1970 GERSON, Richard K. (1932 – 1983); KONDO, K
Cell interactions in the induction of tolerance: The role of thymic lymphocytes.
Suppressor T cells.
GMN 2578.41 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4307
1970 FOSTER, William Derek (1925 – 1981)
A history of medical bacteriology and immunology.
GMN 2581.8 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4349
1971 PERLMANN, Peter (1919 – 2005); ENGVALL, Eva (1940 – )
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Quantitative assay of immunoglobulin G.
Perlmann (principal investigator) and Engvall conceptualized and developed the very commonly used enzyme-lined immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that uses antibodies to detect proteins and other different immunogens. The as…
GMN 12601 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14841
1972 BENACERRAF, Baruj (1920 – 2011); MCDEVITT, Hugh O’Neill (1930 – )
Histocompatibility-linked immune response genes.
Benacerraf and McDevitt discovered that the capacity to mount certain immune responses is genetically determined. In 1980 Benacerraf shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with J. Dausset and G. D. Snell "fo…
GMN 2578.29 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4262
1973 WIKTOR, Tadeusz Jan (1921 – 1986)
Human cell culture rabies vaccine. Antibody response in man.
Human diploid cell vaccine. With S. A. Plotkin and D. W. Grella. See also Develop, biol. Standard., 1978, 40, 3-9.
GMN 5484.4 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6393
1973 STEINMAN, Ralph Marvin (1943 – 2011); COHN, Zanvil Alexander (1926 – 1993)
Identification of a novel cell type in peripheral lymphoid organs in mice. I. Morphology, quantitation, tissue distribution.
Order of authorship in the original publication: Steinman, Cohn. In this paper Steinman announced his discovery of the dendritic cell. Digital facsimile from PubMedCentral at this link. In 2011 Steinman received half …
GMN 11074 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13270
1974 JERNE, Neils Kaj (1911 – 1994)
Towards a network theory of the immune system.
Idiotype networks. Jerne shared the 1984 Nobel Prize with Milstein and Köhler for his theoretical contributions to our concept of the immune system.
GMN 2578.42 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4310
1974 ZINKERNAGEL, Rolf Martin (1944 – ); DOHERTY, Peter Charles (1940 – )
Restriction of in vitro T cell-mediated cytotoxicity in lymphocytic choriomeningitis within a syngeneic or semiallogeneic system.
Doherty and Zinkernagel discovered how a class of white blood cells known as T cells kill virus-infected cells in the body, and so present the spread of viruses. In 1998 Zinkernagel and Doherty were awarded the Nobel …
GMN 7453 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/9625
1975 KÖHLER, Georges Jean Franz (1946 – 1995); MILSTEIN, César (1927 – 2002)
Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity.
Hybridomas. In 1984 Köhler and Milstein shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Niels K. Jerne, "for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery …
GMN 2578.43 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4314
1976 FURUICHI, Yashiro; SHATKIN, Aaron J. (1934 – 2012)
Reovirus messenger RNA contains a methylated, blocked 5'-terminal structure: m7G(5')ppp(5')GmpCp.
Furuichi, working in Shatkin's laboratory, discovered that the viral mRNAs synthesized in vitro by the virion-associated RNA polymerase of reovirus contain a unique 5′-terminal structure m7GpppNm or cap. The precise b…
GMN 13976 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/16279
1976 TONEGAWA, Susumu (1939 – )
Evidence for somatic rearrangement of immunoglobulin genes coding for variable and constant regions.
Discovery of V(D)J recombination, the genetic mechanism which produces antibody diversity. In 1987 Tonegawa was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for his discovery of the genetic principle for generat…
GMN 14245 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/16564
1982 ALLISON, James Patrick (1948 – ); MCINTYRE, B. W.; BLOCH, D.
Tumor-specific antigen of murine T-lymphoma defined with monoclonal antibody.
In 1982 Allison discovered the T-cell receptor. Order of authorship in the original publication: Allison, Bloch, McIntyre.
GMN 14266 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/16587
1983 MIKESELL, Oliver H. Perry (1952 – 2002); IVINS, Bruce Edwards (1946 – 2008); RISTROPH, Joseph David (1942 – 2011); ET AL
Evidence for plasmid mediated toxin production in Bacillus anthracis.
The authors illustrated and proved that “heating V770-NPI-R containing anthrax strains, to exactly 42.5 degrees centigrade, as Pasteur and colleagues reported in GM 14211, essentially ‘cured’ these strains of their pl…
GMN 14212 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/16528
1985 WHITCOMB, Dorothy
Immunology to 1980. An illustrated bibliography of titles in the Middleton Health Sciences Library, including the Julius M. Cruse collection.
Citations, with paginations, of 3480 items. Author and subject indices
GMN 2581.11 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4355
1988 BIBEL, Debra Jan
Milestones in immunology: A historical exploration.
Readings from primary sources from 1884 to 1975 with expert introductions, commentaries, and bibliographies.
GMN 2581.12 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4358
1989 SILVERSTEIN, Arthur M.
A history of immunology.
Carefully documented, well-written, analytical history from the ancient world to c. 1975 by an expert researcher in the field. Includes biographical dictionary of notable contributors, list of “seminal discoveries” fr…
GMN 2581.14 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4363
1992 HONJO, Tasuko (1942 – ); ISHIDA, Yasumasa; AGATA, Yasutoshi; SHIBAHARA, Keiichi
Induced expression of PD-1, a novel member of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily, upon programmed cell death.
Honjo discovered the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1). This discovery significantly contributed to the establishment of cancer immunotherapy principle by PD-1 blockade. Order of authorship in the original public…
GMN 14268 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/16589
1993 ROSE, Noel Richard (1927 – 2020); BONA, Constantin A. (1933 – 2016)
Defining criteria for autoimmune diseases (Witebsky's postulates revisited).
In 1993 Rose and Bona revised Witebsky's postulates "based on direct evidence from transfer of pathogenic antibody or pathogenic T-cells, indirect evidence based on reproduction of the autoimmune disease in experiment…
GMN 13472 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/15746
1995 PASTEUR, Louis (1822 – 1895); GEISON, Gerald Lynn (1943 – 2001)
The private science of Louis Pasteur.
"His biography of Pasteur was viewed as an outstanding work of scholarship which penetrated the secrecy that had surrounded much of the legendary scientist's laboratory work. Geison used Pasteur's laboratory notebooks…
GMN 11019 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13215
1995 SØRENSON, Anne L.; NAGAI, Sadamu; HOUEN, Gunnar; ANDERSEN, Peter Lawaetz; ET AL
Purification and characterization of a low-molecular-mass T-cell antigen secreted by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Andersen and colleagues found that a protein fraction obtained from M. tuberculosis was immunologically active in mice, suggesting that it was one of the proteins recognized by T cells. In this paper the authors ident…
GMN 11997 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14205
1996 LEMAITRE, Bruno (1965 – ); NICOLAS, Emmanuelle; HOFFMANN, Jules A. (1941 – ); ET AL
The dorsoventral regulatory gene cassette spätzle/Toll/cactus controls the potent antifungal response in Drosophila adults.
Order of authorship in the original publication: Lemaitre, Nicolas,... Hoffmann. This paper represented the foundation of molecular immunology. Hoffmann and colleagues found that flies with mutated Toll genes were una…
GMN 12111 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14320
1996 BRENT, Leslie Baruch (1925 – 2019)
A history of transplantation immunology.
Written by one of the founders of the science.
GMN 12794 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/15040
1996 ALLISON, James Patrick (1948 – ); LEACH, D. R.; KRUMMEL, Matthew F. (1968 – )
Enhancement of antitumor immunity by CTLA-4 blockade.
In the early 1990s James Allison showed that CTLA-4 acts as an inhibitory molecule to restrict T-cell responses. In 1996, Allison was the first to show that antibody blockade of a T-cell inhibitory molecule (known as …
GMN 14267 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/16588
1998 POLTORAK, Alexander; SMIRNOVA, Irina; BEUTLER, Bruce Alan (1957 – ); ET AL
Defective LPS signaling in C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCr mice: Mutations in the Tlr4 gene.
Order of authorship in the original paper: Poltorak, Smirnova...Beutler. The authors, led by Beutler, showed that mice that harbor a mutation of the gene which codes for the production of the Toll-like receptor TLR4 q…
GMN 12112 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14321
2002 EHRLICH, Paul (1854 – 1915); SILVERSTEIN, Arthur M.
Paul Ehrlich's receptor immunology: The magnificent obsession.
GMN 11417 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13616
2005 CRUISE, Julius M. Jr. (1937 – ); LEWIS, Robert E.
Historical atlas of immunology.
GMN 9431 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/11614
2005 MOJICA, Francisco Juan Martinez (1963 – ); DÍEZ-VILLASEÑOR, César; GARCÍA-MARTÍNEZ, Jesús
Intervening sequences of regularly spaced prokaryotic repeats derive from foreign genetic elements.
Order of authorship in the original publication: Mojica, Díez-Villaseñor, Jesus García-Martínez. In this paper Mojica and colleagues showed the the CRISPR system is a bacterial immune system against viral attack. This…
GMN 11842 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14046
2005 KARIKÓ, Katalin (1955 – ); WEISSMAN, Drew; BUCKSTEIN, Michael; NI, Houping
Suppression of RNA recognition by toll-like receptors: The impact of nucleoside modification and the evolutionary origin of RNA.
Karikó and Weissman discovered the nucleoside modifications that suppress the immungenicity of RNA, leading to their patents for the application of non-immunogenic, nucleoside-modified RNA (modRNA). This technology wa…
GMN 13622 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/15902
2006 GLASS, William G.; MCDERMOTT, David H.; LIM, Jean K.
CCR5 deficiency increases risk of symptomatic West Nile infection.
The authors showed that the absence of the CCR5 receptor, which provides immunoresistance to HIV increases susceptability to West Nile virus. (Order of authorship in the original publication: Glass, McDermott, Lim et …
GMN 12597 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14837
2007 HORVATH, Philippe (1970 – ); BARRANGOU, Rodolphe; FREMAUX, Christophe; DEVEAU, Hélène
CRISPR provides acquired resistance against viruses in prokaryotes.
Horvath and his team provided key details of the extremely complex mechanisms involved in CRISPR's function as an immune system for bacteria against bacteriophages. Analogous to Pasteur's heroic role in saving the Fre…
GMN 11843 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14047
2008 HERVÉ, Bazin
L'Histoire des vaccinations.
Translated and significantly revised and enlarged as Vaccination: A history from Lady Montagu to genetic engineering (Montrouge: John Libbey Eurotext: 2011).
GMN 10014 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/12203
2009 FRAZER, Ian Hector (1953 – ); ZHOU, Jian (1957 – 1999)
Papillomavirus vaccines. US Patent US7476389B1.
Frazer and Zhou invented and patented the first Papillomavirus vaccine. In 2020 it was marketed as Gardasil and Cervarix. Developed beginning in 1991, about 20 years after Blumberg and Millman's vaccine against viral …
GMN 12665 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14909
2010 ARTENSTEIN, Andrew W.
Vaccines: A biography. Edited by Andrew W. Artenstein.
GMN 8099 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/10275
2012 LARGENT, Mark A.
Vaccine: The debate in modern America.
GMN 12350 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14574
2014 ANDERSON, Warwick Hugh (1958 – ); MACKAY, Ian Reay (1922 – )
Intolerant bodies: A short history of autoimmunity.
GMN 8252 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/10428
2015 MOTICKA, Edward J.
A historical perspective on evidence-based immunology.
Thoroughly documented and well-illustrated history, with a timeline and bibliography for each chapter.
GMN 8253 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/10429
2015 WHITWORTH, Kristin Marie; ROWLAND, Raymond R. R.; EWEN, Catherine L.; PRATHER, Randall S.; ET AL
Gene-edited pigs are protected from porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus.
Order of authorship in the original publication: Whitworth, Rowland, Ewen, ... Prather. Using the CRISPR Cas molecular gene-editing tool, Prather and colleagues edited the gene that codes for the CD163 protein in adul…
GMN 11848 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14052
2015 CONIS, Elena
Vaccine nation: America's changing relationship with immunization.
GMN 12441 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14673
2017 HAYFLICK, Leonard (1928 – 2024); OLSHANSKY, Stuart Jay (1954 – )
The role of the WI-38 cell strain in saving lives and reducing morbidity.
In 1961 "Hayflick developed the first normal human diploid cell strains for studies on human aging and for research use throughout the world. Prior to his seminal research, all cultured cell lines were immortal and an…
GMN 14102 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/16413
2018 KINCH, Michael S.
Between hope and fear: A history of vaccines and human immunity.
Both a history of vaccines and immunology and of the anti-vaccination movement.
GMN 10698 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/12891
2019 INTEGRATIVE HMP RESEARCH NETWORK CONSORTIUM
The integrative human microbiome project.
Results from this large research consortium show the influence of the microbiome on preterm birth, inflammatory bowel disease, including Crohn's and ulcerative colitis, and prediabetes leading to type II diabetes. (Th…
GMN 11477 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13676
2020 JIANG, Chenyang; LIAN, Xiadong; GAO, Ce; ET AL
Distinct viral reservoirs in individuals with spontaneous control of HIV-1.
The authors describe a mechanism for the observed natural viral "immunity" of individuals with spontaneous control of HIV-1. A very few exceptional people have the molecular ability to steer the incoming/infecting cel…
GMN 13479 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/15753
2020 WRAPP, Daniel; WANG, Nianshuang; CORBETT, Kizzmekia Shanta (1986 – ); GRAHAM, Barney S.; ET AL
Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation.
Posted online on February 17, 2020. 2019-nCoV was an interim name for the Novel Coronavirus. These studies, which included the 3D structure of the RBD (receptor binding domain) within the S protein, provided informati…
GMN 13483 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/15757
2020 SHIN, Matthew D.; SHUKLA, Sourabh; CHUNG, Young Hun; STEINMETZ, Nicole F.; ET AL
COVID-19 vaccine development and a potential nanomaterial path forward.
Published 15 July 2020. Order of authorship in original publication: Shin, Shukla, Chung....Steinmetz. Probably the first publication on the type of nanotechnology involved in production of the Moderna and Pfizer mRNA…
GMN 13484 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/15758
2020 POLACK, Fernando P.; THOMAS, Stephen J.; KITCHIN, Nicholas; ET AL
Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine.
BNT162b2 is synonomous with the Pfizer BioNTech mRNA Covid-19 vaccine. The Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA vaccine was produced from theoretical design to finished product and distribution in less than one year. This was the fir…
GMN 13506 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/15781
2021 BADEN, Lindsey Robert; EL SAHLY, Hana M.; ESSINK, Brandon; ET AL
Efficacy and safety of the mRNA-1273 SARSCov-2 vaccine.
mRNA-1273 is synonymous with the Moderna mRNA Covid-19 vaccine. The Moderna mRNA vaccine was produced from theoretical design to finished product and distribution in less than one year. This was the first published pa…
GMN 13507 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/15782
2026 CALMETTE, Léon Charles Albert (1863 – 1933); GUÉRIN, Camille (1872 – 1961); SCHWARTZ, David Alan (1953 – ); MIGLIORINI, Lou
Discovery of a handwritten laboratory notebook by Albert Calmette and Camille Guérin describing experimental studies and development of the BCG vaccine for tuberculosis
"Abstract: Background: The Bacille Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine against tuberculosis is the most widespread vaccine in the world. Discovered by French investigators Albert Calmette and Camille Guérin at the Pasteur I…
GMN 14354 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/16684
