1952 ENDERS, John Franklin (1897 – 1985); WELLER, Thomas Huckle (1915 – 2008); ROBBINS, Frederick Chapman (1916 – 2003); ET AL
Studies on the cultivation of poliomyelitis viruses in tissue culture.
Order of authorship in the original publication: Weller, Enders, Robbins. In this paper the authors describe their improved method for culturing poliomyelitis viruses in "normal kidney tissue." Followed by Robbins, We…
GMN 11103 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13299
1952 LURIA, Salvador Edward (1912 – 1991); HUMAN, Mary L.
A nonhereditary, host-induced variation of bacterial viruses.
Order of authorship in the original publication: Luria, Human. Luria and Human discovered the restriction modification system found in bacteria and other prokaryotic organisms. This system provides a defense against f…
GMN 12032 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14240
1953 SALK, Jonas Edward (1914 – 1995); ET AL
Studies in human subjects on active immunization against poliomyelitis. 1. A preliminary report of experiments in progress.
Killed-virus vaccine. With four co-authors.
GMN 4672.2 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/889
1953 MEDAWAR, Sir Peter Brian (1915 – 1987); BILLINGHAM, Rupert Everett (1921 – 2002); BRENT, Leslie Baruch (1925 – 2019)
‘Actively acquired tolerance’ of foreign cells.
Proof of Burnet and Fenner’s theory of immunity. For their discovery of acquired immunological tolerance Medawar and Burnet (No. 2578.7) shared the Nobel Prize in 1960.
GMN 2578.11 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4148
1953 GRABAR, Pierre (1898 – 1986); WILLIAMS, Curtis A.
Méthode permettant l’étude conjugée des propriétés éléctrophorétiques et immunochimiques d’un mélange de protéines. Application au sérum sanguin.
Immunoelectrophoresis.
GMN 2578.13 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4150
1954 MEDAWAR, Sir Peter Brian (1915 – 1987); BILLINGHAM, Rupert Everett (1921 – 2002); BRENT, Leslie Baruch (1925 – 2019); SPARROW, Elizabeth M.
Quantitative studies on tissue transplantation immunity. I. The survival times of skin homografts exchanged between members of different inbred strains of mice. II. The origin, strength and duration of actively and adoptively acquired immunity.
Experimental production of immunological tolerance by Billingham and colleagues.Paper II distinguished adoptive from passive immunization. E. M. Sparrow was a co-author of paper I.
GMN 2578.12 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4149
1954 MAYER, Manfred Martin (1916 – 1984); LEVINE, Lawrence (1924 – )
Kinetic studies on immune hemolysis. III-IV.
Complement fixation
GMN 2578.14 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4151
1954 MITCHISON, Nicholas Avrion (1928 – )
Passive transfer of transplantation immunity.
Preliminary notice in Nature (Lond.), 1953, 171, 267-68.
GMN 2578.15 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4152
1954 VOGT, Marguerite (1913 – 2007); DULBECCO, Renato (1914 – 2012)
Plaque formation and isolation of pure lines with poliomyelitis viruses.
Dulbecco and Vogt were the first to successfully grow the poliovirus in vitro. They were also able to plaque purify it-- an essential step for subsequent vaccine production.
GMN 14000 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/16304
1955 SABIN, Albert Bruce (1906 – 1993)
Immunization of chimpanzees and human beings with avirulent strains of poliomyelitis virus.
Sabin reported the successful immunization of chimpanzees by oral and I.M. route using the Brunhilde, Mahoney and Leon strains of polio virus. On p. 1055 he reported the experimental results on humans given a "single …
GMN 4672.3 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/894
1955 PORTER, Rodney Robert (1917 – 1985)
The fractionation of rabbit -globulin by partition chromatography.
Preliminary note in Biochem. J., 1954, 58, xxxix-xl. Porter received the Nobel Prize in 1972. See No. 2578.25.
GMN 2578.16 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4153
1956 –1960 EHRLICH, Paul (1854 – 1915); HIMMELWEIT, Fred (1902 – 1977)
Collected papers of Paul Ehrlich. Compiled and edited by F. Himmelweit. 3 vols.
Vol. I: Histology, biochemistry, and pathology, Vol. 2: Immunology and cancer research; Vol. 3: Chemotherapy. Most texts are in German. English translations are also published when available. The set includes new Engl…
GMN 86.4 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1453
1956 GRIFFITHS, Margaret Isabel (1902 – 1996); GAISFORD, Wilfrid Fletcher (1902 – 1988)
Freeze-dried B.C.G. vaccination of newborn infants with a British vaccine.
Freeze-dried B.C.G. vaccine.
GMN 2353.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/3142
1956 GIERER, Alfred (1929 – ); SCHRAMM, Gerhard (1910 – 1989)
Infectivity of ribonucleic acid from tobacco mosaic virus.
Proof that nucleic acid produces infectivity. See also Z. Naturf., 1956, 11b, 138-42.
GMN 2578.17 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4154
1956 GLICK, Bruce (1927 – ); ET AL
The bursa of Fabricius and antibody production in the domestic fowl.
The relationship of the bursa of Fabricius to antibody formation was discovered by Glick, T. S. Chang, and R. G. Jaap. Its removal in early life led to inability to produce antibodies.
GMN 2578.18 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4222
1956 ROITT, Ivan Maurice (1927 – ); DONIACH, Deborah (1912 – 2004); ET AL
Autoantibodies in Hashimoto’s disease (lymphadenoid goitre).
Demonstration of autoantibodies. With P. N. Campbell, and R. V. Hudson.
GMN 2578.19 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4226
1956 WITEBSKY, Ernest (1901 – 1969); ROSE, Noel Richard (1927 – 2020)
Studies on organ specificity. IV. Production of rabbit thyroid antibodies in the rabbit.
Autoimmune thyroiditis
GMN 2578.20 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4230
1957 GOWANS, Sir James Learmonth (1924 – 2020)
The effects of the continuous re-infusion of lymph and lymphocytes on the output of lymphocytes from the thoracic duct of unanaesthetized rats.
Gowans’s work, particularly between 1957 and 1962, was mainly responsible for the fusion of studies on the lymphocytes with the mainstream of immunology. The above paper dealt with the recirculation of lymphocytes. Se…
GMN 2578.21 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4233
1957 ISAACS, Alick (1921 – 1967); LINDENMANN, Jean (1924 – 2015)
Virus interference. I. The interferon.
Discovery of interferon type I, a protein that interferes with viral replication. "While working together at the NIMR, Lindenmann and Isaacs noticed that if they killed viruses using heat and applied the dead viruses …
GMN 2578.22 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4236
1957 PAYNE, Rose Marise (1909 – )
Leukocyte agglutinins in human sera. Correlations between blood transfusions and their development.
Leucocyte typing.
GMN 2578.23 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4239
1957 WITEBSKY, Ernest (1901 – 1969); ROSE, Noel Richard (1927 – 2020); ET AL
Chronic thyroiditis and autoimmunization.
"Witebsky helped develop procedures for the isolation and partial characterization of A and B blood antigens. He also began the practice of neutralization of certain antibodies in the blood of universal blood donors. …
GMN 13471 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/15745
1958 MEDAWAR, Sir Peter Brian (1915 – 1987)
The homograft reaction.
Medawar showed grafting to be unsuccessful when donor and recipient animals came from the same litter, unless the two are genetically identical – another instance of the delayed hypersensitivity reaction.
GMN 2578.24 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4244
1958 PORTER, Rodney Robert (1917 – 1985)
Separation and isolation of fractions of rabbit gamma-globulin containing the antibody and antigenic combining sites.
In 1972 Porter shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with G.M. Edelman (No. 2578.39) "for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies."
GMN 2578.25 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4245
1958 DAUSSET, Jean (1916 – 2009)
Iso-leuco-anticorps.
Discovery of the first histocompatibility antigen. In 1980 Dausset shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with B. Benacerraf and G. D. Snell "for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structure…
GMN 2578.26 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4248
1958 ROOD, Johannes Joseph (1926 – 2017)
Leucocyte antibodies in sera from pregnant women.
Leucocyte typing and matching of histocompatibility determinants. See also Payne (No. 2578.23). With J. G. Eernisse and A. van Leeuwen
GMN 2578.27 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4251
1958 SNELL, George Davis (1903 – 1996)
Histocompatibility genes of the mouse.
Snell made fundamental contributions to transplantation genetics. At his suggestion genes governing transplantation were called histocompatibility genes and Gorer’s Antigen II became Histocompatibility-2 (H-2). In 198…
GMN 2578.30 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4268
1959 BURNET, Sir Frank Macfarlane (1899 – 1985)
The clonal selection theory of acquired immunity. The Abraham Flexner Lectures of Vanderbilt University 1958.
Burnet's clonal selection theory extended the idea that each antibody-producing cell makes antibodies of only one specificity, predicting these cells proliferate in response to the detection of antigens, cloning and t…
GMN 2578.31 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4276
1959 BILLINGHAM, Rupert Everett (1921 – 2002); BRENT, Leslie Baruch (1925 – 2019)
Quantitative studies of tissue transplantation immunity. IV. Induction of tolerance in newborn mice and studies on the phenomenon of Runt Disease.
First description of what became known as Graft-versus-host disease (GvDH). This the authors initially called "graft against host (GAH)." The authors cited three conditions, later known as the Billingham criteria, whi…
GMN 13526 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/15803
1960 YALOW, Rosalyn Sussman (1921 – 2011); BERSON, Solomon Aaron (1918 – 1972)
Immunosassay of endogenous plasma insulin in man.
First radioimmunoassay of a hormone, a test capable of estimating nonogram or even picogram quantities. In 1977 Yalow received half of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for the development of radioimmunoassay…
GMN 2578.28 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4257
1960 ENDERS, John Franklin (1897 – 1985); KATZ, Samuel Lawrence (1927 – ); ET AL
Studies on an attenuated measles-virus vaccine. I. Development and preparation of the vaccine: technics for assay of effects of vaccination.
Live virus vaccine. With M. V. Milovanovič, and A. Holloway.
GMN 5449.4 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7502
1961 MILLER, Jacques Francis Albert Pierre (1931 – )
Immunological function of the thymus.
Miller demonstrated the immunological function of the thymus.
GMN 2578.32 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4279
1962 GOWANS, Sir James Learmonth (1924 – 2020); MCGREGOR, Douglas D.; COWEN, D. M.
Initiation of immune responses by small lymphocytes.
Gowans and colleagues showed that the lymphocyte is the immunologically competent cell.
GMN 2578.33 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4282
1962 ARBER, Werner (1929 – ); ROULLAND-DUSSOIX, Daisy (1936 – 2014)
Host specificity of DNA produced by escherichia coli. II. Control over acceptance of DNA from infecting phage lambda.
Order of authorship in the original publication: Dussoix, Arber. The authors discovered that restriction of DNA from infecting bacteriophage was due to the attack and breakdown of the modified bacteriophage's DNA by s…
GMN 12033 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14241
1963 JERNE, Neils Kaj (1911 – 1994); NORDIN, Albert A. (1934 – )
Plaque formation in agar by single antibody-producing cells.
Hemolytic plaque assay for enumerating antibody-forming cells.
GMN 2578.34 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4285
1963 KUNKEL, Henry George (1916 – 1983); ET AL
Individual antigenic specificity of isolated antibodies.
Idiotypes. With M. Mannik and R.C. Williams. Kunkel and his team discovered idiotypy independently of Jacques Oudin and Philip Gell.
GMN 2578.35 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4289
1963 COOMBS, Robert Royston Amos ( (1921 – 2006); GELL, Philip George Houthem (1914 – 2001)
Clinical aspects of immunology.
Gell-Coombs classification of hypersensitivity. Prior to development of this classification, all forms of hypersensitivity were classified as allergies, "and all were thought to be caused by an improper activation of …
GMN 8398 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/10575
1965 PARISH, Henry James
A history of immunization.
GMN 2581.6 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4344
1965 BLUMBERG, Baruch Samuel (1925 – 2011); ALTER, Harvey James (1935 – ); VISNICH, S.; ET AL
A “new” antigen in leukemia sera.
(Order of authorship in the original publication: Blumberg, Alter, Visnich.) Discovery of Australia antigen, hepatitis B antigen, Aa, later called HBsAg. Blumberg received half of the Nobel Prize for Medicine in Biolo…
GMN 3666.4 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4823
1966 DAVID, John R. (1930 – )
Delayed hypersensitivity in vitro: its mediation by cell-free substances formed by lymphoid cell-antigen interaction.
Lymphokines (MIF). Simultanteously discovered by Barry R. Bloom (1937-) & B. Bennett. See Science, 1966, 153, 80-82.
GMN 2578.36 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4291
1966 CLAMAN, Henry N. (1930 – 2016); CHAPERON, Edward A. (1920 – )
Thymus-marrow cell combinations, Synergism in antibody production.
T cell subsets. With R.F. Triplett.
GMN 2578.37 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4296
1966 PARKMAN, Paul Douglas (1932 – ); MEYER, Harry Martin Jr. (1928 – 2001); ET AL
Attenuated rubella virus. II. Production of an experimental live-virus vaccine and clinical trial.
With T. C. Panos.
GMN 5509.3 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6509
1966 ISHIZAKA, Kimishige (1925 – 2018); ISHIZAKA, Teruko (1926 – 2019); HORNBROOK, M. M.
Physico-chemical properties of human reaginic antibody. IV. Presence of a unique immunoglobulin as a carrier of reaginic activity.
The antibody class labeled immunoglobulin E (IgE) discovered simultanteously by two independent groups: Ishizaka's team at the Children's Asthma Research Institute and Hospital in Denver, Colorado, and by Gunnar Johan…
GMN 8399 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/10576
1968 SNELL, George Davis (1903 – 1996)
The H-2 locus of the mouse: observations and speculations concerning its comparative genetics and its polymorphism.
Antigen II, discovered by Gorer (No. 2576.5), was studied by Snell and became known as the product of the H-2 locus, the fundamental locus in the history of mammalian transplant biology.
GMN 2578.38 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4299
1968 ARBER, Werner (1929 – ); LINN, Stuart M.
Host specificity of DNA produced by Escherichia coli, X. In vitro restriction of phage FD replicative form.
Order of authorship in the original publication: Linn, Arber. Arber announced the discovery, with proof, of the first restriction endonuclease (restriction enzyme or restrictase)."These enzymes are found in bacteria a…
GMN 12028 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14236
1968 PASTEUR, Louis (1822 – 1895); THUILLIER, Louis (1856 – 1883); FRANK, Robert M.; WROTNOWSKA, Denise
Correspondence of Pasteur & Thuillier concerning anthrax and swine fever vaccinations. Translated and edited by Robert M. Frank and Denise Wrotnowska. Preface by Louis Pasteur Vallery-Radot.
Edition and translation of about 60 letters mostly between Pasteur and his protegé Louis Thuillier in the Reynolds Historical Library at the University of Alabama. During the period involved in this correspondence "Th…
GMN 12038 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14246
1969 EDELMAN, Gerald Maurice (1929 – 2014); ET AL
The covalent structure of an entire ÁG immunoglobulin molecule.
Complete sequence of an immunoglobulin molecule. With five coauthors. In 1972 Edelman shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with R. R. Porter “for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of anti…
GMN 2578.39 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4302
1969 BRUNELL, Philip Alfred (1931 – ); ET AL
Prevention of varicella by zoster immune globulin.
With A. Ross, L. H. Miller, and B. Kuo.
GMN 5440.2 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7468
1969 –1972 BLUMBERG, Baruch Samuel (1925 – 2011); MILLMAN, Irving (1923 – 2012)
Vaccine against viral hepatitis and process. Serial No. 864,788 filed 10 /8 /[19]69. Patent 3636191 issued 1/ 18/ [19]72.
First description of the hepatitis B vaccine, the first cancer vaccine, US patent 3636191A. Millman and Blumberg discovered that the blood of individuals carrying the hepatitis B virus contained particles of the outsi…
GMN 6841 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/9005
1970 BIGGS, Peter Martin (1926 – ); ET AL
Field trials with an attentuated cell associated vaccine for Marek's disease.
In 1959 Biggs moved to the Houghton Poultry Research Station (HPRS) to form and head a unit to study lymphoid tumor conditions of the domestic fowl. He gave the name Marek’s disease to one of the tumor conditions, aft…
GMN 2660.26 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/3438
1970 KABAT, Elvin Abraham (1914 – 2000); WU, Tai Te (1935 – )
An analysis of the sequences of the variable regions of Bence Jones proteins and myeloma light chains and their implications for antibody complementarity.
Hypervariable regions of “Ig.”
GMN 2578.40 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4304
