1993 RUVKUN, Gary Bruce (1952 – ); WIGHTMAN, Bruce; HA, I
Posttranscriptional regulation of the heterochronic gene lin-14 by lin-4 mediates temporal pattern formation in C. elegans.
The authors cloned and generated the sequence of the lin-14 gene. They discovered that a segment in lin-14 mRNA (messenger RNA), was necessary for its inhibition by lin-4. Ruvkun and Ambros (No. 14010) then compared r…
GMN 14301 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/16626
1994 MORANGE, Michel (1950 – )
Histoire de la biologie moléculaire.
Translated into English by Matthew Cobb as A history of molecular biology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998.
GMN 11070 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13266
1994 CHALFIE, Martin Lee (1947 – ); TU, Yuan; EUSKIRCHEN, Ghia; PRASHER, Douglas C. (1951 – ); WARD, William W.
Green fluorescent protein as a marker for gene expression.
Chalfie and colleagues showed that the green fluorescent protein (GFP) from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria, could be used as a visible marker for protein localization and expression in vivo, in bacteria and worm cell…
GMN 13564 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/15842
1994 SKOLNICK, Mark Henry (1946 – ); MIKI, Yoshio; SHATTUCK-EIDENS, Donna; ET AL
A strong candidate for the breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility gene BRCA1.
Discovery of the BRCA1 gene using the technique of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). (Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)
GMN 14015 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/16322
1994 STRATTON, Sir Michael Rudolf (1957 – ); WOOSTER, Richard; NEUHAUSEN, Susan L.; MANGION, Jonathan; ET AL
Location of a breast cancer susceptibility gene, BRACA2, to chromosome 13q12-13.
Stratton and colleagues discovered the BRCA2 gene. Oder of authorship in the original publication: Wooster, Neuhausen, Mangion....Stratton. (Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)
GMN 14016 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/16323
1994 WALKER, Sir John Ernest (1941 – ); ABRAHAMS, Jan Pieter; LESLIE, Andrew Grieg William; LUTTER, René
Structure at 2.8 Â resolution of F1-ATPase from bovine heart mitochondria.
Walker used X-ray crystallography to determine the structure of ATP synthase (ATPase or adenosine triphosphatase). In 1997 Walker shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Paul Boyer and Jens C. Skou “for their elucida…
GMN 14314 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/16639
1995 VENTER, John Craig (1946 – ); SMITH, Hamilton Othanel (1931 – ); FLEISCHMANN, Robert D.; ADAMS, Mark D.; WHITE, Owen; ET AL
Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd.
First sequence of the complete genome of a free-living non-viral organism—Haemophilus influenzae—the bacterium that causes lower respiratory tract infections and meningitis in infants and young children. This genome c…
GMN 11343 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13541
1996 RABINOW, Paul (1944 – )
Making PCR: A story of biotechnology.
GMN 11110 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13306
1996 HODGKIN, Dorothy Crowfoot (1910 – 1994)
Collected works of Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin. Vol. I: Insulin. Vol. 2: Cholestrol, penicillin and other antibiotics. Vol. 3: General crystallography and essays. Edited by G. G. Dodson, J. P. Glusker, S. Ramaseshan and K. Venkatesan.
GMN 12640 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14881
1996 PRUSINER, Stanley Benjamin (1942 – ); TELLING, Glenn C.; PARCHI, Piero (1951 – ); DE ARMOND, Stephen J.; ET AL
Evidence for the conformation of the pathologic isoform of the prion protein enciphering and propagating prion diversity.
The authors showed that the " 'normal prion protein' in the brains of living mice can be converted into different forms depending on the type of abnormal human prion that initiated the conversion. The result is differ…
GMN 12835 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/15081
1996 TSIEN, Roger Yonchien (1952 – 2016); ORMÖ, Mats F.; CUBITT, Andrew; KALLIO, Karen; REMINGTON, S. James; ET AL
Crystal structure of Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein.
Tsien and colleagues published the crystal structure of the 238 A.A. long green fluorescent protein (GFP). With this data, the authors could determine what had to be modified within the protein in such a way that the …
GMN 13565 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/15843
1996 MÜLLER-HILL, Benno (1933 – 2018)
The lac Operon: A short history of a genetic paradigm.
GMN 14046 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/16354
1996 WILKINS, Marc R.; PASQUALI, Christian; HOCHSTRASSER, Denis F.; ET AL
"From proteins to proteomes: Large scale protein identification by two-dimensional electrophoresis and amino acid analysis.
Foundation of Proteomics. Order of authorship in the original publication: Wilkins, Pasquali, ...Hochstrasser. "Abstract: Separation and identification of proteins by two-dimensional (2-D) electrophoresis can be used …
GMN 14129 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/16440
1997 PERUTZ, Max Ferdinand (1914 – 2002)
Science is not a quiet life: Unravelling the atomic mechanism of haemoglobin.
Reprints landmark papers with commentary by Perutz.
GMN 11069 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13265
1997 BLATTNER, Frederick R.; PLUNKETT, Guy III; BLOCH, Craig B.; ET AL
The complete genome sequence of Escherichia coli K-12.
Order of authorship in the original publication: Blattner, Plunkett, Bloch.... Complete genome sequence of E. coli, the first complete genome sequence of an organism. Following p. 1462 there are two large, unpaginated…
GMN 11408 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13607
1997 WILKINS, Marc R.; HOCHSTRASSER, Denis F.; WILLIAMS, Keith L.; APPEL, Ron David (1959 – )
Proteome research: New frontiers in functional genomics.
Order of editorship in the original publication: Wilkins, Williams, Appel, Hochstrasser. "Recent advances in two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, protein microanalytsis and bioinformatics have made the large-scale, sy…
GMN 14131 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/16442
1998 C. ELEGANS SEQUENCING CONSORTIUM
Genome sequence of the nematode C. elegans: A platform for investigating biology.
Completion of the first genome of a multi-cellular organism—C. elegans. "C. elegans is a free-living nematode which is widely used as a model organism. The C. elegans genome has been fully sequenced and is therefore a…
GMN 6888 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/9052
1998 VENTER, John Craig (1946 – ); SMITH, Hamilton Othanel (1931 – ); FRASER, Claire M. (1955 – ); NORRIS, Steven J.; WEINSTOCK, George M. (1949 – ); ET AL
Complete genome sequence of treponema pallidum, the syphilis spirochete.
Order of authorship in the original publication: Fraser, Norris, Weinstock....Smith, Venter. Sequence of the genome of the bacterium that causes syphilis. (Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)
GMN 11342 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13540
1998 COLE, S. T.; ET AL
Deciphering the biology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from the complete genome sequence.
Abstract: "Countless millions of people have died from tuberculosis, a chronic infectious disease caused by the tubercle bacillus. The complete genome sequence of the best-characterized strain of Mycobacterium tubercu…
GMN 11998 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14206
1998 FIRE, Andrew Zachary (1959 – ); MELLO, Craig Cameron (1960 – ); XU, SiQun; ET AL
Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans.
The authors reported that tiny snippets of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) effectively shut down specific genes, driving the destruction of messenger RNA (mRNA) with sequences matching the dsRNA. As a result, the mRNA can…
GMN 13957 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/16258
1999 HARRISON, Bryan Desmond (1931 – ); WILSON, T. M. A.
Tobacco mosaic virus: Pioneering research for a century. A theme issue edited by B. D. Harrison and T. M. A. Wilson.
GMN 11071 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13267
2000 KHORANA, Har Gobind (1922 – 2011)
Chemical biology. Selected papers of H. Gobind Khorana (with introductions).
Khorana edited this selection of his key papers and wrote the introductions to each paper.
GMN 12133 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14342
2000 RAMAKRISHNAN, Venkatraman (1952 – ); ET AL
Structure of the 30S ribosomal subunit.
Ramakrishnan and colleagues determined the complete molecular structure of the 30S subunit of the ribosome and its complexes with several antibiotics. " The Abstract: "Genetic information encoded in messenger RNA is t…
GMN 13952 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/16251
2000 STEITZ, Thomas Arthur (1940 – 2018)
The structural basis of ribosome activity in peptide bond synthesis.
With Poul Nissen, Jeffrey Hansen, Nenad Ban, Peter B. Moore. Steitz shared the 2009 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Venkatraman Ramakrishnan and Ada Yonath "for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome."
GMN 13953 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/16252
2000 KORNBERG, Roger David (1947 – )
Architecture of RNA polymerase II and implications for the transcription mechanism.
Kornberg devoted two decades to the development of methods to visualize the atomic structure of RNA polymerase and its associated protein components. Initially, Kornberg took advantage of expertise with lipid membrane…
GMN 13982 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/16285
2000 DAVIES, Douglas R.; GORYSHIN, Igor Y.; REZNIKOFF, William S.; ET AL
Three dimensional structure of the Tn5 synaptic complex transposition intermediate.
The authors provided a molecular framework for understanding transposition phenomena at the molecular level, including molecular images at 2.3Å resolution of the Tn5 transposase complexed to its respective Tn5 transpo…
GMN 14073 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/16384
2000 RUVKUN, Gary Bruce (1952 – ); PASQUINELLI, Amy E.; REINHART, Brenda J.; SLACK, Frank J.
Conservation of the sequence and temporal expression of let-7 heterochronic regulatory RNA.
Working with the let-7 gene, the authors led by Ruvkun showed that microRNA encoded by the let-7 gene was highly conserved, and present throughout the animal kingdom, proving that gene regulation by microRNA is univer…
GMN 14302 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/16627
2001 INTERNATIONAL HUMAN GENOME SEQUENCING CONSORTIUM
Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome.
Initial draft sequence of the human genome from the publically financed project, involving the coordinated efforts of 20 laboratories and hundreds of people around the world. The full text is available from Nature at …
GMN 6891 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/9055
2001 VENTER, John Craig (1946 – ); ET AL
The sequence of the human genome.
Initial draft sequence of the human genome by Venter and the staff at Celera Genomics. The full text is available from Science at this link.
GMN 6892 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/9056
2001 PAULING, Linus Carl (1901 – 1994); KAMB, Walter Barclay (1931 – 2011); KAMB, Linda Pauling; PAULING, Peter Jeffress (1931 – 2003); KAMB, Alexander; PAULING, Linus Jr. (1925 – )
Linus Pauling: Selected scientific papers. Vol. 1: Physical sciences. Vol. 2: Biomolecular sciences. Edited by Barclay Kamb, Linda Pauling Kamb, Peter Jeffress Pauling, Alexander Kamb, Linus Pauling, Jr.
GMN 12890 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/15137
2002 GARDNER, Malcolm J.; HALL, Neil; FUNG, Eula; ET AL
Genome sequence of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum.
Order of authorship in the original paper: Gardner, Hall, Fung.... Genome of the Plasmodium falciparum parasite carried by the mosquito that causes malaria in humans. (Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its i…
GMN 11336 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13534
2002 HOLT, Robert A.; SUBRAMANIAN, G. Mani; HALPERN, Aaron L.; ET AL
The genome sequence of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae.
Order of authorship in the original publication: Holt, Subramanian, Halpern.... Sequence of the genome of Anopheles gambiae, the mosquito that carries the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. (Thanks to Juan Weiss…
GMN 11337 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13535
2003 MARRA, Marco A. (1966 – ); JONES, Steven J. M.; ASTELL, Caroline R.
The genome sequence of the SARS-associated coronavirus.
Dated May 30, 2003 and published immediately after No. 10862 in the same issue of Science, this reported the work of Marco Marra and his team in Canada. Order of authorship in the published paper was Marra, Jones, Ast…
GMN 10863 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13059
2003 COLLINS, Francis Sellers (1950 – ); ERIKSSON, Maria; BROWN, William Ted; GORDON, Leslie Beth; ET AL
Recurrent de novo point mutations in lamin A cause Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome.
The authors showed that mutations in lamin A (LMNA) are the cause of Hutchinson-Gilford progeria sundrom (HGPS). At the end of their abstract they stated that "The discovery of the molecular basis of this disease may …
GMN 14217 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/16533
2003 BAKER, David (1962 – ); KUHLMAN, Brian A.; DANTAS, Gautam; IRETON, Gregory C.; VARANI, Gabriele; ET AL
Design of a novel globular protein fold with atomic-level accuracy.
Called, "the breakthrough in computational de novo protein design." This was the proof of concept paper that computers and AI could be used to predict protein structures accurately and much faster than with convention…
GMN 14300 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/16625
2004 SHREEVE, James
The genome war: How Craig Venter tried to capture the code of life and save the world.
GMN 7435 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/9607
2005 TAUBENBERGER, Jeffery K. (1961 – ); TUMPEY, Terence M.; BASLER, Christopher F.; AGUILAR, Patricia V.; ET AL
Characterization of the reconstructed 1918 Spanish Influenza Pandemic virus.
Order of authorship in the original publication: Tumpey, Basler, Aguilar... Taubenberger. Reconstruction of the genome of the 1918 Spanish Influenza virus from frozen tissue samples from a mass grave of victims of the…
GMN 11335 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13533
2005 BERRIMAN, Matthew; GHEDIN, Elodie (1967 – ); HERTZ-FOWLER, Christiane; ET AL
The genome of the African trypanosome Trypanosoma brucei.
Genome of the parasite that causes Sleeping Sickness. (Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)
GMN 11339 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13537
2005 MOJICA, Francisco Juan Martinez (1963 – ); DÍEZ-VILLASEÑOR, César; GARCÍA-MARTÍNEZ, Jesús
Intervening sequences of regularly spaced prokaryotic repeats derive from foreign genetic elements.
Order of authorship in the original publication: Mojica, Díez-Villaseñor, Jesus García-Martínez. In this paper Mojica and colleagues showed the the CRISPR system is a bacterial immune system against viral attack. This…
GMN 11842 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14046
2005 KARIKÓ, Katalin (1955 – ); WEISSMAN, Drew; BUCKSTEIN, Michael; NI, Houping
Suppression of RNA recognition by toll-like receptors: The impact of nucleoside modification and the evolutionary origin of RNA.
Karikó and Weissman discovered the nucleoside modifications that suppress the immungenicity of RNA, leading to their patents for the application of non-immunogenic, nucleoside-modified RNA (modRNA). This technology wa…
GMN 13622 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/15902
2006 PAULING, Linus Carl (1901 – 1994); PAULING, Ava Helen (1903 – 1981)
The Pauling catalogue. Ava Helen and Linus Pauling papers at Oregon State University. Edited by Christoffer Petersen and Cliff Mead. 6 vols.
Vol. 1. Timeline, correspondence, publications, manuscripts & typescripts of articles, speechs, and books. Vol. 2. Science, Research Notebooks. 1917 Linus Pauling Diary. Vol. 3. Peace, Ava Helen Pauling, travel, honor…
GMN 13094 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/15346
2007 VENTER, John Craig (1946 – )
A life decoded. My genome: My life.
GMN 7434 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/9606
2007 NENE, Vishvanath M.; WORTMAN, Jennifer Russo; LAWSON, Daniel; ET AL
Genome sequence of Aedes aegypti, a major arbovirus vector.
Order of authorship in the original publication: Nene, Wortman, Lawson.... Sequence of the genome of the mosquito that transmits Zika, Yellow fever, Dengue, Chikungunya, etc. (Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference a…
GMN 11338 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13536
2007 HORVATH, Philippe (1970 – ); BARRANGOU, Rodolphe; FREMAUX, Christophe; DEVEAU, Hélène
CRISPR provides acquired resistance against viruses in prokaryotes.
Horvath and his team provided key details of the extremely complex mechanisms involved in CRISPR's function as an immune system for bacteria against bacteriophages. Analogous to Pasteur's heroic role in saving the Fre…
GMN 11843 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14047
2007 VENTER, John Craig (1946 – ); LEVY, Samuel; SUTTON, Granger G. III; NG, Pauline G.; ET AL
The diploid genome sequence of an individual human.
The first genome sequence of a single human (Craig Venter), including analysis and comments on his genetic markers, and their possible medical and prognosticating implications. (Order of authorship in the original pub…
GMN 12965 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/15212
2008 LEY, Timothy J.; MARDIS, Elaine R. (1962 – ); WILSON, Richard K. (1959 – )
DNA sequencing of a cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukaemia genome.
Ley and collaborators decoded all the genes of a person with cancer (acute myeloid leukemia (AML)) and found a set of mutations that might have caused the disease or aided its progression.
GMN 13058 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/15310
2010 PÄÄBO, Svante (1955 – ); KRAUSE, Johannes (1980 – )
The complete mitochondrial DNA genome of an unknown hominin from southern Siberia.
Svante Pääbo and collaborators reconstructed the genome of the Denisova hominins and announced that they were a new species, that they interbred with our species, and that the DNA results suggest that they had dark ha…
GMN 7290 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/9460
2011 RASMUSSEN, Søren G. F.; DEVREE, Brian T.; KOBILKA, Brian Kent (1955 – ); ET AL
Crystal structure of the β2 adrenergic receptor–Gs protein complex.
Kobilka and colleagues published the crystal structure of a beta-2 receptor forming a complex with the G protein coupled receptor. This was the first time that a complete complex of an active receptor and it's Gs prot…
GMN 14134 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/16445
2011 RASMUSSEN, Søren G. F.; KOBILKA, Brian Kent (1955 – ); CHUNG, Ka Young; ET AL
Conformational changes in the G protein Gs induced by the β2 adrenergic receptor.
Using X ray crystallographic techniques and electron microscopy, Kobilka (Nobel Prize 2012) and colleagues described the very complex nucleotide exchange and interactions at the molecular level of the alpha subunit of…
GMN 14135 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/16446
2012 GARCÍA-SANCHO, Miguel
Biology, computing and the history of molecular sequencing: From proteins to DNA, 1945-2000.
GMN 9196 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/11377
