1896 GOSIO, Bartolomeo (1863 – 1944)
Ricerche batteriologische e chimiche sulle alterazioni del mais; contributo all’etiologia della pellagra.
First recorded scientific observations on the action of a penicillin. Gosio produced an antibacterial crystalline substance from Penicillium glaucum.
GMN 1932.3 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2770
1929 FLEMING, Sir Alexander (1881 – 1955)
On the antibacterial action of cultures of a penicillium, with special reference to their use in the isolation of B. influenzae.
Discovery of the growth-inhibiting action of Penicillium on certain bacteria. In 1945 Fleming shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Ernst Boris Chain and Sir Howard Walter Florey "for the discovery of …
GMN 1933 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2774
1932 FLEMING, Sir Alexander (1881 – 1955)
On the specific antibacterial properties of penicillin and potassium tellurite. Incorporating a method of demonstrating some bacterial antagonisms.
In this paper Fleming first described the use of penicillin as an antibacterial agent in man, and reported on experiments using it as a wound dressing for septic wounds. He also corrected the species name from Penicil…
GMN 10784 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/12980
1940 ABRAHAM, Sir Edward Penley (1913 – 1999); CHAIN, Sir Ernst Boris (1906 – 1979)
An enzyme from bacteria able to destroy penicillin.
Penicillinase.
GMN 1933.3 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2781
1940 CHAIN, Sir Ernst Boris (1906 – 1979); FLOREY, Howard Walter (1898 – 1968); HEATLEY, Norman George (1911 – 2004); GARDNER, Andrew Duncan (1884 – 1977); SANDERS, A. G.; JENNINGS, Margaret Augusta (1904 – 1994); ORR-EWING, J.
Penicillin as a chemotherapeutic agent.
Proof of the therapeutic action in vivo of penicillin against streptococcal and other bacterial infections. Building upon Fleming’s work (No. 1933 and 10784), the consequences of which had originally been widely unapp…
GMN 1934 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2783
1941 ABRAHAM, Sir Edward Penley (1913 – 1999); CHAIN, Sir Ernst Boris (1906 – 1979); FLOREY, Howard Walter (1898 – 1968); HEATLEY, Norman George (1911 – 2004); GARDNER, Andrew Duncan (1884 – 1977); JENNINGS, Margaret Augusta (1904 – 1994); FLETCHER, Charles M.
Further observations on penicillin.
First report of the chemotherapeutic action of penicillin on humans (10 cases).
GMN 1934.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2785
1942 ABRAHAM, Sir Edward Penley (1913 – 1999); CHAIN, Sir Ernst Boris (1906 – 1979)
Purification of penicillin.
Abraham and Chain first announced the purification of penicillin, a critical step before production of the drug could begin, in a two paragraph paper published on a single page of Nature on March 21, 1942. The method,…
GMN 14282 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/16605
1943 ABRAHAM, Sir Edward Penley (1913 – 1999); CHAIN, Sir Ernst Boris (1906 – 1979); ROBINSON, Sir Robert (1886 – 1975); ET AL
Penicillamine, a characteristic degradation product of penicillin.
With W. Baker.
GMN 1934.2 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2786
1943 MAHONEY, John Friend (1889 – 1957); ARNOLD, Richard C. (1906 – 1992); HARRIS, Ad
Penicillin treatment of early syphilis. A preliminary report.
Mahoney and colleagues introduced penicillin in treatment of syphilis. This was the report of the first four cases of patients with early stages of the disease. Digital facsimile of the version published in the the Am…
GMN 2418 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/3422
1943 HERRELL, Wallace Edgar (1909 – 1992); ET AL
Use of penicillin in sulfonamide resistant gonorrheal infections.
With E. N. Cook and L. Thompson.
GMN 5214.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7820
1944 ROSENBERG, David Harry (1903 – ); ARLING, Philip Arthur (1908 – 1955)
Penicillin in the treatment of meningitis.
GMN 4689.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/970
1944 FLEMING, Sir Alexander (1881 – 1955)
Micro-methods of estimating penicillin blood serum and other bodily fluids.
Fleming was the first to measure blood levels of penicillin after intramuscular, intradermal, inravenous and continuous drip administration in order to determine the correct dosage. He described his micro-measurement …
GMN 12598 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14838
1944 FLEMING, Sir Alexander (1881 – 1955); SUCHET, Jack (1908 – 2001); ET AL
Penicillin content of blood serum after various doses of penicillin by various routes.
In this paper Fleming and colleagues explained how to choose routes of administration of penicillin as well as dosage, and reproduced the graphs/figures that showed blood levels achieved with different doses and route…
GMN 12599 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14839
1946 FLEMING, Sir Alexander (1881 – 1955)
Penicillin: Its practical application. Edited by Sir Alexander Fleming.
This was the only book that Fleming ever published on penicillin. American issue, Philadelphia: Blakiston, 1946.
GMN 12623 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14863
1947 HERRELL, Wallace Edgar (1909 – 1992); HEILMAN, Fordyce Russell (1905 – 1960); ET AL
Procaine penicillin G (duracillin); a new salt of penicillin which prolongs the action of penicillin.
Procaine benzylpenicillin also known as penicillin G procaine was developed by Herrell and colleagues. With D.R. Nichols.
GMN 1939 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2793
1948 CHRISTIE, Ronald Victor (1902 – 1986)
Penicillin in subacute bacterial endocarditis. Report to the Medical Research Council on 269 patients treated in 14 centres appointed by the Penicillin Clinical Trials Committee.
GMN 2880 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/4224
1948 MASSELL, Benedict Frank (1906 – 2008); DOW, J. W.; JONES, Thomas Duckett (1899 – 1954)
Orally administered penicillin in patients with rheumatic fever.
Massell and colleagues demonstrated that rheumatic fever could be prevented by penicillin treatment of streptococcal throat infections. (Order of authorship in the original publication: Massell, Dow, Jones.) See also:…
GMN 12359 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14583
1949 ABRAHAM, Sir Edward Penley (1913 – 1999); CHAIN, Sir Ernst Boris (1906 – 1979); FLOREY, Howard Walter (1898 – 1968); HEATLEY, Norman George (1911 – 2004); SANDERS, A. G.; JENNINGS, Margaret Augusta (1904 – 1994); FLOREY, Lady Mary Ethel (1900 – 1966)
Antibiotics: A survey of penicillin, streptomycin, and other antimicrobial substances from fungi, actinomycetes, bacteria, and plants. 2 vols.
Order of authorship of the original set: H. W. Florey, Chain, Heatley, Jennings, Sanders, Abraham, M. E. Florey.
GMN 12613 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14853
1949 ROBINSON, Sir Robert (1886 – 1975); CLARKE, Hans Thacher (1887 – 1972); JOHNSON, John Raven (1900 – 1983)
The chemistry of penicillin.
The National Academy of Sciences arranged for the preparation of this summary, with Clarke and Johnson representing the United States on the editorial board, and Robinson representing Britain. The 1120 page book was p…
GMN 12634 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14875
1949 HODGKIN, Dorothy Crowfoot (1910 – 1994); ROGERS-LOW, Barbara Wharton (1920 – 2019)
X-ray crystallographic investigation of the structure of penicillin. IN: Clarke, Johnson, Robinson (eds.) Chemistry of penicillin (1949) 310-67.
Hodgkin and colleagues, including biochemist Barbara Low, solved the structure of penicillin in 1945, demonstrating, contrary to scientific opinion at the time, that it contains a β-lactam ring. The discovery was orig…
GMN 12635 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14876
1952 FLOREY, Lady Mary Ethel (1900 – 1966)
The clinical application of antibiotics. Penicillin.
Printed on the title page: "This volume, although a separate publication, is a continuation of the work described in Antibiotics Volumes I and II, and may be read in conjunction with it." (Thanks to Juan Weiss for thi…
GMN 12615 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14855
1957 SHEEHAN, John Clark (1915 – 1992); HENERY-LOGAN, Kenneth Robert (1921 – 2006)
The total synthesis of penicillin V.
Sheehan and Henery-Logan reported the step by step synthesis of penicillin V (phenoxymethylpenicillin) and the cyclization of the beta lactam ring, key to creation of beta-lactam antibiotics. (Thanks to Juan Weiss for…
GMN 12633 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14874
1970 HARE, Ronald (1899 – 1986)
The birth of penicillin.
“Disposes of many myths deeply embedded in the literature” (Macfarlane, see No. 1934).
GMN 2068.15 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2452
2018 SANTESMASES, María Jesús
The circulation of penicillin in Spain: Health, wealth and authority.
GMN 12614 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14854
