1784 –1790 CAMPER, Petrus (Pieter) (1722 – 1789)

Sämmtliche kleinere Schriften. 3 vols.

Camper, an artist of skill, made his mark as an anthropologist and craniologist. He discovered the processus vaginalis of the peritoneum and the fibrous structure of the eye, and made several other important contribut…

GMN 77 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1303

1790 –1828 BLUMENBACH, Johann Friedrich (1752 – 1840)

Decas collectionis suae craniorum diversarum gentium illustrata. 6 parts plus supplement.

Blumenbach was the founder of craniology, and his craniological collection served as the principal foundation for his investigations into the natural history of mankind. He used the norma verticalis, the shape of the …

GMN 198 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/3536

1792 CAMPER, Petrus (Pieter) (1722 – 1789)

Ueber den natürlichen Unterschied der Gesichtszüge in Menschen verschiedener Gegenden und verschiedenen Alters.

This work on physiognomy includes Camper’s description of his craniometrical methods. Camper is chiefly remembered for the “facial angle” of his own invention. The book first appeared in Dutch in 1791. English transla…

GMN 158 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/3184

1836 TIEDEMANN, Friedrich (1781 – 1861)

On the brain of the negro, compared with that of the European and the orang-outang.

In this very thoroughly researched, highly documented, and well-illustrated paper Tiedemann demonstrated that there are no significant anatomical differences between the brains and mental capacities of Black people an…

GMN 11309 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13507

1839 MORTON, Samuel George (1799 – 1851)

Crania Americana; or, A comparative view of the skulls of various aboriginal nations of North and South America. To which is prefixed an essay on the varieties of the human species.

In his day Morton was the most eminent craniologist in the United States. He had a collection of nearly 1,000 skulls. In this work, which described both modern and fossil skulls, Morton described fractures and anthrop…

GMN 201 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/3545

1840 MORTON, Samuel George (1799 – 1851)

Catalogue of skulls of man, and the inferior animals, in the collection of Samuel George Morton.

Numbers 901-929 in Morton's catalogue are "Thirty Skulls of genuine unmixed NEGROES born in Africa. This interesting series series was collected by Don José Rodriguez Cisnerso, M. D. of Havana, in the island of Cuba, …

GMN 8828 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/11006

1842 RETZIUS, Anders Adolf (1796 – 1860)

Om formen af nordboernes cranier.

Retzius introduced the method of classifying races according to the cranial or cephalic index. A German translation of his paper is available in the Arch. Anat. Physiol. wiss. Med., 1845, 84-129.

GMN 202 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/3565

1844 MORTON, Samuel George (1799 – 1851)

Crania Aegyptiaca: or, observations on Egyptian ethnography, derived from anatomy, history and the monuments. From the Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. IX.

Morton argued that blacks and whites had been racially distinct since the Egyptian First Dynasty and drew the following conclusions, long since debunked: "Conclusions. "1. The valley of the Nile, both in Egypt and in …

GMN 8832 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/11010

1854 AGASSIZ, Louis Jean Rodolphe (1807 – 1873); MORTON, Samuel George (1799 – 1851); NOTT, Josiah Clark (1804 – 1873); GLIDDON, George Robbins (1809 – 1857); PATTERSON, Henry Stuart (1815 – 1854); USHER, William

Types of mankind: or, ethnological researches based upon the ancient monuments, paintings, sculptures and crania of races, and upon their natural, geographical, philological, and biblical history; illustrated by selections from the indedited papers of Samuel George Morton, and by additional contributions by L. Agassiz, W. Usher, and H. S. Patterson

Nott, a prominent physician and anthropologist in Mobile, Alabama, employed polygenist arguments to justify slavery. This required resoilving the problem of racial hybridity. Polygenists claimed that different races w…

GMN 8827 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/11005

1856 –1865 DAVIS, Joseph Barnard (1801 – 1881); THURNHAM, John (1810 – 1873)

Crania Britannica. Delineations and descriptions of the skulls of the aboriginal and early inhabitants of the British Islands: With notices of their other remains. 6 "Decades" in 2 vols.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

GMN 203 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/3571

1857 AGASSIZ, Louis Jean Rodolphe (1807 – 1873); LEIDY, Joseph (1823 – 1891); NOTT, Josiah Clark (1804 – 1873); GLIDDON, George Robbins (1809 – 1857); MAURY, Louis Ferdinand Alfred (1817 – 1892); PULSZKY DE CESLFALVA ET LUBÓCZ, Ferenc Aurél (Francis Pulszky) (1814 – 1897); MEIGS, James Aitken (1829 – 1879)

Indigenous races of the earth; or new chapters of ethnological enquiry: Including monographs on special departments of philology, iconography, cranioscopy, palaeontology, pathology, archaeology, comparative geography and natural history: Contributed by Alfred Maury, Francis Pulszky, and J. Aiken Meigs. With contributions from Jos. Leiden and L. Agassiz. Presenting fresh investigations by J. C. Nott and Geo. R. Glidden.

Expensively produced, and sold in both standard and large paper subscriber editions, Nott and Gliddon's work was one of the most egregiously racist publications in the history of physical anthropology. Nott, a promine…

GMN 8825 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/11003

1857 MORTON, Samuel George (1799 – 1851); MEIGS, James Aitken (1829 – 1879)

Catalogue of human crania, in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia: Based upon the third edition of Dr. Morton's "Catalogue of Skulls," &c.

"Since the death of the late lamented President of the Academy of Natural Sciences,- Dr. Samuel George Morton,- his magnifcent Collection of Human Crania, recently increased by the receipt of 67 skulls from various so…

GMN 8829 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/11007

1864 HIS, Wilhelm Sr. (1831 – 1904); RÜTIMEYER, Ludwig (1825 – 1895)

Crania Helvetica: Sammlung schweizerischer Schädelformen.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

GMN 203.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/3575

1871 –1888 BROCA, Pierre Paul (1824 – 1880)

Mémoires d’anthropologie. 5 vols.

Most often remembered for his contributions to neurology, Broca was also among the greatest of the French anthropologists. He originated modern craniometry and in that connection devised many craniometric and craniosc…

GMN 169 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/3253

1876 TOPINARD, Paul (1830 – 1912)

L’anthropologie.

Topinard was curator of the museum of the Société d’Anthropologie de Paris. “Topinard’s angle” and “line”, both described in this book, are landmarks employed in anthropometry. English translations 1878 and 1894.

GMN 175 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/3324

1878 RETZIUS, Magnus Gustaf (1842 – 1919)

Finska kranier: Jämte några natur- och literatur-studier, inom andra områden af finsk antropologi.

GMN 203.3 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/3596

1882 QUATREFAGES DE BRÉAU, Jean Louis Armand de (1810 – 1892); HAMY, Ernest Théodore Jules (1842 – 1908)

Crania ethnica. Les crânes des races humaines décrits et figurés d 'après les collections du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris, de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris et les principales collections de la France et de l'étranger par A. de Quatrefages et Ernest T. Hamy: Ouvrage accompagné de planches lithographiées d'après nature par H. Formant et illustré de nombreuses figures intercalées. 2 vols.

Digital facsimile from the Bayerische StaatsBibliothek at this link.

GMN 203.2 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/3584

1890 TÖRÖK, Aurél von (1842 – 1912)

Grundzüge einer systematischen Kraniometrie. Methodische Anleitung zur kraniometrischen Analyse der Schädelform für die Zwecke der physischen Anthropologie, der vergleichenden Anatomie sowie für die Zwecke der medizinischen Disziplinen (Pyschiatrie, Okulistik, Zahnheilkunde, Geburtshilfe, gerichtliche Medizin) und der bildenden Künste (plastische Anatomie) ein Handbuch fürs Laboratorium.

Török made an exhaustive study of craniometry as applied to an unusually wide range of fields in medicine, and art, and proposed 5,000 different measurements of a single skull. Digital facsimile from the Internet Arch…

GMN 203.4 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/3600

1892 VIRCHOW, Rudolf Ludwig Karl (1821 – 1902)

Crania ethnica Americana. Sammlung auserlesener Amerikanischer Schädeltypen. Herausgegeben von R. Virchow.

GMN 203.5 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/3608

1933 BUXTON, L. H. Dudley ( – 1939); MORANT, Geoffrey McKay (1899 – 1964)

The essential craniological technique.

Digital facsimile from JSTOR at this link.

GMN 203.6 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/3621