1829 ROLANDO, Luigi (1773 – 1831)
Della struttura degli emisferi cerebrali.
GMN 1394 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1962
1830 BELL, Sir Charles (1774 – 1842)
The nervous system of the human body. [2nd ed.]
Records Bell’s demonstration that the fifth cranial nerve has a sensory-motor function, his discovery of “Bell’s nerve” and the motor nerve of the face, lesion of which causes facial paralysis (Bell’s palsy). Bell was…
GMN 1258 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2136
1831 MÜLLER, Johannes Peter (1801 – 1858)
Bestätigung des Bell’schen Lehrsatzes, das die doppelten Wurzeln der Rückenmarksnerven verschiedene Fuctionen haben, durch neue und Entscheidende Experimente.
Experimental proof of the Bell-Magendie law (see Nos. 1254 & 1256) of the spinal nerve roots.
GMN 1259 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2141
1833 HALL, Marshall (1790 – 1857)
On the reflex function of the medulla oblongata and medulla spinalis.
“Hall showed that reflex activity could be distinguished from other types of movement, that it produced what today we call ‘muscle tone,’ that it included sneezing coughing, and vomiting, and that it could be influenc…
GMN 1359 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1668
1836 REMAK, Robert (1815 – 1865)
Vorläufige Mittheilungen microscopischer Beobachtungen über den inner Bau der Cerebrospinalnerven und über die Entwickelung ihrer Formelemente.
Remak identified for the first time the myelinated fiber with its central “band of Remak” (the axon), and the unmyelinated axon or “fiber of Remak.” Fuller account in his Observationes anatomicae (No. 1262).
GMN 1260 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2145
1837 PURKYNĔ, Jan Evangelista [PURKINJE] (1787 – 1869)
Neueste Untersuchungen aus der Nerven-und Hirnanatomie.
Description of the “flask-shaped ganglionic bodies” known as “Purkinje cells”. Reprinted in his Opera Omnia, 1939, 3, 47-9. Also published in Oken’s Isis, 1838, pp. 582-84.
GMN 1396 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1980
1837 BURDACH, Ernst (1801 – 1876)
Beitrag zur mikroskopischen Anatomie der Nerven.
GMN 1261 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2156
1838 REMAK, Robert (1815 – 1865)
Observationes anatomicae et microscopicae de systematis nervosi structura.
See No. 1260.
GMN 1262 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2161
1839 –1840 STANLEY, Edward (1793 – 1862)
A case of disease in the posterior columns of the spinal cord.
Stanley was the first to describe disease of the posterior columns of the spinal cord.
GMN 4525 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/386
1839 –1857 LEURET, François (1797 – 1851); GRATIOLET, Louis Pierre (1815 – 1865)
Anatomie comparée du système nerveux. 2 vols. and atlas.
The first comprehensive systematic investigation of the mammalian brain. Leuret wrote vol. 1 without Gratiolet, who later became his collaborator, publishing vol. 2 and the atlas after Leuret’s death.
GMN 1396.01 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1988
1840 BAILLARGER, Jules Gabriel François (1809 – 1890)
Recherches sur la structure de la couche cortical des circonvolutions du cerveau.
Baillarger demonstrated that the cortex is made up of layers and that fibers connect the cortex with the internal white matter. English translation in von Bonin, Some papers on the cerebral cortex, Springfield: Charle…
GMN 1396.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1991
1840 PACINI, Filippo (1812 – 1883)
Nuovi organi scoperti nel corpo humano.
“Pacini’s corpuscles”, end organs of sensory nerves, earlier described by Vater in 1717.
GMN 1263 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2164
1842 BIDDER, Friedrich Karl Heinrich von (1810 – 1894); VOLKMANN, Alfred Wilhelm (1800 – 1877)
Die Selbständigkeit des sympathischen Nervensystems durch anatomische Untersuchungen nachgewiesen.
These writers showed the sympathetic nervous system to consist largely of small, medullated fibers originating from the sympathetic and spinal ganglia.
GMN 1318 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1275
1842 MAGENDIE, François (1783 – 1855)
Recherches physiologiques et cliniques sur le liquide céphalo-rachidien ou cérébro-spinal. 1 vol. and atlas.
“Foramen of Magendie” described.
GMN 1397 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1993
1844 BERNARD, Claude (1813 – 1878)
Recherches expérimentales sur les fonctions du nerf spinal, étudié spécialement dans ses rapports avec le pneumogastrique.
GMN 1264 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2188
1846 BECK, Thomas Snow (1814 – 1877)
On the nerves of the uterus.
Beck showed that in man the thoracic sympathetic chain receives communications from the last cervical, thoracic, and upper 1 or 2 lumbar ganglia.
GMN 1319 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1300
1850 WALLER, Augustus Volney (1816 – 1870)
Experiments on the section of the glossopharyngeal and hypoglossal nerves of the frog, and observations of the alterations produced thereby in the structure of their primitive fibres.
The “law of Wallerian degeneration”. The experiments recorded in the above paper were the starting-point of the neuron theory. Waller showed that if glosso-pharyngeal and hypoglossal nerves are severed, the outer segm…
GMN 1266 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2196
1851 CLARKE, Jacob Augustus Lockhart (1817 – 1880)
Researches into the structure of the spinal cord.
Clarke made important researches on the spinal cord. He described the nucleus dorsalis. He introduced the method of mounting sections with Canada balsam.
GMN 1360 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1671
1851 WALLER, Augustus Volney (1816 – 1870)
Recherches sur la système nerveux.
GMN 1267 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2201
1851 TÜRCK, Ludwig (1810 – 1868)
Ueber den Zustand der Sensibilität nach theilweiser Trennung des Rückenmarkes.
Türck showed that degeneration in a nerve track corresponds to the direction in which it conducts nerve impulses – ascending tracks degenerate above the lesion and descending tracks below it.
GMN 1267.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2207
1851 BROWN-SÉQUARD, Charles Édouard (1817 – 1894)
De la transmission croisée des impressions sensitives par la moëlle épinière.
“Brown-Séquard’s paralysis”. Lesion of one lateral half of the spinal cord causes paralysis of motion on one side and of sensation on the other. See also the writer’s later paper on pp. 70-73 of the same volume.
GMN 4530 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/8892
1852 BERNARD, Claude (1813 – 1878)
Influence du grand sympathique sur la sensibilité et sur la calorification.
Bernard discovered the existence of vasomotor nerves.
GMN 1320 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1307
1852 BROWN-SÉQUARD, Charles Édouard (1817 – 1894)
Experimental researches applied to physiology and pathology.
By applying a galvanic current to the superior part of the divided sympathetic nerve and causing vascular contraction and a fall in temperature, Brown-Séquard inferred that section of the sympathetic paralysed and dil…
GMN 1322 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1318
1852 BUDGE, Ludwig Julius (1811 – 1884)
Experimenteller Beweis, dass der Nervus sympathicus aus dem Rückenmark entspringt.
GMN 1323 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1328
1853 BERNARD, Claude (1813 – 1878)
Expérience sur les fonctions de la portion céphalique du grand sympathique.
GMN 1321 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1311
1853 FAIVRE, Ernest (1827 – 1879)
Des granulations méningiennes. Thèse pour le doctorat en médecine.
Digital facsimile from wellcomecollection.org at this link. See also his paper in Ann. Sci. nat., 1853, 20, 321-33 (Zool.).
GMN 1398 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1996
1854 BERNARD, Claude (1813 – 1878)
Recherches expérimentales sur le grand sympathique et spécialement sur l’influence que la section de ce nerf exerce sur la chaleur animal.
GMN 1324 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1333
1854 BROWN-SÉQUARD, Charles Édouard (1817 – 1894)
Note sur la découverte de quelques-uns des effets de la galvanisation du nerf grand sympathique au cou.
GMN 1325 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1337
1854 BROWN-SÉQUARD, Charles Édouard (1817 – 1894)
Sur les résultats de la section et de la galvanisation du nerf grand sympathique au cou.
GMN 1326 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1340
1854 VIRCHOW, Rudolf Ludwig Karl (1821 – 1902)
Ueber eine im Gehirn und Rückenmark des Menschen aufgefundene Substanz mit der chemischen Reaction der Cellulose.
Discovery of the neuroglia.
GMN 1268 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2211
1857 CAMPBELL, Henry Fraser (1824 – 1891)
Essays on the secretory and the excito-secretory system of nerves.
Campbell saw in the sympathetic a nervous system related to secretion and nutrition and having intimate connexion with the sensory nerves. He coined the ter “excito-secretory” to designate his theory; although this te…
GMN 1327 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1346
1858 BERNARD, Claude (1813 – 1878)
Leçons sur la physiologie et la pathologie du système nerveux. 2 vols.
GMN 1399 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2000
1860 GOLL, Friedrich (1829 – 1903)
Beiträge zur feineren Anatomie des menschlichen Rückenmarks.
Includes description of “Golls column” or “tract”, the posterior column of the spinal cord.
GMN 1361 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1677
1861 BROCA, Pierre Paul (1824 – 1880)
Remarques sur le siège de la faculté du langage articulé, suivie d’une observation d’aphémie (perte de la parole).
Broca claimed the third left frontal convolution of the brain as the center of articulate speech – a point now disputed. He was first to trephine for a cerebral abscess diagnosed by this theory of localization of func…
GMN 1400 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2005
1861 DALTON, John Call (1825 – 1889)
On the cerebellum, as the centre of co-ordination of the voluntary movements.
GMN 1401 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2010
1862 KÜHNE, Wilhelm Friedrich (1837 – 1900)
Ueber die peripherischen Endorgane der motorischen Nerven.
Kühne described the neuromuscular end organ (“Kühne’s spindle”) and introduced the term “telolemma” for the outer covering of its sheath.
GMN 1269 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2214
1863 SECHENOV, Ivan Mikhailovich (1829 – 1905)
Physiologische Studien über die Hemmungsmechanischen für die Reflexthätigkeit des Rückenmarks im Gehirn des Frosches.
Sechenov discovered the cerebral inhibition of spinal reflexes. He was Professor of Physiology at St. Petersburg and Moscow, and the “father of Russian physiology”.
GMN 1362 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1681
1863 AUBURTIN, Simon Alexandre Ernest (1825 – 1893)
Considérations sur les localisations cérébrales et en particulier sur le siège de la faculté du langage articulé.
Auburtin did much to establish the principle of cerebral localization. He demonstrated on a patient whose frontal lobe was exposed following a gunshot wound that merely touching the uninjured lobe with a spatula would…
GMN 1401.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2018
1863 KÜHNE, Wilhelm Friedrich (1837 – 1900)
Die Muskelspindeln. Ein Beitrag zur Lehre von der Entwickelung der Muskeln und Nervenfasem.
The best early description of proprioceptive receptors in muscles.
GMN 1270 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2221
1863 BROWN-SÉQUARD, Charles Édouard (1817 – 1894)
Recherches sur la transmission des impressions de tact, de chatouillement, de douleur, de température et de contraction (sens musculaire) dans la moëlle épinière.
Among Brown-Séquard’s best work was his study of the pathways of conduction in the spinal cord.
GMN 1465 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2405
1865 LUYS, Jules Bernard (1828 – 1897)
Recherches sur le système nerveux cérébro-spinal; sa structure, ses fonctions, et ses maladies. 1 vol. and atlas.
The beginning of knowledge of thalamic function. This work contains Luys’s descriptions of the two structures which bear his name: the subthalamic nucleus and the center median of the thalamus.
GMN 1402 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2030
1865 SCHULTZE, Max Johann Sigismund (1825 – 1874); DEITERS, Otto Friedrich Carl (1834 – 1863)
Untersuchungen über Gehirn und Rückenmark des Menschen und der Säugethiere. Nach dem Tode des Verfassers Herausgegeben und Bevortwortet von Max Schultze.
Deiters showed that each nerve-cell possesses an axis-cylinder or nerve-fiber process. His name is perpetuated in “Deiters’ cells” and “nucleus”. Dieters died of typhus in 1863 at the age of 29; his book was edited fr…
GMN 1271 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2224
1865 BISCHOFF, Ernst Phllipp Eduard
Mikroskopischische Analyse der Anastomosen der Kopfnerven: gekrönte Beantwortung der von der medizinischen Fakultät zu München im Jahre 1863 ausgesetzten Preisfrage. Mit 43 Steindrucktafeln.
Bischoff demonstrated conclusively that there are many interconnections between the trigeminal, facial, nervus intermedius, acoustico-vestibular complex, glosso-pharyngeal, vagus, spinal-accessory, hypoglossal and the…
GMN 1271.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2228
1866 LOVÉN, Otto Christian (1835 – 1904)
Ueber die Erweiterung von Arterien in Folge einer Nervenerregung.
The “Lovén reflex”, vasodilatation of an organ when its afferent nerve is stimulated.
GMN 1363 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1685
1867 MEYNERT, Theodor Hermann (1833 – 1892)
Der Bau der Gross-Hirnrinde und seine örtlichen Verschiedenheiten, nebst einem pathologisch-anatomischen Corollarium.
Meynert noticed regional variations in the histological structure of different parts of the gray matter in the cerebral hemispheres. He is credited with beginning the study of cytoarchitecture. Meynert described the f…
GMN 1403 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2035
1869 HORNER, Johann Friedrich (1831 – 1886)
Ueber eine Form von Ptosis.
“Horner’s syndrome”, due to lesion of the cervical sympathetic. The same syndrome was evoked in animals by Pourfour du Petit in 1727 (see No. 1313). It is a proof that the sympathetic governs the pupillary, vasomotor,…
GMN 1328 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1354
1869 GOLTZ, Friedrich Leopold (1834 – 1902)
Beiträge zur Lehre von den Functionen der Nervencentren des Frosches.
Goltz made important observations on the decerebrate frog. He showed it to possess no volitional powers except after stimulation, no memory and no intelligence. His experiments on frogs deprived of their spinal cords …
GMN 1364 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1686
1869 MITCHELL, Silas Weir (1829 – 1914)
Researches on the physiology of the cerebellum.
Mitchell, leading American neurologist of his time, performed over 350 experiments upon the cerebellum. He emphasized its co-ordinating function, first postulated by Flourens, and he proposed his “augmentor” theory of…
GMN 1404 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2043
1869 DICKINSON, William Howship (1832 – 1913)
On the changes in the nervous system which follow the amputation of limbs.
Demonstration that the proximal end of a severed nerve eventually atrophies.
GMN 1272 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2267
1869 ROBERTSON, Douglas Moray Cooper Lamb Argyll (1837 – 1909)
On an interesting series of eye symptoms in a case of spinal disease, with remarks on the action of belladonna on the iris.
“Argyll Robertson pupil” first described. See also his later paper in the same journal, 1869, 15, 487-93. Reprinted in Med. Classics, 1937, 1, 851-76.
GMN 4540 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/8902
