1927 CALMETTE, Léon Charles Albert (1863 – 1933); GUÉRIN, Camille (1872 – 1961); BOQUET, Alfred (1879 – 1947); NÈGRE, Léopold (1879 – 1961)
La vaccination préventive contre la tuberculose par le "BGG". Par Albert Calmette avec la collaboration de C. Guérin, A. Boquet et L. Nègre.
A 250-page monograph, with bibliographical references, on the development of the BCG vaccine from M. bovis, from 1909 to 1927 by the scientists involved. (Thanks to Ron Cox for this reference.)
GMN 11994 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14202
1928 RAMON, Gaston Léon (1886 – 1963)
L’anatoxine diphtérique. Ses propriétés–ses applications.
In 1923 Ramon so modified the diphtheria toxin with formaldehyde that it lost its toxic properties while retaining its antigenic virtues. This modified “anatoxin” (toxoid) superseded toxin–antitoxin as an immunizing a…
GMN 5070 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/5909
1928 HINDLE, Edward (1886 – 1973)
A yellow fever vaccine.
First vaccine for immunization against yellow fever. Hindle devised a method for the transportation of frozen infected material from West Africa to London, making it possible to carry on experimental work in Britain.
GMN 5461 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7571
1930 GLENNY, Alexander Thomas (1882 – 1965)
Insoluble precipitates in diphtheria and tetanus immunization.
Alum-precipitated toxoid for active immunization.
GMN 5071 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/5911
1931 LESLIE, Patrick Holt (1900 – 1972); GARDNER, Arthur Duncan (1884 – 1977)
The phases of Haemophilus pertussis.
Leslie and Gardner classified H. pertussis cultures into four types and established an experimental basis for the development of an effective vaccine.
GMN 5087.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/5975
1932 FOSHAY, Lee (1896 – 1960)
Serum treatment of tularemia.
Foshay devised a serum for the treatment of tularemia.
GMN 5179 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6292
1932 SAWYER, Wilbur Augustus (1879 – 1951); LLOYD, Wray Devere Marr (1902 – 1936)
Vaccination against yellow fever with immune serum and virus fixed for mice.
These workers devised an immune serum for prophylactic inoculation against yellow fever. With S. F. Kitchen and W. D. M. Lloyd.
GMN 5465 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7586
1933 RAMON, Gaston Léon (1886 – 1963); ZOELLER, Christian (1888 – 1934)
Sur la valeur et la durée de l’immunité conférée par l’anatoxine tétanique dans la vaccination de l’homme contre le tétanos.
Tetanus toxoid first employed in the immunization of humans.
GMN 5151 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6194
1933 WANI, Hidetsune
Ueber die Prophylaxe der Spirochaetosis icterohaemorrhagica Inada (Weilschen Krankheit) durch Schutzimpfung.
Prophylactic vaccination against leptospirosis.
GMN 5335.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6688
1934 MARRACK, John Richardson (1886 – 1976)
The chemistry of antigens and antibodies.
“The advent of the lattice theory of antibody-antigen coupling” (Bibel, Milestones in immunology [1988]pp. 91-94).
GMN 2576.6 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4123
1934 FELIX, Arthur (1887 – 1956); PITT, R. Margaret
A new antigen of B. typhosus. Its relation to virulence and to active and passive immunisation.
Vi antigens first described.
GMN 5045 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/8970
1935 HOSKINS, Meredith
A protective action of neurotropic against viscerotropic yellow fever virus in Macacus rhesus.
One of the first examples of an animal virus interference phenomenon was demonstrated by Hoskins.
GMN 2576.3 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4118
1936 WEBSTER, Leslie Tillotson (1894 – 1943); CLOW, Anna D. (1905 – 1992)
Propagation of rabies virus in tissue culture and the successful use of culture virus as antirabic vaccine.
Webster and Clow succeeded in growing rabies virus in tissue culture.
GMN 5484.2 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6390
1937 THEILER, Max (1899 – 1972); SMITH, Hugh Hollingsworth (1902 – 1995)
The use of yellow fever virus modified by in vitro cultivation for human immunization.
Immunization without the use of immune serum. In 1951 Theiler was awared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for his discovery of an effective vaccine against yellow fever." This was the first Nobel Prize award…
GMN 5467 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7597
1938 FELIX, Arthur (1887 – 1956); PETRIE, George Ford (1863 – 1955)
The preparation of anti-typhoid serum in the horse for therapeutic use in man.
Typhoid antiserum.
GMN 5045.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/5826
1939 TISELIUS, Arne Wilhelm Kaurin (1902 – 1971); KABAT, Elvin Abraham (1914 – 2000)
An electrophoretic study of immune sera and purified antibody preparations.
Antibodies shown to be gamma globulins.
GMN 2576.8 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4127
1939 KENDRICK, Pearl Louella (1890 – 1980); ELDERING, Grace (1900 – 1988)
A study in active immunization against pertussis.
Pertussis vaccine.
GMN 5087.2 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/5978
1939 STERNE, Max (1905 – 1997)
The use of anthrax vaccines prepared from avirulent (uncapsulatec) variants of Bacillus anthracis.
Nonencapsulated spore vaccine.
GMN 5172.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6264
1941 HARE, Ronald (1899 – 1986); MCCLELLAND, Laurella (1912 – 1993)
The absorption of influenza virus by red cells and a new in vitro method of measuring antibodies for influenza virus.
Independently of Hirst, McClelland and Hare discovered virus hemagglutination.
GMN 2578 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4133
1942 FREUND, Jules Thomas (1891 – 1960); MCDERMOTT, Katherine
Sensitization to horse serum by means of adjuvants.
Freund’s adjuvant. Freund’s procedure allowed adjuvants to be used for any antigen.
GMN 2578.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4135
1944 ORDMAN, Charles William (1914 – ); ET AL
Chemical, clinical, and immunological studies on the products of human plasma fractionation. XII. The use of concentrated normal human serum gamma globulin (human immune serum globulin) in the prevention and attenuation of measles.
Gamma globulin used for passive immunization against measles. With C. G. Jennings and C. A. Janeway.
GMN 5449.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7494
1945 SABIN, Albert Bruce (1906 – 1993); SCHLESINGER, Robert Walter (1913 – 2003)
Production of immunity to dengue with virus modified by propagation in mice.
Successful propagation of dengue in mice and production of a vaccine.
GMN 5475.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7622
1946 ENDERS, John Franklin (1897 – 1985); STOKES, Joseph Jr. (1896 – 1972); ET AL
Immunity in mumps. VI. Experiments on the vaccination of human beings with formolized mumps virus.
With E. P. Maris, and L. W. Kane.
GMN 5544.2 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6756
1949 ENDERS, John Franklin (1897 – 1985); WELLER, Thomas Huckle (1915 – 2008); ROBBINS, Frederick Chapman (1916 – 2003)
Cultivation of the Lansing strain of poliomyelitis virus in cultures of various human embryonic tissues.
Enders, Weller, and Robbins grew the poliomyelitis virus in cultures of different tissues. Their method proved of great value in virus research, and removed the final obstacles to vaccine production. In 1974 Enders, W…
GMN 4671.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/874
1952 KOPROWSKI, Hilary (1916 – 2013); ET AL
Immune responses in human volunteers upon oral administration of a rodent-adapted strain of poliomyelitis virus.
Successful immunization against poliomyelitis with a living attenuated virus vaccine. With G. A. Jervis and T. W. Norton.
GMN 4672.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/885
1952 ENDERS, John Franklin (1897 – 1985); WELLER, Thomas Huckle (1915 – 2008); ROBBINS, Frederick Chapman (1916 – 2003); ET AL
Studies on the cultivation of poliomyelitis viruses in tissue culture.
Order of authorship in the original publication: Weller, Enders, Robbins. In this paper the authors describe their improved method for culturing poliomyelitis viruses in "normal kidney tissue." Followed by Robbins, We…
GMN 11103 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13299
1953 SALK, Jonas Edward (1914 – 1995); ET AL
Studies in human subjects on active immunization against poliomyelitis. 1. A preliminary report of experiments in progress.
Killed-virus vaccine. With four co-authors.
GMN 4672.2 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/889
1953 MEDAWAR, Sir Peter Brian (1915 – 1987); BILLINGHAM, Rupert Everett (1921 – 2002); BRENT, Leslie Baruch (1925 – 2019)
‘Actively acquired tolerance’ of foreign cells.
Proof of Burnet and Fenner’s theory of immunity. For their discovery of acquired immunological tolerance Medawar and Burnet (No. 2578.7) shared the Nobel Prize in 1960.
GMN 2578.11 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4148
1953 GRABAR, Pierre (1898 – 1986); WILLIAMS, Curtis A.
Méthode permettant l’étude conjugée des propriétés éléctrophorétiques et immunochimiques d’un mélange de protéines. Application au sérum sanguin.
Immunoelectrophoresis.
GMN 2578.13 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4150
1954 MEDAWAR, Sir Peter Brian (1915 – 1987); BILLINGHAM, Rupert Everett (1921 – 2002); BRENT, Leslie Baruch (1925 – 2019); SPARROW, Elizabeth M.
Quantitative studies on tissue transplantation immunity. I. The survival times of skin homografts exchanged between members of different inbred strains of mice. II. The origin, strength and duration of actively and adoptively acquired immunity.
Experimental production of immunological tolerance by Billingham and colleagues.Paper II distinguished adoptive from passive immunization. E. M. Sparrow was a co-author of paper I.
GMN 2578.12 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4149
1955 SABIN, Albert Bruce (1906 – 1993)
Immunization of chimpanzees and human beings with avirulent strains of poliomyelitis virus.
Sabin reported the successful immunization of chimpanzees by oral and I.M. route using the Brunhilde, Mahoney and Leon strains of polio virus. On p. 1055 he reported the experimental results on humans given a "single …
GMN 4672.3 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/894
1956 –1960 EHRLICH, Paul (1854 – 1915); HIMMELWEIT, Fred (1902 – 1977)
Collected papers of Paul Ehrlich. Compiled and edited by F. Himmelweit. 3 vols.
Vol. I: Histology, biochemistry, and pathology, Vol. 2: Immunology and cancer research; Vol. 3: Chemotherapy. Most texts are in German. English translations are also published when available. The set includes new Engl…
GMN 86.4 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1453
1956 GRIFFITHS, Margaret Isabel (1902 – 1996); GAISFORD, Wilfrid Fletcher (1902 – 1988)
Freeze-dried B.C.G. vaccination of newborn infants with a British vaccine.
Freeze-dried B.C.G. vaccine.
GMN 2353.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/3142
1958 MEDAWAR, Sir Peter Brian (1915 – 1987)
The homograft reaction.
Medawar showed grafting to be unsuccessful when donor and recipient animals came from the same litter, unless the two are genetically identical – another instance of the delayed hypersensitivity reaction.
GMN 2578.24 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4244
1958 PORTER, Rodney Robert (1917 – 1985)
Separation and isolation of fractions of rabbit gamma-globulin containing the antibody and antigenic combining sites.
In 1972 Porter shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with G.M. Edelman (No. 2578.39) "for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies."
GMN 2578.25 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4245
1958 DAUSSET, Jean (1916 – 2009)
Iso-leuco-anticorps.
Discovery of the first histocompatibility antigen. In 1980 Dausset shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with B. Benacerraf and G. D. Snell "for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structure…
GMN 2578.26 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4248
1958 ROOD, Johannes Joseph (1926 – 2017)
Leucocyte antibodies in sera from pregnant women.
Leucocyte typing and matching of histocompatibility determinants. See also Payne (No. 2578.23). With J. G. Eernisse and A. van Leeuwen
GMN 2578.27 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4251
1960 YALOW, Rosalyn Sussman (1921 – 2011); BERSON, Solomon Aaron (1918 – 1972)
Immunosassay of endogenous plasma insulin in man.
First radioimmunoassay of a hormone, a test capable of estimating nonogram or even picogram quantities. In 1977 Yalow received half of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for the development of radioimmunoassay…
GMN 2578.28 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4257
1960 ENDERS, John Franklin (1897 – 1985); KATZ, Samuel Lawrence (1927 – ); ET AL
Studies on an attenuated measles-virus vaccine. I. Development and preparation of the vaccine: technics for assay of effects of vaccination.
Live virus vaccine. With M. V. Milovanovič, and A. Holloway.
GMN 5449.4 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7502
1965 BLUMBERG, Baruch Samuel (1925 – 2011); ALTER, Harvey James (1935 – ); VISNICH, S.; ET AL
A “new” antigen in leukemia sera.
(Order of authorship in the original publication: Blumberg, Alter, Visnich.) Discovery of Australia antigen, hepatitis B antigen, Aa, later called HBsAg. Blumberg received half of the Nobel Prize for Medicine in Biolo…
GMN 3666.4 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4823
1966 PARKMAN, Paul Douglas (1932 – ); MEYER, Harry Martin Jr. (1928 – 2001); ET AL
Attenuated rubella virus. II. Production of an experimental live-virus vaccine and clinical trial.
With T. C. Panos.
GMN 5509.3 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6509
1969 BRUNELL, Philip Alfred (1931 – ); ET AL
Prevention of varicella by zoster immune globulin.
With A. Ross, L. H. Miller, and B. Kuo.
GMN 5440.2 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7468
1969 –1972 BLUMBERG, Baruch Samuel (1925 – 2011); MILLMAN, Irving (1923 – 2012)
Vaccine against viral hepatitis and process. Serial No. 864,788 filed 10 /8 /[19]69. Patent 3636191 issued 1/ 18/ [19]72.
First description of the hepatitis B vaccine, the first cancer vaccine, US patent 3636191A. Millman and Blumberg discovered that the blood of individuals carrying the hepatitis B virus contained particles of the outsi…
GMN 6841 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/9005
1972 BENACERRAF, Baruj (1920 – 2011); MCDEVITT, Hugh O’Neill (1930 – )
Histocompatibility-linked immune response genes.
Benacerraf and McDevitt discovered that the capacity to mount certain immune responses is genetically determined. In 1980 Benacerraf shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with J. Dausset and G. D. Snell "fo…
GMN 2578.29 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4262
1973 WIKTOR, Tadeusz Jan (1921 – 1986)
Human cell culture rabies vaccine. Antibody response in man.
Human diploid cell vaccine. With S. A. Plotkin and D. W. Grella. See also Develop, biol. Standard., 1978, 40, 3-9.
GMN 5484.4 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6393
1974 ZINKERNAGEL, Rolf Martin (1944 – ); DOHERTY, Peter Charles (1940 – )
Restriction of in vitro T cell-mediated cytotoxicity in lymphocytic choriomeningitis within a syngeneic or semiallogeneic system.
Doherty and Zinkernagel discovered how a class of white blood cells known as T cells kill virus-infected cells in the body, and so present the spread of viruses. In 1998 Zinkernagel and Doherty were awarded the Nobel …
GMN 7453 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/9625
1995 SØRENSON, Anne L.; NAGAI, Sadamu; HOUEN, Gunnar; ANDERSEN, Peter Lawaetz; ET AL
Purification and characterization of a low-molecular-mass T-cell antigen secreted by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Andersen and colleagues found that a protein fraction obtained from M. tuberculosis was immunologically active in mice, suggesting that it was one of the proteins recognized by T cells. In this paper the authors ident…
GMN 11997 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14205
2005 KARIKÓ, Katalin (1955 – ); WEISSMAN, Drew; BUCKSTEIN, Michael; NI, Houping
Suppression of RNA recognition by toll-like receptors: The impact of nucleoside modification and the evolutionary origin of RNA.
Karikó and Weissman discovered the nucleoside modifications that suppress the immungenicity of RNA, leading to their patents for the application of non-immunogenic, nucleoside-modified RNA (modRNA). This technology wa…
GMN 13622 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/15902
2009 FRAZER, Ian Hector (1953 – ); ZHOU, Jian (1957 – 1999)
Papillomavirus vaccines. US Patent US7476389B1.
Frazer and Zhou invented and patented the first Papillomavirus vaccine. In 2020 it was marketed as Gardasil and Cervarix. Developed beginning in 1991, about 20 years after Blumberg and Millman's vaccine against viral …
GMN 12665 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14909
2015 CONIS, Elena
Vaccine nation: America's changing relationship with immunization.
GMN 12441 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14673
