1944 FLEMING, Sir Alexander (1881 – 1955)
Micro-methods of estimating penicillin blood serum and other bodily fluids.
Fleming was the first to measure blood levels of penicillin after intramuscular, intradermal, inravenous and continuous drip administration in order to determine the correct dosage. He described his micro-measurement …
GMN 12598 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14838
1944 FLEMING, Sir Alexander (1881 – 1955); SUCHET, Jack (1908 – 2001); ET AL
Penicillin content of blood serum after various doses of penicillin by various routes.
In this paper Fleming and colleagues explained how to choose routes of administration of penicillin as well as dosage, and reproduced the graphs/figures that showed blood levels achieved with different doses and route…
GMN 12599 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14839
1945 TAYLOR, Norman (1883 – 1967)
Cinchona in Java: The story of quinine.
GMN 2061 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2330
1945 CHRISTENSEN, Lauritz Royal (1915 – 1997)
Streptococcal fibrinolysis. A proteolytic reaction due to a serum enzyme activated by streptococcal fibrinolysin.
Purification and concentration of Tillett and Garner’s (No. 1924.1) substance to produce streptokinase.
GMN 1928.4 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2733
1945 SNYDER, Marshall Lovejoy (1907 – 1969); ET AL
Effectiveness of a nitrofuran in the treatment of infected wounds.
First clinical use of “furacin” (nitrofuran). With C. L. Kiehn and J. W. Christopherson.
GMN 1929.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2738
1945 JOHNSON, Balbina A. (1897 – 1970); ET AL
Bacitracin: a new antibiotic produced by a member of the B, subtilis group.
With H. Anker and F. L. Meleney.
GMN 1936 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2789
1945 FELDMAN, William Hugh (1892 – 1974); HINSHAW, Horton Corwin (1902 – 2001)
Streptomycin in treatment of clinical tuberculosis: a preliminary report.
GMN 2350 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/3125
1945 CURD, Francis Henry Swinton (1909 – 1948); ET AL
Studies on synthetic antimalarial drugs.
F. H. S. Curd, D. G. Davey, and F. L. Rose synthesized proguanil (“paludrine”) and first tested it in avian malaria.
GMN 5260 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/8545
1945 ADAMS, Alfred Robert Davies (1901 – 1992)
Studies on synthetic antimalarial drugs. XIII. Results of a preliminary investigation of the therapeutic action of 4888 (paludrine) on acute attacks of benign tertian malaria.
First use of proguanil in human malaria. With B. G. Maegraith, J. D. King, R. H. Townsend, T. H. Davey, and R. E. Havard.
GMN 5261 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/8546
1945 THORNDIKE, Lynn (1882 – 1965); RUFINUS (1250 – )
The herbal of Rufinus. Edited from the unique manuscript by Lynn Thorndike, assisted by Francis S. Benjamin, Jr.
First printed edition of an herbal written circa 1287 by Rufinus, a medieval monk / physician unknown before this edition. Rufinus was titular abbot in absentia of the monastery of Tyre, and plenipotentiary to the arc…
GMN 12618 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14858
1945 ROÍG Y MESA, Juan Tomás (1877 – 1971)
Plantas medicinale aromaticas o venenosas de Cuba. 2 vols.
GMN 13061 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/15313
1946 DOMAGK, Gerhard Johannes Paul (1895 – 1964); ET AL
Ueber eine neue, gegen Tuberkelbazillen in vitro wirksame Verbindungsklasse.
Introduction of thiosemicarbazone in treatment of tuberculosis. With R. Behnisch, F. Mietzsch, and H. Schmidt.
GMN 2351 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/3129
1946 MOST, Harry (1907 – 1994); LONDON, Irving M. (1918 – 2018); LAVIETES, Paul Harold (1907 – 1990)
Chloroquine for treatment of acute attacks of vivax malaria.
Harry Most led the development of chloroquine for use in treating American troops suffering from malaria. At the beginning of the American involvement in the war there were more American casualties from malaria than f…
GMN 5261.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/8547
1946 FLEMING, Sir Alexander (1881 – 1955)
Penicillin: Its practical application. Edited by Sir Alexander Fleming.
This was the only book that Fleming ever published on penicillin. American issue, Philadelphia: Blakiston, 1946.
GMN 12623 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14863
1947 AINSWORTH, Geoffrey Clough (1905 – 1998); ET AL
“Aerosporin”, an antibiotic produced by Bacillus aerosporus Greer.
Discovery of aerosporin (polymyxin). With A. M. Brown and G. Brownlee.
GMN 1937 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2791
1947 EHRLICH, John (1907 – 1992); ET AL
Chloromycetin, a new antibiotic from a soil actinomycete.
Production of chloramphenicol from Streptomyces venezuelae. With Q. R. Bartz, R. M. Smith, D. A. Joslyn and P. R. Burkholder.
GMN 1938 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2792
1947 HERRELL, Wallace Edgar (1909 – 1992); HEILMAN, Fordyce Russell (1905 – 1960); ET AL
Procaine penicillin G (duracillin); a new salt of penicillin which prolongs the action of penicillin.
Procaine benzylpenicillin also known as penicillin G procaine was developed by Herrell and colleagues. With D.R. Nichols.
GMN 1939 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2793
1947 STANSLY, Philip Gerald (1912 – 1998); ET AL
Polymyxin: a new chemotherapeutic agent.
With R. G. Shepherd and H. J. White.
GMN 1941 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2795
1947 SMADEL, Joseph Edwin (1907 – 1963); JACKSON, Elizabeth B.
Chloromycetin, an antibiotic with chemotherapeutic activity in experimental rickettsial and viral infections.
Introduction of chloramphenicol, used in treatment of typhus.
GMN 1940 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/8617
1947 SCHULLIAN, Dorothy May (1906 – 1989); POL, Nicolaus (1467 – 1532); FISCH, Max Harold (1900 – 1995)
Nicolaus Pol Doctor 1494 by Max H. Fisch. With a critical text of his guaiac tract, edited with a translation by Dorothy M. Schullian.
The 1494 in the title comes from the year in which Pol became a physician, and his habit of writing his name and that date in his books. The volume includes a study of books from Nicolaus Pol's library in Cleveland an…
GMN 6940 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/9105
1947 CURTIN, Leonora Scott Muse (1879 – 1972); MOORE, Michael Roland Shaw (1941 – 2009)
Healing herbs of the upper Rio Grande.
Revised and edited by Michael Moore as Healing herbs of the upper Rio Grande: Traditional medicine of the Southwest (Sante Fe: Western Edge Press, 1997).
GMN 9343 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/11525
1947 MAEHLER, Richard R.
Physicians' desk reference to pharmaceutical specialties and biologicals. Richard R. Maehler, Editor of Compilation and Arrangement.
This work underwent its 71st edition in 2017.
GMN 13043 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/15294
1947 PAREDES BORJA, Virgilio (1858 – 1983)
La contribución del Ecuador a la material médica: La quina.
GMN 13496 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/15771
1948 HALD, Jens
The sensitizing effect of tetraethylthiuramdisulphide (Antabuse) to ethyl alcohol.
Introduction of “antabuse” in the treatment of alcoholism. With E. Jacobsen and V. Larsen. See also Lancet, 1948, 2, 1004.
GMN 2091 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2572
1948 BROTZU, Giuseppe (1895 – 1976)
Ricerche su di un nuovo antibiotico.
Brotzu showed that a Cephalosporium acremonium filtrate inhibited the growth of Gram-positive and -negative organisms.
GMN 1943 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2802
1948 HARKNESS, Arthur Herbert (1889 – 1970); BROWNLEE, G
Leprosy treated with sulphetrone in 1943.
Clinical use of solapsone (sulphetrone).
GMN 2442.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2925
1948 FARBER, Sidney (1903 – 1973)
Temporary remissions in acute leukemia in children produced by folic acid antagonist 4-amethopteroylglutamic acid (aminopterin).
With L. K. Diamond, R. D. Mercer, R. F. Sylvester, and V. A. Wolff.
GMN 2660.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/3370
1948 CHRISTIE, Ronald Victor (1902 – 1986)
Penicillin in subacute bacterial endocarditis. Report to the Medical Research Council on 269 patients treated in 14 centres appointed by the Penicillin Clinical Trials Committee.
GMN 2880 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4224
1948 PATON, Sir William Drummond Macdonald (1917 – 1993); ZAIMIS, Eleanor (1915 – 1982)
Curare-like action of polymethylene bis-quaternary ammonium salts.
Methonium compounds. See also the same journal, 1948, 162, 810.
GMN 1929.3 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6466
1948 ALVING, Alf Sven (1902 – 1965)
Pentaquine (Sn-13,276), a therapeutic agent effective in reducing the relapse rate in vivax malaria.
Clinical trials of pentaquine. With B. Craige, R. Jones, C. M. Whorton, T. N. Pullman, and L. Eichelberger.
GMN 5261.2 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/8548
1948 AXELROD, Julius (1912 – 2004); BRODIE, Bernard Beryl (1907 – 1989)
The estimation of acetanilide and its metabolic products, aniline, N-acetyl p-aminophenol and p-aminophenol (free and total conjugated) in biological fluids and tissues.
Brodie and Axelrod confirmed that paracetamol, also known as acetaminophen, was the major metabolite of acetanilide in human blood, and established that it was efficacious an analgesic. Unlike its precursors, paraceta…
GMN 7802 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/9974
1948 DUGGAR, Benjamin Minge (1872 – 1956)
Aureomycin; a product of the continuing search for new antibiotics.
Discovery of clortetracycline (trade name Aureomycin, Lederle) the first tetracycline antibiotic identified. Duggar,a plant physiologist, identified the antibiotic as the product of an actinomycete he cultured from a …
GMN 7863 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/10035
1948 MASSELL, Benedict Frank (1906 – 2008); DOW, J. W.; JONES, Thomas Duckett (1899 – 1954)
Orally administered penicillin in patients with rheumatic fever.
Massell and colleagues demonstrated that rheumatic fever could be prevented by penicillin treatment of streptococcal throat infections. (Order of authorship in the original publication: Massell, Dow, Jones.) See also:…
GMN 12359 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14583
1949 JARAMILLO-ARANGO, Jaime (1897 – 1962)
A critical review of the basic facts in the history of cinchona.
GMN 2065 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2349
1949 WAKSMAN, Selman Abraham (1888 – 1973); LECHEVALIER, Hubert Arthur (1926 – 2015)
Neomycin, a new antibiotic active against streptomycin-resistant bacteria, including tuberculosis organisms.
Isolation of neomycin.
GMN 1944 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2804
1949 HANSON, Frederick Reuben (1921 – ); EBLE, Thomas Eugene (1923 – )
An antiphage agent isolated from Aspergillus sp.
Isolation of fumagillin, an antibiotic with amoebicidal activity. See also Science, 1951, 113, 202-3.
GMN 1945 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2806
1949 JONES, Reuben G.
Imidazoles. IV. The synthesis and antithyroid activity of some 1-substituted-2-mercaptoimidazoles.
Synthesis of methimazole (mercazole, thiamazole), an antithyroid drug more potent than methylthiouracil. With E. C. Kornfeld, K. C. McLaughlin, and R. C. Anderson.
GMN 3855.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4894
1949 PATON, Sir William Drummond Macdonald (1917 – 1993); ZAIMIS, Eleanor (1915 – 1982)
The pharmacological actions of polymethylene bistrimethyl-ammonium salts.
Introduction of hexamethonium bromide.
GMN 5727 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6468
1949 ABRAHAM, Sir Edward Penley (1913 – 1999); CHAIN, Sir Ernst Boris (1906 – 1979); FLOREY, Howard Walter (1898 – 1968); HEATLEY, Norman George (1911 – 2004); SANDERS, A. G.; JENNINGS, Margaret Augusta (1904 – 1994); FLOREY, Lady Mary Ethel (1900 – 1966)
Antibiotics: A survey of penicillin, streptomycin, and other antimicrobial substances from fungi, actinomycetes, bacteria, and plants. 2 vols.
Order of authorship of the original set: H. W. Florey, Chain, Heatley, Jennings, Sanders, Abraham, M. E. Florey.
GMN 12613 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14853
1949 ROBINSON, Sir Robert (1886 – 1975); CLARKE, Hans Thacher (1887 – 1972); JOHNSON, John Raven (1900 – 1983)
The chemistry of penicillin.
The National Academy of Sciences arranged for the preparation of this summary, with Clarke and Johnson representing the United States on the editorial board, and Robinson representing Britain. The 1120 page book was p…
GMN 12634 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14875
1949 HODGKIN, Dorothy Crowfoot (1910 – 1994); ROGERS-LOW, Barbara Wharton (1920 – 2019)
X-ray crystallographic investigation of the structure of penicillin. IN: Clarke, Johnson, Robinson (eds.) Chemistry of penicillin (1949) 310-67.
Hodgkin and colleagues, including biochemist Barbara Low, solved the structure of penicillin in 1945, demonstrating, contrary to scientific opinion at the time, that it contains a β-lactam ring. The discovery was orig…
GMN 12635 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14876
1950 FINLAY, Alexander Carpenter (1906 – ); ET AL
Terramycin, a new antibiotic.
Oxtetracycline (terramycin).
GMN 1945.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2807
1950 GRAHAM, Evarts Ambrose (1883 – 1957); WYNDER, Ernst Ludwig (1922 – 1999)
Tobacco smoking as a possible etiologic factor in bronchogenic carcinoma: A study of 684 proved cases.
A case-control study proving an association between heavy prolonged cigarette smoking and bronchogenic carcinoma. See also the following paper on pp. 336-38. Reprinted in J. Amer. med. Assoc. 1985, 253, 2986-97.
GMN 3215.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4362
1950 EDGCOMB, John Harold (1924 – 2007); ET AL
Primaquine, S.N. 13,272, a new curative agent in vivax malaria: a preliminary report.
Introduction of primaquine.
GMN 5262.3 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/8552
1951 ABRAHAM, Sir Edward Penley (1913 – 1999); BURTON, H. S.
Isolation of antibiotics from a species of Cephalosporium. Cephalosporins P1, P2, P3, P4, and P5.
GMN 1945.2 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2809
1951 FINLAY, Alexander Carpenter (1906 – ); ET AL
Viomycin, a new antibiotic active against mycobacteria.
Isolation of viomycin. With 11 co-authors.
GMN 1945.3 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2810
1951 HAZEN, Elizabeth Lee (1885 – 1975); BROWN, Rachel Fuller (1898 – 1980)
Fungicidin, an antibiotic produced by a soil actinomycete.
Isolation of nystatin (fungicidin).
GMN 1945.4 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2811
1951 FALCO, E. A.
2:4-Diaminopyrimidines – a new series of antimalarials.
Preparation and laboratory tests of pyrimethamine. With L. G. Goodwin, G. H. Hutchings, I. M. Rollo, and P. B. Russell.
GMN 5262.4 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/8553
1951 ROLLO, Ian McIntosh (1926 – 2015)
A 2:4-diamino pyrimidine in the treatment of proguanil-resistant laboratory malarial strains.
Pyrimethamine (daraprim).
GMN 5262.5 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/8554
1951 ROTH, Grace M. (1894 – 1982)
Tobacco and the cardiovascular system: The effects of smoking and of nicotine on normal persons.
GMN 11699 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13900
