1847 DESMARRES, Louis Auguste (1810 – 1882)
Traité théorique et pratique des maladies des yeux.
GMN 5863 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7230
1849 BOWMAN, Sir William (1816 – 1892)
Lectures on the parts concerned in the operations on the eye, and on the structure of the retina.
Bowman did more than any other man to advance ophthalmic surgery in England. The above work is the first to include a sound description of the microscopical anatomy of the eye and the ciliary (“Bowman’s”) muscle. The …
GMN 1505 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2585
1850 DESMARRES, Louis Auguste (1810 – 1882)
Opérations qui se pratiquent sur les yeux.
GMN 5864 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7231
1851 MÜLLER, Heinrich (1820 – 1864)
Zur Histologie der Netzhaut.
Discovery of visual purple.
GMN 1506 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2589
1851 –1856 ARLT, Carl Ferdinand von (1812 – 1887)
Die Krankheiten des Auges. 3 vols.
Arlt described granular conjunctivitis (“Arlt’s trachoma”) and an operation for transplantation of the ciliary bulbs in the treatment of distichiasis.
GMN 5865 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7234
1851 HELMHOLTZ, Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von (1821 – 1894)
Beschreibung eines Augen-Spiegels zur Untersuchung der Netzhaut im lebenden Auge.
Invention of the ophthalmoscope, one of the greatest events in the history of ophthalmology. English translation by T. H. Shastid, Chicago, Cleveland Press, 1916.
GMN 5866 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7238
1852 BUDGE, Ludwig Julius (1811 – 1884)
Ueber den Einfluss des Nervensystems auf die Bewegung der Iris.
GMN 1507 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2591
1852 HELMHOLTZ, Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von (1821 – 1894)
Ueber die Theorie der zusammengesetzten Farben.
GMN 1508 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2593
1852 RUETE, Christian Georg Theodor (1810 – 1867)
Der Augenspiegel und des Optometer für practische Aerzte.
Ruete introduced a practical lens system for examining the inverted image, and improved the illumination, producing the first practical ophthalmoscope.
GMN 5866.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7240
1852 BOWMAN, Sir William (1816 – 1892)
Observations on artificial pupil, with a description of a new method of operating in certain cases.
Bowman devised an operation for the formation of an artificial pupil.
GMN 5867 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7245
1852 –1859 SICHEL, Jules (1802 – 1868)
Iconographie ophtalmologique. 1 vol. and atlas.
This work and that of Ammon (No. 5852) remain the greatest preophthalmoscopic atlases of ophthalmology.
GMN 5868 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7248
1853 –1858 STELLWAG VON CARION, Carl (1823 – 1904)
Die Ophthalmologie vom naturwissenschaftlichen Standpunkte aus bearbeitet. 2 vols. [in 3].
English translation, 1868.
GMN 5869 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7252
1853 TRIGT, Adrien Christophe van (1825 – 1864)
Dissertatio ophthalmologica inauguralis de speculo oculi.
Trigt's thesis contains the first printed illustrations of the fundus of the eye. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link. The following year Trigt's thesis was translated into German by C. H. Schauenberg as …
GMN 5869.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7258
1853 TÜRCK, Ludwig (1810 – 1868)
Ein Fall von Hamorrhagie der Netzhaut beider Augen.
Türck was the first to note the correlation of retinal hemorrhage with tumors of the brain.
GMN 5870 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7261
1854 –1855 HELMHOLTZ, Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von (1821 – 1894)
Ueber die Accommodation des Auges.
Helmholtz determined the optical constants and explained the mechanism of accommodation, with the help of the ophthalmometer which he had invented in 1852.
GMN 1509 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2595
1854 –1855 GRAEFE, Friedrich Wilhelm Ernst Albrecht von (1828 – 1870)
Vorlaüfige Notiz über das Wesen des Glaucoms.
GMN 5872 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7264
1854 JONES, Thomas Wharton (1808 – 1891)
Report on the ophthalmoscope.
Jones reported that Charles Babbage (1792-1871), the computer pioneer, had produced a simple ophthalmoscope in 1847. After the success of Helmholtz’s instrument in 1851 (No. 5866) Jones wrote about Babbage’s instrumen…
GMN 5874 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7269
1854 MECKEL VON HEMSBACH, Heinrich (1821 – 1856)
Die pyämische Ophthalmie in Beziehung zur feinsten Organisation des Entzündungs-Produkts und zu der eigenthümlichen Struktur des Glaskörpers.
First account of metastatic ophthalmia.
GMN 5875 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7271
1854 –1855 GRAEFE, Friedrich Wilhelm Ernst Albrecht von (1828 – 1870)
Notiz über die Behandlung der Mydriasis
GMN 5871 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7463
1855 BUDGE, Ludwig Julius (1811 – 1884)
Ueber die Bewegung der Iris: Für Physiologen und Ärzte,
Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.
GMN 1510 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2597
1855 PANIZZA, Bartolomeo (1785 – 1867)
Osservazioni sul nervo ottico.
Panizza was the first to attribute the vision function to the posterior cortex.
GMN 1511 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2600
1855 –1856 GRAEFE, Friedrich Wilhelm Ernst Albrecht von (1828 – 1870)
Ueber die Coremorphosis als Mittel gegen chronische Iritis und Iridochorioiditis.
Graefe introduced iridectomy in the treatment of iritis and iridochoroiditis.
GMN 5873 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7268
1855 BENDZ, Jacob Christian (1802 – 1858)
Quelques considérations sur la nature de l’ophthalmie dite militaire, par rapport à son apparition dans l’armée danoise depuis 1851.
Description of trachoma.
GMN 5876 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7272
1855 LIEBREICH, Richard (1830 – 1917)
Ophthalmoskopische Notizen 4. Seitliche Beleuchtung und mikroskopische Untersuchung am lebenden Auge.
Liebreich introduced lateral illumination in microscopic investigation of the living eye.
GMN 5877 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7275
1856 WILLIAMS, Henry Willard (1821 – 1895)
Iritis – non-mercurial treatment.
The second and third papers are entitled “On the treatment of iritis without mercury”.
GMN 5878 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7276
1856 POLAK, Jakob Eduard (1818 – 1891)
Kitab-i jarrahi wa yak risalah dar kahhali [in Persian; English translation: Book on surgery with a treatise on ophthalmology]. Lithographed text.
The first Persian-language surgery and ophthalmology textbook based on Western medical science. Polak based his textbook on Joseph Maximilien Chelius’s Handbuch der Chirurgie (1830) and Handbuch der Augenheilkunde (18…
GMN 14062 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/16372
1857 –1859 BOWMAN, Sir William (1816 – 1892)
On the treatment of lacrymal obstructions.
GMN 5879 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7278
1857 GRAEFE, Friedrich Wilhelm Ernst Albrecht von (1828 – 1870)
Beiträge zur Lehre vom Schielen und von der Schiel-Operation.
Graefe’s operation for strabismus.
GMN 5880 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7280
1857 GRAEFE, Friedrich Wilhelm Ernst Albrecht von (1828 – 1870)
Ueber die Iridectomie bei Glaucom und über den glaucomatösen Process.
Iridectomy for the treatment of glaucoma was introduced by Graefe.
GMN 5881 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7283
1858 GRAEFE, Alfred Carl (1830 – 1899)
Klinische Analyse der Motilitätsstörungendes Auges.
Alfred Carl Graefe, cousin of Albrecht, made a careful clinical analysis of disordered movements of the eye. He also invented a special “localization ophthalmoscope”, and, with Saemisch, edited the great Handbuch der …
GMN 5883 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7286
1858 AMMON, Friedrich August von (1799 – 1861)
Die Entwicklungsgeschichte des menschlichen Auges.
"Ammon's Scleral Prominence - prominence of the postero-external aspect of the globe of the eye of the foetus which appears at the third month of foetal life." Jessie Dobson, eponyms, 2nd. Ed. (1962), p.13 . The artic…
GMN 13339 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/15607
1859 GRAEFE, Friedrich Wilhelm Ernst Albrecht von (1828 – 1870)
Ueber Embolie der Arteria centralis retinae als Ursache plötzlicher Erblindung.
Discovery of embolism of the retinal artery as a cause of sudden blindness.
GMN 5882 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7284
1859 KNAPP, Jacob Hermann (1832 – 1911)
Die Krümmung der Homhaut des menschlichen Auges.
Knapp wrote valuable monographs on curvature of the cornea (above) and on intraocular tumours (see No. 5902). He became one of the leading ophthalmologists in America.
GMN 5884 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7333
1860 DEMARQUAY, Jean Nicolas (1811 – 1875)
Ueber Complication von Sehnervenentzündung mit Gehimkrankheiten.
Graefe showed that most cases of blindness and impaired vision connected with cerebral disorders are a result of optic neuritis rather than of paralysis of the optic nerve.
GMN 5885 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7338
1860 MITCHELL, Silas Weir (1829 – 1914)
On the production of cataract in frogs by the administration of sugar.
GMN 5888 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7350
