1973 WIKTOR, Tadeusz Jan (1921 – 1986)
Human cell culture rabies vaccine. Antibody response in man.
Human diploid cell vaccine. With S. A. Plotkin and D. W. Grella. See also Develop, biol. Standard., 1978, 40, 3-9.
GMN 5484.4 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6393
1973 FEINSTONE, Stephen Mark; KAPIKIAN, Albert Zaven (1930 – 2014); PURCELL, Robert Harry (1935 – )
Hepatitis A: Detection by immune electron microscopy of a viruslike antigen associated with acute illness.
Identification of the Hepatitis A virus.
GMN 12652 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14895
1977 PATTYN, Stefaan Rogier (1927 – 2008); GROEN, Guido van der
Isolation of Marburg-like virus from a case of haemorrhagic fever in Zaire.
Ebola virus, named after the Ebola River where an outbreak occurred in 1976. Specifically the outbreak was centered in Yambuku, a small village in Mongala Province in northern Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerl…
GMN 7866 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/10038
1977 JOHNSON, Karl M.; LANGE, James V.; WEBB, Patricia; ET AL
Isolation and partial characterization of a new virus causing acute haemorrhagic fever in Zaire.
The first of three papers published in Lancet back to back describing the discovery of Ebola Virus Disease. In this paper the authors described isolation of the virus, imaged it with an electron microscope, and named …
GMN 10923 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13119
1978 PATTYN, Stefaan Rogier (1927 – 2008)
Ebola virus haemorrhagic fever. Edited by Stefan R. Pattyn.
Among the essays in this book two are of special note: 1. Piot, P., Sureau, P., Breman, J.G., Clinical aspects of Ebola virus infection in Yambuku area, Zaire, 1976 (pp. 157-166). This is the first clinical descriptio…
GMN 10924 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13120
1978 ALTER, Harvey James (1935 – ); PURCELL, Robert Harry (1935 – ); HOLLAND, Paul; ET AL
Transmissible agent in non-A, non-B hepatitis.
The first paper recording the discovery of what was, eleven years later in 1989, named the hepatitis C virus (see No. 12653). Harvey Alter and colleagues inoculated the serum/plasma of 4 patients with non-A/non-B hepa…
GMN 13540 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/15817
1978 ZAMECNIK, Paul Charles (1912 – 2009); STEPHENSON, Mary Louise (1921 – 2009)
Inhibition of Rous sarcoma virus replication and cell transformation by a specific oligodeoxynucleotide (tridecamer deoxyribonucleotide/hybridization competitor/hybridon).
Zamecnick and Stephenson reported the first example of specific inhibition of gene expression by an oligonucleotide when they demonstrated that a short oligonucleotide inhibited Rous sarcoma virus replication in cell …
GMN 13969 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/16271
1980 WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
The global eradication of smallpox. Final report of the Global Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication.
On 8 May 1980, the World Health Organization officially announced that “smallpox eradication has been achieved throughout the world”. The upper cover of this report reproduces an electron micrograph of a specimen of v…
GMN 5434.2 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/8621
1980 GALLO, Robert Charles (1937 – ); POIESZ, Bernard J.; RUSCETTI, Francis W.; ET AL
Detection and isolation of type C retrovirus particles from fresh and cultured lymphocytes of a patient with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.
Order of authorship in the original publication: Poiesz, Ruscetti,... Gallo. Gallo and associates announced the discovery of a human retrovirus with type C morphology causing a cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Gallo named t…
GMN 11057 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13253
1981 BALTIMORE, David (1938 – ); RACANIELLO, Vincent R. (1953 – )
Molecular cloning of poliovirus cDNA and determination of the complete nucleotide sequence of the viral genome.
The poliovirus genome. Digital facsimile from PNAS through PubMedCentral at this link.
GMN 9175 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/11354
1982 GALLO, Robert Charles (1937 – ); KALYANARAMAN, V. S.; SARNGADHARAN, M. G.; ET AL
A new subtype of human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-II) associated with a T-cell variant of hairy cell leukemia.
Order of authorship in the original publication: Kalyanaraman, Sarngadharan,... Gallo. Discovery by Gallo of HTLV-II, which like HTLV-I, is carcinogenic. (Thanks to Juan Weiss for this entry and its interpretation.)
GMN 11058 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13254
1983 MONTAGNIER, Luc Antoine (1932 – ); BARRÉ-SINOUSSI, Françoise (1947 – ); ET AL
Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Isolation of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1). In 2008 Barré-Sinoussi and Montagnier shared half of the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine "for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus." The other h…
GMN 6996 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/9162
1983 HAUSEN, Harald zur (1936 – ); DÜRST, Matthias; GISSMANN, Lutz (1949 – ); IKENBERG, Hans (1954 – )
A papillomavirus DNA from a cervical carcinoma and its prevalence in cancer biopsy samples from different geographic regions,
Zur Hausen and colleageus identified HPV 16 DNA in cervical cancer tumors by Southern blot hybridization. Digital facsimile from PubMedCentral at this link.
GMN 12663 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14907
1984 GALLO, Robert Charles (1937 – ); POPOVIC, Mikulas; ET AL
Detection, isolation, and continuous production of cytopathic retroviruses (HTLV-III) from patients with AIDS and pre-AIDS.
Gallo, Popovic, and colleagues demonstrated that a retrovirus they had isolated, called HTLV-III, was the cause of AIDS. M. G. Sarngadharan, and E. Read. Bibcode:1984Sci...224..497P. doi:10.1126/science.6200935. PMID …
GMN 6997 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/9163
1984 MONTAGNIER, Luc Antoine (1932 – ); BARRÉ-SINOUSSI, Françoise (1947 – ); DAUGUET, C.; ET AL
A new type of retrovirus isolated from patients presenting with lymphadenopathy and acquired immune deficiency syndrome: Structural and antigenic relatedness with equine infectious anemia virus.
Order of authorship in the original publication: Montagnier, Dauguet,... Barré-Sinoussi. In this paper Montagnier and colleagues showed that, contrary to the views of Gallo and his group, LAV (Lymphadenopathy Associat…
GMN 11059 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13255
1984 HAUSEN, Harald zur (1936 – ); GISSMANN, Lutz (1949 – ); IKENBERG, Hans (1954 – ); BOSHART, M.; KLEINHEINZ, A.; SCHEURLEN, W.
A new type of papillomavirus DNA, its presence in genital cancer biopsies and in cell lines derived from cervical cancer.
Zur Hausen and colleagues discovered HPV18 as a cause of cervical cancer. With the discovery of HPV18, and HPV16, which zur Hausen and team discovered in 1983, zur Hausen discovered the viruses causing about 75% of hu…
GMN 12664 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14908
1985 KANKI, Phyllis J.; BARIN, Francis; M'BOUP, Souleymane; ET AL
Serological evidence for virus related to Simian T-Lymphotropic retrovirus III in residents of West Africa.
First report of the discovery of what became known as HIV-2 by the U.S. research group led by Kanki. This group published before the French group, but the French group had reported their data one day prior to the U.S.…
GMN 10789 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/12985
1985 KANKI, Phyllis J.; ESSEX, Myron Elmer "Max" (1939 – ); MCLANE, M. F.; ET AL
Serologic identification and characterization of a macaque T-lymphotropic retrovirus closely related to HTLV-III.
Order of authorship in the original paper: Kanki, McLane... Essex. This paper was followed in the issue of Science by: Daniel, M., Letvi, N. L., King, N.W., "Isolation of T-cell tropic HTLV-3 - like retrovirus from ma…
GMN 10965 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13161
1986 CLAVEL, François; GUÉTARD, D.; BRUN-VEZINET, François; ET AL
Isolation of a new human retrovirus from West African patients with AIDS.
HIV-2 was discovered essentially simultaneously by French and U.S. teams. This was the first publication by the French team. Order of authorship of the original publication was Clavel, Guettard, Brun-Vezinet. See thei…
GMN 10788 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/12984
1988 FENNER, Frank John (1914 – 2010); HENDERSON, Donald Ainslie (1928 – 2016); ARITA, Isao (1926 – ); JEŽEK, Zdenēk (1932 – 2019); LADNYJ, Ivan Danilovich ( – 1987)
Smallpox and its eradication.
The definitive archival history in 1460 pages. In 2016 a PDF of this entire book could be downloaded from the W.H.O. at this link.
GMN 7549 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/9721
1989 CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION (CDC); VIRGINIA DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
Ebola virus infection in imported primates - Virginia, 1989.
Also published with same title in Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 38 (1989) 831, 832-837. Discovery of the "Ebola Reston" strain of the Ebola virus. The strain is lethal in monkeys; it turned out to be non-path…
GMN 10926 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13122
1989 HOUGHTON, Michael; CHOO, Qui-Lim; KUO, George Ching-Hung; BRADLEY, Daniel W. (1941 – ); OVERBY, Lacy Rasco (1920 – 1994); WEINER, A. J.
Isolation of a cDNA clone derived from a blood-borne non-A, non-B viral hepatitis genome.
In this paper Houghton and colleagues named “hepatitis C” for the first time. They cloned and isolated the viral RNA genome and demonstrated that a patient who had high antibodies to a ‘native/wild strain’, reacted sp…
GMN 12653 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14896
1994 CHANG, Yuan (1959 – ); MOORE, Patrick S. (1956 – ); CESARMAN, Ethel; PESSIN, Melissa S.; ET AL
Identification of herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma.
Dated December 16, 1994. Order of authorship in the original paper was Chang, Cesarman, Pessin,...Moore. The authors reported a new human herpesvirus associated with Kaposi's sarcoma, and gave it the descriptive name …
GMN 10880 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13076
1995 CHANG, Yuan (1959 – ); MOORE, Patrick S. (1956 – )
Detection of herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in Kaposi's sarcoma in patients with and those without HIV infection.
Dated May 4, 1995. Order of authorship in the original publication was Moore, Chang. That the virus causing Kaposi's sarcoma appeared in healthy as well as HIV patients suggested that this virus causes cancer only in …
GMN 10881 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13077
1995 CHANG, Yuan (1959 – ); MOORE, Patrick S. (1956 – ); CESARMAN, Ethel; ET AL
Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in AIDS-related body-cavity-based lymphomas.
Chang, Moore and colleagues showed that the virus causing Kaposi's Sarcoma also causes body cavity lymphomas and lymphomatous effusions in humans. (Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)
GMN 10914 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13110
1996 BIGONI, B.; DOLCETTI, Riccardo; DE LELLIS, L.; ET AL
Human herpesvirus 8 Is present in the lymphoid system of healthy persons and can reactivate in the course of AIDS.
Dated June 22, 1995. Order of authorship in the original paper was Bigoni, Dolcetti, de Lellis....By this time Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) was also known as human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8). The authors wr…
GMN 10882 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13078
1997 RICE, Charles Moen (1952 – ); KOLYKHALOV, Alexander M; AGAPOV, Eugene V.; ET AL
Transmission of hepatitis C by intrahepatic inoculation with transcribed RNA.
Rice and colleagues constructed a viral RNA genome with the 3’ region and a consensus region to exclude potential inactivating mutations, which was then injected into the liver of chimps. That RNA, specifically encode…
GMN 13541 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/15818
1999 HARRISON, Bryan Desmond (1931 – ); WILSON, T. M. A.
Tobacco mosaic virus: Pioneering research for a century. A theme issue edited by B. D. Harrison and T. M. A. Wilson.
GMN 11071 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13267
2001 CREAGER, Angela N. H. (1963 – )
The life of a virus: Tobacco mosaic virus as an experimental model, 1930-1965.
Tobacco mosaic virus was the first virus isolated and crystallized.
GMN 9337 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/11519
2003 PEIRIS, Joseph Sriyal Malik (1949 – ); POON, Lit Man Leo; LAI, S. T.; ET AL
Coronavirus as a possible cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome.
Dated April 19, 2003, this paper identified and reproduced microscopic images of the novel viral agent. It was the first official journal publication on SARS. Order of authorship in the published paper was Peiris, Lai…
GMN 10860 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13056
2003 KSIAZEK, Thomas F.; ERDMAN, Dean; GOLDSMITH, Cynthia S.; ET AL
A novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome.
Ksiazek and over 40 co-authors around the world published the lead article in the May 15, 2003 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine that was nearly entirely devoted to SARS. Order of authorship in the publishe…
GMN 10861 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13057
2003 ROTA, Paul A.; OBERSTE, M. Steven; MONROE, Stephan S.; DERISI, Joseph L.; ET AL
Characterization of a novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome.
Dated May 30, 2003. Rota and team at the CDC determined the sequence of the complete genome of SARS-CoV, and characterized the viral genome. Order of authorship in the published paper was Rota, Oberste, Monroe....DeRi…
GMN 10862 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13058
2003 MARRA, Marco A. (1966 – ); JONES, Steven J. M.; ASTELL, Caroline R.
The genome sequence of the SARS-associated coronavirus.
Dated May 30, 2003 and published immediately after No. 10862 in the same issue of Science, this reported the work of Marco Marra and his team in Canada. Order of authorship in the published paper was Marra, Jones, Ast…
GMN 10863 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13059
2003 LI, Wenghui; MOORE, Michael J.; VASILIEVA, Natalya
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus.
The authors showed that the angiontensin-converting enzyme 2, abbreviated ACE2, is the obligative cell receptor for the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV). (Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)
GMN 12009 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14217
2004 BARRY, John M. (1947 – )
The great influenza: The epic story of the greatest plague in history.
GMN 9974 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/12163
2005 LI, Wendong; SHI, Zhengli (1964 – ); YU, Meng; ET AL
Bats are natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses.
Dated October 28, 2005, roughly two years after the outbreak of SARS, the natural reservoirs of this class of coronaviruses was discovered. (Thanks to Juan Weiss for this entry and its interpretation.)
GMN 10864 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13060
2005 LEROY, Eric M.; KUMULUNGUI, Bruce; POURRUT, Xavier; ET AL
Fruit bats as reservoirs of Ebola virus.
Order of authorship in the original paper: Leroy, Kumulungui, Pourrut. The authors showed that fruit bats, while asymptomatic, act as reservoirs and potential carriers of Ebola virus in Africa. These bats are eaten by…
GMN 10927 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13123
2005 TAUBENBERGER, Jeffery K. (1961 – ); TUMPEY, Terence M.; BASLER, Christopher F.; AGUILAR, Patricia V.; ET AL
Characterization of the reconstructed 1918 Spanish Influenza Pandemic virus.
Order of authorship in the original publication: Tumpey, Basler, Aguilar... Taubenberger. Reconstruction of the genome of the 1918 Spanish Influenza virus from frozen tissue samples from a mass grave of victims of the…
GMN 11335 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13533
2005 WOLFE, Nathan D. (1970 – ); CARR, Jean K.; HENIENE, Walid; BIRX, Deborah Leah (1956 – ); ET AL
Emergence of unique primate T-lymphotropic viruses among central African bushmeat hunters.
Order of authorship in the original publication: Wolfe, Heniene, Carr ...Birx.... "As of 2016, 301 terrestrial mammals were threatened with extinction due to hunting for bushmeat including primates, even-toed ungulate…
GMN 12113 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14322
2005 ALLANDER, Tobias; TAMMI, Martti T.; ERIKSSON, Margareta; ET AL
Cloning of a human parvovirus by molecular screening of respiratory tract samples.
Discovery of the first Human Bocavirus (HBoV1), a new virus species associated with lower respiratory infection almost always in children. (Order of authorship in the original publication: Allander, Tammi, Eriksson). …
GMN 12720 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14966
2005 KARIKÓ, Katalin (1955 – ); WEISSMAN, Drew; BUCKSTEIN, Michael; NI, Houping
Suppression of RNA recognition by toll-like receptors: The impact of nucleoside modification and the evolutionary origin of RNA.
Karikó and Weissman discovered the nucleoside modifications that suppress the immungenicity of RNA, leading to their patents for the application of non-immunogenic, nucleoside-modified RNA (modRNA). This technology wa…
GMN 13622 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/15902
2007 NENE, Vishvanath M.; WORTMAN, Jennifer Russo; LAWSON, Daniel; ET AL
Genome sequence of Aedes aegypti, a major arbovirus vector.
Order of authorship in the original publication: Nene, Wortman, Lawson.... Sequence of the genome of the mosquito that transmits Zika, Yellow fever, Dengue, Chikungunya, etc. (Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference a…
GMN 11338 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13536
2009 FRAZER, Ian Hector (1953 – ); ZHOU, Jian (1957 – 1999)
Papillomavirus vaccines. US Patent US7476389B1.
Frazer and Zhou invented and patented the first Papillomavirus vaccine. In 2020 it was marketed as Gardasil and Cervarix. Developed beginning in 1991, about 20 years after Blumberg and Millman's vaccine against viral …
GMN 12665 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14909
2012 CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION (CDC)
Severe respiratory illness associated with a novel coronavirus - Saudi Arabia and Qatar, 2012.
Reports on the first two patients affected by a "new" coronavirus. The first patient, hospitalized in June 2012, died, and the other was in both pulmonary and renal failure. In this paper the CDC referenced a website …
GMN 10876 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13072
2012 ZAKI, Ali Mohamed; BOHEEMEN, Sander van; BESTEFROER, Theo M.; ET AL
Brief Report: Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia.
This paper, dated November 8, 2012, characterized the virus up to and including its genome sequence, including radiology and imaging findings, lab findings, diagnosis and management. The authors tentatively named the …
GMN 10877 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13073
2013 WILLIAMS, Gareth
Paralysed with fear: The story of polio.
GMN 10219 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/12409
2013 MEMISH, Ziad A.; MISHRA, Nischay; OLIVAL, Kevin J.
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus in bats, Saudi Arabia.
Dated November 2013. The authors collected bat feces from sites in Bisha, Saudi Arabia found less than 1-12 kilometers from the place of employment or home of an index case-patient there, and performed total nucleic a…
GMN 10878 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13074
2014 AZHAR, Esam I.; EL-KAFRAWY, Sherif; FARRAJ, Suma A.; ET AL
Brief report: Evidence for camel-to-human transmission of MERS coronavirus.
Dated June 26, 2014. Using viral genomics and PCR, the Saudi authors demonstrated that full genome sequences of a man, and the camel he had contact with, were identical. Available from nejm.org at this link. (Thanks t…
GMN 10879 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13075
2014 BAIZE, Sylvain; PANNETIER, Delphine; OESTEREICH, Lisa; ET AL
Emergence of Zaire Ebola virus disease in Guinea.
Order of authorship in the original paper: Baize, Pannetier, Oestereich. The authors used PCR, viral sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis to track down the index case, a two-year-old child in Meliandou village, Guéké…
GMN 10928 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13124
2014 SCHIEFFELIN, John S.; SCHAFFER, Jeffrey G.; GOBA, Augustine; ET AL
Clinical illness and outcomes in patients with Ebola in Sierra Leone.
Order of authorship in the original paper: Schieffelin, Shaffer, Goba. The authors used "quantitative reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction assays to assess the load of Ebola virus (EBOV, Zaire species) in a…
GMN 10929 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13125
