1734 ATKINS, John (1685 – 1757)

The navy-surgeon, or a practical system of surgery.

Atkins was an English naval surgeon. His book includes some useful case reports and contains the first English description of African trypanosomiasis.

GMN 2148 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2737

1840 CLARKE, Robert B.

Observations on the disease lethargus: with cases and pathology.

Clarke left a detailed account of African trypanosomiasis; he saw cases of the disease while serving as a colonial surgeon at Sierra Leone, and named it “narcoleptic dropsy”.

GMN 5267 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/8562

1841 VALENTIN, Gabriel Gustav (1810 – 1883)

Ueber ein Entozoon im Blute von Salmo fario.

Valentin was the first to discover a trypanosome; this was in a salmon. English translation in Kean (No. 2268.1).

GMN 5267.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/8563

1843 GRUBY, David (1810 – 1898)

Recherches et observations sur une nouvelle espèce d’hématozoaire, Trypanosoma sanguinis.

Gruby discovered trypanosomes in the frog. He first suggested the name “trypanosome” to describe the parasite.

GMN 5268 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/8569

1878 LEWIS, Timothy Richards (1841 – 1886)

The microscopic organisms found in the blood of man and animals, and their relation to disease.

First description of a trypanosome (T. lewisi) in a mammal. Seoarate edition in book form with the same title: Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, 1879.

GMN 5270.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/8574

1881 EVANS, Griffith (1835 – 1935)

On a horse disease in India known as “surra”, probably due to a haematozoon.

While serving in India as a veterinary surgeon, Evans discovered parasites in the blood of horses suffering from surra; this was the first pathogenic trypanosome to be described.

GMN 5271 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/8576

1891 NEPVEU, Gustav (1841 – 1903)

Étude sur les parasites du sang chez les paludiques.

Nepveu, whilst in Algeria, was the first to see trypanosomes in human blood.

GMN 5272 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/8578

1902 FORDE, Robert Michael (1861 – 1948)

Some clinical notes on a European patient in whose blood a trypanosoma was observed.

In 1901 Forde saw (but did not at first recognize as such) trypanosomes in the blood of a patient in Gambia. (See No. 5275.)

GMN 5274 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/8581

1908 PLIMMER, Henry George (1856 – 1918); THOMSON, John D.

Further results of the experimental treatment of trypanosomiasis in rats.

Trial of antimony in the treatment of trypanosomiasis.

GMN 5282 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6343

1909 CHAGAS, Carlos Justiniano Ribiero (1879 – 1934)

Nova tripanozomiaze humana. Estudos sobre a morfolojia e o ciclo evolutivo do Schizotrypanum cruzi n.gen., n.sp., ajente etiolojico de nova entidade morbida do homen.

Chagas discovered T. cruzi, causal organism in American trypanosomiasis (“Chagas’s disease”). Partial English translation in Kean (No. 2268.1).

GMN 5283 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6345

1910 EHRLICH, Paul (1854 – 1915); HATA, Sahachiro (1873 – 1938)

Die experimentelle Chemotherapie der Spirillosen (Syphilis, Rückfallfieber, Hühnerspirillose, Frambösie).

After many experiments on the action of synthetic drugs upon spirochetal diseases, Ehrlich and Hata in 1909 discovered Arsphenamine (Salvarsan, "the arsenic that saves", also known as “606”), an effective treatment fo…

GMN 2403 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/3366

1911 VIANNA, Gaspar Oliviera (1885 – 1914)

Contribuiçao para o estudo da anatomia patolojica da “molestia de Carlos Chagas”.

Demonstration of the mode of reproduction of T. cruzi. Text in Portuguese and German. See also the paper by Chagas in pp. 219-75 of the same journal.

GMN 5285.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6354

1912 KINGHORN, Allan (1880 – 1955); YORKE, Warrington (1883 – 1943)

On the transmission of human trypanosomes by Glossina morsitans, Westw.; and on the occurrence of human trypanosomes in game.

Glossina morsitans shown to be the transmitting fly of T. rhodesiense.

GMN 5285.2 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6357

1912 BRUMPT, Alexandre Joseph Émile (1877 – 1951)

Le trypanosoma cruzi évolue chez Conorhinus megistus, Cimex lectularius, Cimex Boueti et Ornithodorus moubata. Cycle évolutif de ce parasite.

Life cycle of T. cruzi described. English translation in Kean (No. 2268.1).

GMN 5285.3 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6359

1920 HAENDEL, Ludwig (1869 – 1939); JOETTEN, Karl Wilhelm (1886 – 1958)

Ueber chemotherapeutische Versuche mit “205 Bayer”, einen neuen trypanoziden Mittel von besonderer Wirkung.

Introduction of “Bayer 205” (germanin, suramin, naphuride).

GMN 5286 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6361

1921 PEARCE, Louise (1886 – 1959)

Studies on the treatment of human trypanosomiasis with tryparsamide (the sodium salt of N-phenylglycineamide-p-arsonic acid).

Introduction of tryparsamide in the treatment of trypanosomiasis.

GMN 5287 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6364

1923 FOURNEAU, Ernest (1872 – 1949)

Chimiothérapie des trypanosomiasis.

Introduction of moranyl (“Foumeau 309”).

GMN 5288 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6368

1926 LOEVENHART, Arthur Salomon (1878 – 1929); STRATMAN-THOMAS, Warren Kidwell (1894 – 1946)

On the chemotherapy of neurosyphilis and trypanosomiasis.

Study of the effect of twelve different substances in neurosyphilis and trypanosomiasis.

GMN 1915 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/2682

1926 LEVADITI, Constantin (1874 – 1953)

Essai de prophylaxie des trypanosomiases par des dérivés phénylarsiniques administré

First attempt to induce prophylaxis by chemical means in trypanosomiasis. With S. Nicolau and I. Galloway.

GMN 5289 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6371

1964 KEAN, Benjamin Harrison (1912 – 1993); BRESLAU, Roger C.

Parasites of the human heart.

GMN 11672 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13873

1970 MILES, M. A.

Chagas’s disease (South American trypanosomiasis). A bibliography compiled from Sleeping Sickness Bureau Bulletin 1908-1912, and Tropical Diseases Bulletin, 1912-1970.

Supplement to Trop. Dis. Bull., vol. 67.

GMN 5289.3 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6379

1971 FORD, John (1910 – )

The role of the trypanosomiases in African ecology: A study of the Tsetse fly problem.

GMN 10678 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/12871

1972 OLIVIER, Margaret C.

A bibliography on Chagas’s disease (1909-1969)

Index-Catalogue of Medical and Veterinary Zoology, Special Publication No. 2.

GMN 5289.4 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6400

1996 BADO, Jean-Paul

Médecine coloniale et grandes endémies en Afrique 1900-1960. Lèpre, trypanosomiase humaine et onchocercose.

GMN 7922 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/10095

2014 THE INTERNATIONAL GLOSSINA GENOME INITIATIVE

Genome sequence of the Tsetse Fly (Glossina morsitans): Vector of African Tyrpanosomiasis.

The Internation Glossina Genome Initiative consisted of 179 collaborators. (Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

GMN 11340 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13538