1864 FISCHER, Emil
Ueber die Einwirkung von Wasserstoff auf Einfach-Chlorkohlenstoff.
Discovery of trichlorethylene by Emil Fischer while working on the preparation of tetrachloroethylene.
GMN 5667 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7322
1867 JUNKER, Ferdinand Ethelbert (1828 – 1901)
Description of a new apparatus for administering narcotic vapors.
Junker’s chloroform inhaler.
GMN 5668 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7325
1868 MORÉNO Y MÄIZ, Tomás
Recherches chimiques et physiologiques sur l’erythroxylum coca du Pérou et la cocaïne.
The author, formerly a surgeon in the Peruvian army, issued the first study of the pharmacological action of cocaine, containing the earliest suggestion of its use as a local anesthetic. Leclerc issued the commercial …
GMN 1868 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2451
1868 ANDREWS, Edmund (1824 – 1904)
The oxygen mixture; a new anesthetic combination.
Andrews advocated the use of an oxygen-nitrous mixture.
GMN 5669 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7328
1871 TRENDELENBURG, Friedrich (1844 – 1924)
Beiträge zu den Operationen an den Luftwegen.
Endotracheal anesthesia by means of a tracheostomy.
GMN 5669.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7332
1872 LABBÉ, Léon (1832 – 1916); GUYON, E.
Sur l’action combinée de la morphine et du chloroforme.
Labbe and Guyon developed pre-anesthetic medication.
GMN 5670 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7336
1873 CLOVER, Joseph Thomas (1825 – 1882)
Description of a new double current inhaler for administering ether.
Clover’s gas-ether inhaler.
GMN 5671 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7339
1874 ORÉ, Pierre Cyprien (1828 – 1889)
De l’anesthésie produite chez l’homme par les injections de chloral dans des veines.
First successful human intravenous anesthesia. Oré, professor of physiology at Bordeaux, reported the successful use of this method in animals in Bull. Soc. Chir. Paris, 1872, 3 sér., 1, 400-12. See also his monograph…
GMN 5672 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7343
1875 BERNARD, Claude (1813 – 1878)
Leçons sur les anesthésiques et sur l’asphyxie.
As early as 1864 Bernard discovered that chloroform anesthesia could be prolonged and intensified by the injection of morphine. J. N. von Nussbaum also observed this. English translation by B. Fink, Park Ridge, 1989.
GMN 5673 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7347
1876 CLOVER, Joseph Thomas (1825 – 1882)
On an apparatus for administering nitrous oxide gas and ether, singly or combined.
Clover’s ether inhaler. See also the same journal, 1877, 1, 69. He invented an inhaler in 1862; this was described, but not by Clover, in Med. Times Gaz., 1862, 2, 149.
GMN 5674 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7351
1880 ANREP, Vasili Konstantinovich (1852 – 1927)
Ueber die physiologische Wirking des Cocaïn.
Anrep studied the action of cocaine and, like Moréno y Maïz, suggested that it might be used as a local anesthetic.
GMN 1871 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2470
1880 MACEWEN, Sir William (1848 – 1924)
Clinical observations on the introduction of tracheal tubes by the mouth instead of performing tracheotomy or laryngotomy.
First administration of an anesthetic (chloroform) through a metal tracheal tube introduced by the mouth (endotracheal anesthesia).
GMN 5676 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7358
1882 FREUND, August von (1835 – 1892)
Über Trimethylene.
Cyclopropane (trimethylene) first prepared.
GMN 5677 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7363
1884 FREUD, Sigmund (1856 – 1939)
Ueber coca.
Freud described his observations (with himself as subject) on the effects of cocaine, including its abolition of hunger and fatigue, the “exhilaration and lasting euphoria”. He also described its supposed non-addictiv…
GMN 1880.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2515
1884 JELINEK, Edmund (1852 – 1928)
Das Cocain als Anästheticum und Analgeticum für den Pharynx und Larynx.
Cocaine first employed in laryngology.
GMN 3292 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4199
1884 OTIS, Fessenden Nott (1825 – 1900)
The hydrochlorate of cocaine in genito-urinary procedures.
Local anesthesia first employed in urology.
GMN 4179 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6073
1884 KOLLER, Carl (1857 – 1944)
Vorläufige Mitteilung über locale Anästheserung am Auge.
Introduction of cocaine as a local anesthetic; this was the first local anesthetic employed (16 September 1884). Freud (No. 1880.1) is accredited by some with this innovation, but in this connection see the letter by …
GMN 5678 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7365
1884 KOLLER, Carl (1857 – 1944); KNAPP, Jacob Hermann (1832 – 1911)
On cocaine and its use in ophthalmic and general surgery.
Knapp translated Koller's paper (No. 5678) into English and with the English translation published a large amount of supplementary material by American surgeons who had recently experimented with cocaine as a local an…
GMN 8655 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/10832
1885 HALSTED, William Stewart (1852 – 1922)
Practical comments on the use and abuse of cocaine; suggested by its invariably successful employment in more than a thousand minor surgical operations.
The first experiments on local infiltration anesthesia were made by Halsted, who even produced anesthesia by the intradermal injection of water. Through the process of self-experimentation Halsted became addicted to c…
GMN 5679 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7369
1885 CORNING, James Leonard (1855 – 1923)
Spinal anaesthesia and local medication of the cord.
Spinal anesthesia introduced. Corning showed experimentally that cocaine exerts a prolonged anesthetic effect while arresting the circulation in the anesthetized area. He first described injection of cocaine between t…
GMN 5680 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7371
1886 CORNING, James Leonard (1855 – 1923)
Local anesthesia in general medicine and surgery.
The first textbook on local anesthesia.
GMN 5680.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7376
1890 PERNICE, Ludwig; OBERST, Maximilian (1849 – 1925)
Ueber Cocainanasthesie.
Maximilian Oberst’s method of conduction anesthesia was first reported by Pernice, his pupil.
GMN 5681 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7378
1892 SCHLEICH, Carl Ludwig (1859 – 1922)
Infiltrationsanästhesie (locale Anästhesie) und ihr Verhältniss zur allgemeinen Narcose (Inhalationsanästhesie).
Infiltration anesthesia was developed by Schleich after pioneer work by Halsted (No. 5679) Schleich published a paper in English on the subject in Int. Clin., 1895, 5 ser., 2, 177-92.
GMN 5683 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7388
1893 HEWITT, Sir Frederic William (1857 – 1916)
Anaesthetics and their administration.
Hewitt, anesthetist to Edward VII, did much to develop the use of ether, and advanced our knowledge of the pharmacology of anesthetics. In 1892 he introduced the first practical gas and oxygen apparatus.
GMN 5682 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7382
1894 HEWITT, Sir Frederic William (1857 – 1916)
Further observations on the use of oxygen with nitrous oxide.
Includes description of Hewitt’s nitrous oxide/oxygen stopcock.
GMN 5682.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7384
1895 RECLUS, Jean Jacques Paul (1847 – 1914)
La cocaine en chirurgie.
The first French book on local anesthesia.
GMN 12876 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/15123
1896 BROUARDEL, Paul Camille Hippolyte (1837 – 1906)
Les asphyxies par les gaz, les vapeurs et les anesthésiques.
GMN 9905 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/12093
1899 BIER, August Karl Gustav (1861 – 1949)
Versuche über Cocainisirung des Rückenmarkes.
Bier introduced the use of cocaine as a spinal anesthetic.
GMN 5684 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7392
1899 EINHORN, Alfred (1856 – 1917)
Ueber die Chemie der localen Anaesthetica.
Synthesis of procaine (novocaine).
GMN 5685 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7395
1899 MEYER, Hans Horst (1853 – 1939)
Zur Theorie der Alkoholnarkose. Erste Mitteilung.
Meyer’s theory of narcosis.
GMN 5685.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7399
1901 CRILE, George Washington (1864 – 1943)
An experimental and clinical research into certain problems relating to surgical operations.
Crile made important contributions to knowledge regarding shock. He originated the theory that it is due to exhaustion of the vasomotor center. (See also No. 5629.) Chapter V: On the physiologic action of cocain and e…
GMN 5624 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7198
1901 CATHELIN, Fernand (1873 – 1960)
Une nouvelle voie d’injection rachidienne. Méthode des injections épidurales par le procédé du canal sacré. Applications à l’homme.
Caudal anesthesia.
GMN 5686 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7408
1901 OVERTON, Charles Ernest (1865 – 1933)
Studien über die Narkose.
Overton developed the lipid theory of narcosis.
GMN 5688 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7415
1902 CUSHING, Harvey Williams (1869 – 1939)
On the avoidance of shock in major amputations by cocainization of large nerve-trunks preliminary to their division.
William S. Halsted was first to use infiltration anesthesia (see No. 5679) and it was later developed by Cushing.
GMN 5689 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7419
1902 STEINBÜCHEL, Richard von (1862 – 1952)
Vorläufige Mittheilung über die Anwendung von Skopolamin-Morphium-Injecktionen in der Geburtshilfe.
“Twilight sleep”.
GMN 6210 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7608
1904 FOURNEAU, Ernest (1872 – 1949)
Stovaine, anesthésique locale.
Introduction of stovaine, 1903.
GMN 5690 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7423
1905 MELTZER, Samuel James (1851 – 1920); AUER, John (1875 – 1948)
Physiological and pharmacological studies of magnesium salts.
A study of the anesthetic and other effects of magnesium salts.
GMN 1894 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2542
1905 BRAUN, Heinrich Friedrich Wilhelm (1862 – 1934)
Die Lokalanästhesie, ihre wissenschaftliche Grundlagen und praktische Anwendung.
Braun’s important book on local anesthesia greatly stimulated the development of that subject. English translation, Philadelphia, 1914.
GMN 5691 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7425
1905 KUHN, Franz (1866 – 1929)
Perorale Tubagen mit und ohne Druck.
Kuhn introduced the intratracheal insufflation method of anesthetization about 1900; he used a flexible metal tube and a curved introducer. He also experimented with positive and negative pressure insufflation.
GMN 5693 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7432
1905 BRAUN, Heinrich Friedrich Wilhelm (1862 – 1934)
Uebereinige neue örtliche Anaesthetica (Stovain, Alypin, Novocain).
Procaine (novocaine), synthesized by Einhorn, was first used clinically by Braun.
GMN 5692 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/8960
1906 GAUSS, Carl Joseph (1875 – 1957)
Geburten in künstlichem Dämmerschlaf.
“Twilight sleep”. Gauss developed the method introduced by Steinbüchel (No. 6210).
GMN 6212 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7619
1908 OMBRÉDANNE, Louis (1871 – 1956)
Un appareil pour l’anesthésie par l’éther.
Ombrédanne ether inhaler.
GMN 5693.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7433
1909 MELTZER, Samuel James (1851 – 1920); AUER, John (1875 – 1948)
Continuous respiration without respiratory movements.
Meltzer and Auer experimented further with the intratracheal insufflation method introduced by Kuhn (No. 5693).
GMN 5694 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7438
1910 ELSBERG, Charles Albert (1871 – 1948)
Zur Narkose beim Menschen mittelst der kontinuierlichen intratrachealen Insufflation von Meltzer.
The clinical introduction of Meltzer and Auer’s method of intratracheal insufflation marks the beginning of modern endotracheal anesthesia. Also reported in Ann. Surg., 1910, 52, 23-29.
GMN 5695 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7440
1911 LEHMANN, Karl Bernhard (1858 – 1940)
Experimentelle Studien über den Einfluss technisch und hygienisch wichtiger Gase und Dämpfe auf den Organismus. Die gechlorten Kohlenwasserstoffe der Fettreihe.
Introduction of trichlorethylene (“trilene”).
GMN 5696 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7444
1911 KULENKAMPFF, Diedrich (1846 – )
Zur anästhesierung des plexus brachialis.
Kullenkampff performed the first percutaneous supraclavicular block. "Just as his older colleague August Bier (1861–1949) had done with spinal anesthesia in 1898,[24] Kulenkampff subjected himself to the supraclavicul…
GMN 13003 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/15252
1912 KAPPIS, Max (1881 – 1938)
Ueber Leitungsanästhesie bei Nierenoperationen und Thorakoplastiken überhaupt bei Operationen am Rumpf.
Paravertebral anesthesia in urology.
GMN 4197 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6157
1912 BOOTHBY, Walter Meredith (1880 – 1953); COTTON, Frederick Jay (1869 – 1938)
Nitrous oxide-oxygen-ether anesthesia: notes on administration; a perfected apparatus.
Boothby and Cotton’s flowmeter.
GMN 5698 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7448
1913 GWATHMEY, James Tayloe (1865 – 1944)
Oil-ether anaesthesia.
Gwathmey produced anesthesia by injection into the rectum of liquid ether with olive oil dissolved in it (synergistic anesthesia). Faulconer & Keys report that by 1930 Gwathmey was able to report 20,000 successful cas…
GMN 5699 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7450
1913 KELLY, Sir Robert Ernest (1879 – 1944)
Intratracheal anaesthesia.
Kelly’s intratracheal ether apparatus.
GMN 5699.2 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7456
