1935 BURNET, Sir Frank Macfarlane (1899 – 1985)
Propagation of the virus of epidemic influenza on the developing egg.
Cultivation of the influenza virus.
GMN 5496 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6453
1936 SABIN, Albert Bruce (1906 – 1993); OLITSKY, Peter Kosciusko (1886 – 1964)
Cultivation of poliomyelitis virus in vitro in human embryonic nervous tissue.
Isolation and propagation of the poliomyelitis virus in pure culture.
GMN 4670.6 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/868
1936 WEBSTER, Leslie Tillotson (1894 – 1943); CLOW, Anna D. (1905 – 1992)
Propagation of rabies virus in tissue culture and the successful use of culture virus as antirabic vaccine.
Webster and Clow succeeded in growing rabies virus in tissue culture.
GMN 5484.2 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6390
1936 BERNAL, John Desmond (1901 – 1971); BAWDEN, Sir Frederick Charles (1908 – 1972); PIRIE, Norman Wingate (1907 – 1997); FANKUCHEN, Isidor (1904 – 1964); ET AL
Liquid crystalline substances from virus infected plants.
Order of authorship in the original publication: Bawden, Pirie, Bernal, Fankuchen. The authors isolated and crystallized tobacco mosaic virus, finding for the first time that a virus contained nucleic acids, when othe…
GMN 12005 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14213
1937 THEILER, Max (1899 – 1972); SMITH, Hugh Hollingsworth (1902 – 1995)
The use of yellow fever virus modified by in vitro cultivation for human immunization.
Immunization without the use of immune serum. In 1951 Theiler was awared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for his discovery of an effective vaccine against yellow fever." This was the first Nobel Prize award…
GMN 5467 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7597
1937 BEAUDETTE, Fred Robert; HUDSON, C. B.
Cultivation of the virus of infectious bronchitis.
The authors were the first to isolate a pathogenic coronavirus in chickens. This was the first pathogenic coronavirus described. (Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)
GMN 12008 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14216
1938 SHANNON, Raymond Corbett (1894 – 1945); ET AL
Yellow fever virus in jungle mosquitoes.
Haemagogus sp. shown to be vectors of yellow fever. With L. Whitman and M. Frania.
GMN 5467.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7600
1939 ARMSTRONG, Charles (1886 – 1967)
Successful transfer of the Lansing strain of poliomyelitis virus from the cotton rat to the white mouse.
Armstrong adapted the Lansing strain of poliomyelitis to the cotton rat and then to the mouse, greatly facilitating experimental work on the disease.
GMN 4671.2 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/878
1939 DAWSON, James Robertson Jr. (1908 – 1986)
Infection of chicks and chick embryos with rabies.
Cultivation of rabies virus in the chick embryo. Soon afterwards I. J. Kligler and H. Bernkopf, Nature, 1939, 143, 899, made a similar report.
GMN 5484.3 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6391
1940 FRANCIS, Thomas Jr. (1900 – 1969)
A new type of virus from epidemic influenza.
Recovery of influenza B virus.
GMN 5498 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6460
1940 MAGILL, Thomas Pleines (1903 – 1999)
A virus from cases of influenza-like upper-respiratory infection.
Recovery of influenza B virus.
GMN 5499 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6462
1946 ENDERS, John Franklin (1897 – 1985); STOKES, Joseph Jr. (1896 – 1972); ET AL
Immunity in mumps. VI. Experiments on the vaccination of human beings with formolized mumps virus.
With E. P. Maris, and L. W. Kane.
GMN 5544.2 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6756
1948 DALLDORF, Gilbert Julius (1900 – 1979); SICKLES, Grace Mary (1898 – 1959)
An unidentified, filterable agent isolated from the feces of children with paralysis.
Isolation of the Coxsackie virus from the stool of a patient residing in Coxsackie, New York.
GMN 5545 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6761
1949 ENDERS, John Franklin (1897 – 1985); WELLER, Thomas Huckle (1915 – 2008); ROBBINS, Frederick Chapman (1916 – 2003)
Cultivation of the Lansing strain of poliomyelitis virus in cultures of various human embryonic tissues.
Enders, Weller, and Robbins grew the poliomyelitis virus in cultures of different tissues. Their method proved of great value in virus research, and removed the final obstacles to vaccine production. In 1974 Enders, W…
GMN 4671.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/874
1949 TAYLOR, Richard Moreland (1887 – 1981)
Studies on survival of influenza-virus between epidemics and antigenic variants of the virus.
Recovery of influenza C virus.
GMN 5500 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6464
1949 CURNEN, Edward Charles Jr. (1909 – 1997); MELNICK, Joseph Louis (1914 – 2001); ET AL
Disease resembling nonparalytic poliomyelitis associated with a virus pathogenic for infant mice.
Isolation of the Coxsackie virus from patients with poliomyelitis. With E. W. Shaw.
GMN 5546 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6763
1952 KOPROWSKI, Hilary (1916 – 2013); ET AL
Immune responses in human volunteers upon oral administration of a rodent-adapted strain of poliomyelitis virus.
Successful immunization against poliomyelitis with a living attenuated virus vaccine. With G. A. Jervis and T. W. Norton.
GMN 4672.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/885
1952 DICK, George Williamson Auchinvole (1914 – 1997); KITCHEN, S. F.; HADDOW, Alexander John (1912 – 1978)
Zika virus (I). Isolations and serological specificity.
First description of Zika virus, an arbovirus native to Africa. The authors named the virus after the Zika forest in Uganda, where they were searching for Yellow Fever. Instead they isolated a new virus in samples tak…
GMN 7864 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/10036
1952 DICK, George Williamson Auchinvole (1914 – 1997)
Zika virus. (II). Pathogenicity and physical properties.
Dick's second paper on the Zika virus, immediately following his first paper in the same volume of the same journal (see no. 7864). First statement that the Aedes aegypti mosquito is the vector of transmission of the …
GMN 10939 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13135
1952 SMITHBURN, K. C.
Neutralizing antibodies against certain recently isolated viruses in the sera of human beings residing in East Africa.
First report of human illness caused by Zika virus, detected in Uganda and Tanzania. 38 patients had neutralizing antibodies to Zika virus in their blood serum, proving that they had been infected by the virus. (Thank…
GMN 10940 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13136
1952 ENDERS, John Franklin (1897 – 1985); WELLER, Thomas Huckle (1915 – 2008); ROBBINS, Frederick Chapman (1916 – 2003); ET AL
Studies on the cultivation of poliomyelitis viruses in tissue culture.
Order of authorship in the original publication: Weller, Enders, Robbins. In this paper the authors describe their improved method for culturing poliomyelitis viruses in "normal kidney tissue." Followed by Robbins, We…
GMN 11103 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13299
1953 SALK, Jonas Edward (1914 – 1995); ET AL
Studies in human subjects on active immunization against poliomyelitis. 1. A preliminary report of experiments in progress.
Killed-virus vaccine. With four co-authors.
GMN 4672.2 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/889
1953 WELLER, Thomas Huckle (1915 – 2008)
Serial propagation in vitro of agents producing inclusion bodies derived from varicella and herpes zoster.
Isolation of the varicella-herpes virus.
GMN 5440.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7466
1954 VOGT, Marguerite (1913 – 2007); DULBECCO, Renato (1914 – 2012)
Plaque formation and isolation of pure lines with poliomyelitis viruses.
Dulbecco and Vogt were the first to successfully grow the poliovirus in vitro. They were also able to plaque purify it-- an essential step for subsequent vaccine production.
GMN 14000 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/16304
1955 SABIN, Albert Bruce (1906 – 1993)
Immunization of chimpanzees and human beings with avirulent strains of poliomyelitis virus.
Sabin reported the successful immunization of chimpanzees by oral and I.M. route using the Brunhilde, Mahoney and Leon strains of polio virus. On p. 1055 he reported the experimental results on humans given a "single …
GMN 4672.3 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/894
1955 FRAENKEL-CONRAT, Heinz Ludwig (1910 – 1999); WILLIAMS, Robley Cook (1908 – 1995)
Reconstitution of active tobacco mosaic virus from its inactive protein and nucleic acid components.
First reconstitution of a virus.
GMN 2527 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/3465
1955 HENLE, Gertrude Szpingier (1912 – 2006); DEINHARDT, Friedrich W. (1926 – 1992)
Propagation and primary isolation of mumps virus in tissue culture.
GMN 5546.3 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6771
1955 FRANKLIN, Rosalind Elsie (1920 – 1958)
Structure of tobacco mosaic virus.
The first discovery of the geometry of a protein structure. Franklin, whose X-ray photographs of DNA were crucial to Watson and Crick's discovery of the molecule's double helix structure in 1953, began researching the…
GMN 14001 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/16306
1956 GIERER, Alfred (1929 – ); SCHRAMM, Gerhard (1910 – 1989)
Infectivity of ribonucleic acid from tobacco mosaic virus.
Proof that nucleic acid produces infectivity. See also Z. Naturf., 1956, 11b, 138-42.
GMN 2578.17 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4154
1960 SWEET, Benjamin Hersh (1924 – ); HILLEMAN, Maurice Ralph (1919 – 2005)
The vacuolating virus SV40.
Simian virus type 40, a polyomavirus found in both monkeys and humans.
GMN 2527.3 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/3477
1962 WELLER, Thomas Huckle (1915 – 2008); NEVA, Franklin Allen (1922 – 2011)
Propagation in tissue culture of cytopathic agents from patients with rubella-like illness.
Isolation of rubella virus. It was simultaneously isolated by P. D. Parkman, et al. (No. 5509.2.)
GMN 5509.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6505
1962 PARKMAN, Paul Douglas (1932 – ); BUESCHER, Col. Edward L. (1925 – 1989); ARTENSTEIN, Malcolm S. (1930 – 1976)
Recovery of rubella virus from army recruits.
Isolation of the rubella virus.
GMN 5509.2 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6507
1964 EPSTEIN, Michael Anthony (1921 – ); BARR, Yvonne (1932 – 2016)
Cultivation in vitro of human lymphoblasts from Burkitt’s malignant lymphoma.
Order of authorship in the original publication: Epstein, Barr. Discovery of the Epstein-Barr virus, a human herpes virus causing infectious mononucleosis, and implicated in Burkitt’s lymphoma and other forms of cance…
GMN 2660.17 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/3410
1964 EPSTEIN, Michael Anthony (1921 – ); BARR, Yvonne (1932 – 2016); ACHONG, Bert Geoffrey (1928 – 1996)
Virus particles in cultured lymphoblasts from Burkitt’s lymphoma.
Order of authorship in the original publication: Epstein, Achong, Barr. Presence of herpes-like virus particles in Burkitt’s tumor cells reported. The Epstein-Barr virus was the first human cancer-causing virus to be …
GMN 2660.18 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/3414
1965 BLUMBERG, Baruch Samuel (1925 – 2011); ALTER, Harvey James (1935 – ); VISNICH, S.; ET AL
A “new” antigen in leukemia sera.
(Order of authorship in the original publication: Blumberg, Alter, Visnich.) Discovery of Australia antigen, hepatitis B antigen, Aa, later called HBsAg. Blumberg received half of the Nobel Prize for Medicine in Biolo…
GMN 3666.4 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4823
1965 MIYAMOTO, Kaneatsu; MATSUMOTO, Seiichi
The nature of the Negri Body.
The first visual proof, by publication of electron micrographs at 25,000 magnification, that Negri bodies contain enormous numbers of rabies virus particles. Digital facsimile from rupress.org at this link. (Thanks to…
GMN 14035 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/16343
1966 PARKMAN, Paul Douglas (1932 – ); MEYER, Harry Martin Jr. (1928 – 2001); ET AL
Attenuated rubella virus. II. Production of an experimental live-virus vaccine and clinical trial.
With T. C. Panos.
GMN 5509.3 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6509
1966 TYRRELL, David Arthur John (1925 – 2005); BYNOE, M. L.
Cultivation of viruses from a high proportion of patients with colds.
"The history of human coronaviruses began in 1965 when Tyrrell and Bynoe found that they could passage a virus named B814. It was found in human embryonic tracheal organ cultures obtained from the respiratory tract of…
GMN 11918 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14123
1967 STEWART, George Louis (1936 – ); ET AL
Rubella-virus hemagglutination-inhibition test.
With five co-authors.
GMN 5509.4 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6510
1967 SIEGERT, Rudolf (1914 – 1988); ET AL
Zur Ätiologie einer unbekannten, von Affen ausgegangenen menschlichen Infektionskrankheit.
Isolation, identification and structure of the Marburg virus. WITH H. L. Shu, W. Sienczka, D. Peters, and G. Müller.
GMN 7865 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/10037
1967 HENLE, Gertrude Szpingier (1912 – 2006); HENLE, Werner (1910 – 1987); DIEHL, Volker S. (1938 – ); HAUSEN, Harald zur (1936 – ); KOHN, G.
Herpes-type virus and chromosome marker in normal leukocytes after growth with irradiated Burkitt cells.
Hausen and colleagues showed for the first time that a cancer virus (Epstein-Barr virus) can transform healthy cells (lymphocytes) into cancer cells. This showed that viruses can cause cancer cell formation. (Order of…
GMN 12662 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14906
1968 HENLE, Gertrude Szpingier (1912 – 2006); HENLE, Werner (1910 – 1987); DIEHL, Volker S. (1938 – )
Relation of Burkitt’s tumor-associated herpes-type virus to infectious mononucleosis.
The Henles and Diehl showed that Epstein-Barr virus is the aetiological agent in infectious mononucleosis.
GMN 5487.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6427
1968 BLUMBERG, Baruch Samuel (1925 – 2011); BAYER, Manfred E. (1928 – 2015); WERNER, Barbara G.
Particles associated with Australia antigen in the sera of patients with leukemia, Down's syndrome and hepatitis.
Particles with the appearance of a virus were detected by electron microscopy in the serum of individuals with Au. These were subsequently shown to be the surface antigen particles, different from the whole virus part…
GMN 6840 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/9004
1969 –1972 BLUMBERG, Baruch Samuel (1925 – 2011); MILLMAN, Irving (1923 – 2012)
Vaccine against viral hepatitis and process. Serial No. 864,788 filed 10 /8 /[19]69. Patent 3636191 issued 1/ 18/ [19]72.
First description of the hepatitis B vaccine, the first cancer vaccine, US patent 3636191A. Millman and Blumberg discovered that the blood of individuals carrying the hepatitis B virus contained particles of the outsi…
GMN 6841 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/9005
1970 TEMIN, Howard Martin (1934 – 1994); MIZUTANI, Satoshi
RNA-dependent DNA polymerase in virions of Rous sarcoma virus.
Discovery of reverse transcriptase. "In 1969, Temin and a postdoctoral fellow, Satoshi Mizutani, began searching for the enzyme that was responsible for the phenomenon of viral RNA being transferred into proviral DNA.…
GMN 2660.23 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/3432
1970 BIGGS, Peter Martin (1926 – ); ET AL
Field trials with an attentuated cell associated vaccine for Marek's disease.
In 1959 Biggs moved to the Houghton Poultry Research Station (HPRS) to form and head a unit to study lymphoid tumor conditions of the domestic fowl. He gave the name Marek’s disease to one of the tumor conditions, aft…
GMN 2660.26 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/3438
1970 DANE, David Maurice Surrey (1923 – 1998); CAMERON, C. H.; BRIGGS, E. Moya
Virus-like particles in serum of patients with Australia-antigen-associated hepatitis.
(Order of authorship in the original publication: Dane, Cameron, Briggs.) The authors showed that the "Australian antigen" was a virus causing hepatitis B. (Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretati…
GMN 12305 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14527
1970 SHERLOCK, Sheila Patricia Violet Dame (1918 – 2001); NIAZI, S. P.; FOX, R. A.
Chronic liver disease and primary liver-cell cancer with hepatitis-associated (Australia) antigen in serum.
(Order of authorship in the original publication: Sherlock, Niazi, Fox...). The authors demonstrated that the hepatitis B virus can cause cancer. (Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)
GMN 12306 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14528
1970 BLUMBERG, Baruch Samuel (1925 – 2011); MILLMAN, Irving (1923 – 2012); BAYER, Manfred E. (1928 – 2015); LOEB, Lawrence A.
Australia antigen (a hepatitis-associated antigen). Purification and physical properties.
Purification of the Australia antigen and investigation of its physical properties. (Order of authorship in the original publication: Millman, Loeb, Bayer, Blumberg.) Blumberg shared the 1976 Nobel Prize in Physiology…
GMN 12321 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14544
1973 SHOPE, Thomas
Malignant lymphoma in cottontop marmosets after inoculation with Epstein–Barr virus.
Epstein-Barr virus as a cause of Burkitt’s lymphoma. With D. DeChairo and G. Miller.
GMN 2660.25 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/3436
