1915 GORGAS, William Crawford (1854 – 1920)
Sanitation in Panama.
"Gorgas capitalized on the momentous work of ... Walter Reed, who had himself built much of his work on insights of a Cuban doctor, Carlos Finlay, to prove the mosquito transmission of yellow fever. He won internation…
GMN 9259 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/11441
1916 CLELAND, Sir John Burton (1878 – 1971); ET AL
On the transmission of Australian dengue by the mosquito Stegomyia fasciata.
These workers proved that Aëdes aegypti (Stegomyia fasciata) is capable of transmitting dengue fever. See also J. Hyg. (Camb.), 1918, 16, 317-418. With C. H. Bradley and W. McDonald.
GMN 5474 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7616
1918 –1919 WAGNER VON JAUREGG, Julius (1857 – 1940)
Ueber die Einwirkung der Malaria auf die progressive Paralyse.
In 1917 Wagner von Jauregg returned to the idea of the inoculation of paretics with malaria to induce pyrexia, first proposed by him in 1887 (Ueber die Einwirkung fieberhafter Erkrankungen auf Psychosen, Jb. Psychiat.…
GMN 4806 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/1579
1922 STEPHENS, John William Watson (1865 – 1946)
A new malaria parasite of man.
Plasmodium ovale described.
GMN 5255.2 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7916
1923 JONES, William Henry Samuel (1876 – 1963); HIPPOCRATES, [Ἱπποκράτης; Hippocrates of Kos] (-460 – -370)
Epidemics I and III. In [Works] with English translation by W.H.S. Jones, 1, 139-287
Hippocrates may be regarded as the first malariologist; he clearly and fully described the intermittent fevers; he was acquainted with seasonal and topographical variations in the distribution of malaria; and he recog…
GMN 5228 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7854
1926 –1927 ROEHL, Wilhelm ( – 1929)
Die Wirkung des Plasmochins auf die Vogelmalaria.
Introduction of plasmoquine (pamaquin) in the treatment of malaria.
GMN 5256 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7917
1928 KANEKO, Renjiro (1886 – ); AOKI, Y
Ueber die Encephalitis epidemica in Japan.
Japanese encephalitis distinguished from encephalitis lethargica.
GMN 4654 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/760
1928 HINDLE, Edward (1886 – 1973)
A yellow fever vaccine.
First vaccine for immunization against yellow fever. Hindle devised a method for the transportation of frozen infected material from West Africa to London, making it possible to carry on experimental work in Britain.
GMN 5461 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7571
1928 STOKES, Adrian (1887 – 1927); ET AL
Experimental transmission of yellow-fever to laboratory animals.
Experimental infection of the monkey, Macacus rhesus, with the yellow fever virus. Stokes succumbed to yellow fever while investigating the disease. With J. H. Bauer and N. P. Hudson.
GMN 5462 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7575
1928 SINTON, Brigadier John Alexander (1884 – 1956); BIRD, William
Studies in malaria, with special references to treatment. Part IX. Plasmoquine in the treatment of malaria.
Clinical trials of pamaquin.
GMN 5256.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7918
1930 THEILER, Max (1899 – 1972)
Studies on the action of yellow fever virus in mice.
The intracerebral protection test in mice, a test for the diagnosis of yellow fever and for the determination of its past existence in a community, was made possible by Theiler’s discovery that white mice are suscepti…
GMN 5463 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7579
1931 DAUBNEY, Robert (1891 – ); HUDSON, John Richard
Enzootic hepatitis or Rift Valley fever. An undescribed virus disease of sheep, cattle and man from East Africa.
First description.
GMN 5541 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6730
1931 SAWYER, Wilbur Augustus (1879 – 1951); LLOYD, Wray Devere Marr (1902 – 1936)
The use of mice in tests of immunity against yellow fever.
Intraperitoneal protection test.
GMN 5464 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7584
1931 SIMMONS, James Stevens (1890 – 1954); ET AL
Experimental studies of dengue.
Proof that Aëdes albopictus is a vector of dengue. See also the earlier paper in the same journal, 1930, 41, 215-29. With J. H. St. John and F. H. K. Reynolds.
GMN 5475 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7620
1931 CARTER, Henry Rose (1852 – 1925)
Yellow fever: an epidemiological and historical study of its place of origin. Edited by Laura Armistead Carter and Wade Hampton Frost.
Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.
GMN 5468 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/8625
1932 SAWYER, Wilbur Augustus (1879 – 1951); LLOYD, Wray Devere Marr (1902 – 1936)
Vaccination against yellow fever with immune serum and virus fixed for mice.
These workers devised an immune serum for prophylactic inoculation against yellow fever. With S. F. Kitchen and W. D. M. Lloyd.
GMN 5465 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7586
1932 THEILER, Max (1899 – 1972); HAAGEN, Eugen (1898 – 1972)
Untersuchungen über das Verhalten des Gelbfiebervirus in der Gewebekultur. Mit besonderer Berücksichtigung seiner Kultivierbarkeit.
Yellow fever virus grown in tissue culture.
GMN 5465.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7591
1932 KIKUTH, Walter (1896 – 1968)
Zur Weiterentwicklung synthetisch dargestellter Malariamittel. I. Ueber die chemotherapeutische Wirkung des Atebrin.
Introduction of atebrin (mepacrine, quinacrine).
GMN 5257 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7919
1932 KNOWLES, Robert (1883 – 1936); DAS GUPTA, Biraj Mohan (Dasgupta) (1889 – 1945)
A study of monkey-malaria, and its experimental transmission to man.
Das Gupta and his supervisor Robert Knowles first described Plasmodium knowlesi as a distinct species, and as a potential cause of human malaria in 1932 when they described the morphology of the parasite in macaque bl…
GMN 12586 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/14825
1933 THEILER, Max (1899 – 1972)
A yellow fever protection test in mice by intracerebral injection.
Intracerebral protection test.
GMN 5466 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7594
1933 STANNUS, Hugh Stannus (1877 – 1957)
A sixth venereal disease. Climatic bubo, lymphogranuloma inguinale, esthioméne, chronic ulcer and elephantiasis of the genito-ano-rectal region, inflammatory stricture of the rectum.
In this exhaustive review of the literature, Stannus considered all the conditions he discussed to be different manifestations of infection by the same organisms – the agent causing lymphogranuloma venereum. Includes …
GMN 5221 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7838
1933 CELLI, Angelo (1857 – 1914)
The history of malaria in the Roman Campagna from ancient times. Edited and enlarged by Anna Celli-Fraentzel.
Reprinted New York, 1977.
GMN 5264 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/8556
1934 HAYASHI, Michitomo
Übertragung des Virus von Encephalitis epidemica auf Affen.
Experimental transmission of Japanese B encephalitis.
GMN 4657 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/767
1936 TANIGUCHI, Tenji (1889 – 1961); ET AL
A virus isolated in 1935 epidemic of summer encephalitis in Japan.
T. Taniguchi, M. Hosokawa, and S. Kuga established a virus etiology for Japanese B encephalitis.
GMN 4659 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/774
1937 THEILER, Max (1899 – 1972); SMITH, Hugh Hollingsworth (1902 – 1995)
The use of yellow fever virus modified by in vitro cultivation for human immunization.
Immunization without the use of immune serum. In 1951 Theiler was awared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for his discovery of an effective vaccine against yellow fever." This was the first Nobel Prize award…
GMN 5467 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7597
1937 STEPHENS, John William Watson (1865 – 1946)
Blackwater fever, a historical survey and summary of observations made over a century.
GMN 5264.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/8557
1938 SHANNON, Raymond Corbett (1894 – 1945); ET AL
Yellow fever virus in jungle mosquitoes.
Haemagogus sp. shown to be vectors of yellow fever. With L. Whitman and M. Frania.
GMN 5467.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7600
1938 JAMES, Sydney Price (1870 – 1946); TAIT, P
Exo-erythrocytic schizogony in Plasmodium gallinaceum Brumpt, 1935.
The term “exo-erythrocytic stage” introduced to describe the unpigmented schizonts found in tissue cells. The parasite Plasmodium gallincaceum described by Alexandre Joseph Emile Brumpt causes malaria in poultry.
GMN 5258 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/8541
1940 MUDROW, Lilly (1908 – 1957)
Klinische und parasitologische Befunde und chemotherapeutische Ergebnisse bei der Hühnermalaria.
Discovery of the developmental forms of P. gallinaceum in the incubation period.
GMN 5259 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/8542
1940 SHORTT, Henry Edward (1887 – 1987); ET AL
The form of Plasmodium, gallinaceum present in the incubation period of the infection.
Independently of Mudrow, H. E. Shortt, K. P. Menon, and P. V. Seetharama Iyer found pre-erythrocytic forms of P. gallinaceum in the tissues.
GMN 5259.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/8543
1940 SMITHBURN, K. C.; HUGHES, T. P.; BURKE, A. W.; ET AL
A neurotropic virus isolated from the blood of a native in Uganda.
Order of authorship in the original paper: Smithburn, Hughes, Burke. In 1937 the authors isolated a virus from the blood of an adult female with fever from the Omogo West Nile district of Uganda, and named it West Nil…
GMN 10951 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13147
1943 SMADEL, Joseph Edwin (1907 – 1963); PHILIP, C. B.
Transmission of West Nile virus by infected Aedes albopictus.
The authors demonstrated that the Aedes albopictus mosquito is the vector of West Nile virus. (Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)
GMN 10952 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13148
1944 HUFF, Clay G. (1900 – ); COULSTON, Frederick (1914 – 2003)
The development of Plasmodium gallinaceum from sporozoite to erythrocytic trophozoite.
First detailed account of the full cycle of development of the avian malaria parasite P. gallinaceum.
GMN 5259.2 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/8544
1945 SABIN, Albert Bruce (1906 – 1993); SCHLESINGER, Robert Walter (1913 – 2003)
Production of immunity to dengue with virus modified by propagation in mice.
Successful propagation of dengue in mice and production of a vaccine.
GMN 5475.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/7622
1945 CURD, Francis Henry Swinton (1909 – 1948); ET AL
Studies on synthetic antimalarial drugs.
F. H. S. Curd, D. G. Davey, and F. L. Rose synthesized proguanil (“paludrine”) and first tested it in avian malaria.
GMN 5260 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/8545
1945 ADAMS, Alfred Robert Davies (1901 – 1992)
Studies on synthetic antimalarial drugs. XIII. Results of a preliminary investigation of the therapeutic action of 4888 (paludrine) on acute attacks of benign tertian malaria.
First use of proguanil in human malaria. With B. G. Maegraith, J. D. King, R. H. Townsend, T. H. Davey, and R. E. Havard.
GMN 5261 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/8546
1946 MOST, Harry (1907 – 1994); LONDON, Irving M. (1918 – 2018); LAVIETES, Paul Harold (1907 – 1990)
Chloroquine for treatment of acute attacks of vivax malaria.
Harry Most led the development of chloroquine for use in treating American troops suffering from malaria. At the beginning of the American involvement in the war there were more American casualties from malaria than f…
GMN 5261.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/8547
1948 ALVING, Alf Sven (1902 – 1965)
Pentaquine (Sn-13,276), a therapeutic agent effective in reducing the relapse rate in vivax malaria.
Clinical trials of pentaquine. With B. Craige, R. Jones, C. M. Whorton, T. N. Pullman, and L. Eichelberger.
GMN 5261.2 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/8548
1948 SHORTT, Henry Edward (1887 – 1987); ET AL
The pre-erythrocytic stage of mammalian malaria.
Demonstration of the pre-erythrocytic stage of P. cynomolgi in the monkey. With P. C. C. Garnham and B. Malamos. Preliminary communication in Nature (Lond.), 1948, 161, 126.
GMN 5262 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/8549
1948 SHORTT, Henry Edward (1887 – 1987)
The pre-erythrocytic stage of human malaria Plasmodium vivax.
With P. C. C. Garnham, G. Covell, and P. G. Shute.
GMN 5262.1 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/8550
1949 SHORTT, Henry Edward (1887 – 1987)
The pre-erythrocytic stage of Plasmodium falciparum. A preliminary note.
With N. H. Fairley, G. Covell, P. G. Shute, and P. C. C. Garnham. See also Trans. roy. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg., 1951, 44, 405-19.
GMN 5262.2 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/8551
1949 POWELL, John Harvey (1914 – 1971)
Bring out your dead: The great plague of yellow fever in Philadelphia in 1793.
Reprinted with a new introduction by Kenneth R. Foster, Mary F. Jenkins, and Anna Coxe Toogood (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993).
GMN 9384 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/11567
1950 EDGCOMB, John Harold (1924 – 2007); ET AL
Primaquine, S.N. 13,272, a new curative agent in vivax malaria: a preliminary report.
Introduction of primaquine.
GMN 5262.3 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/8552
1950 JARAMILLO-ARANGO, Jaime (1897 – 1962)
The conquest of malaria.
GMN 5264.2 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/8558
1951 FALCO, E. A.
2:4-Diaminopyrimidines – a new series of antimalarials.
Preparation and laboratory tests of pyrimethamine. With L. G. Goodwin, G. H. Hutchings, I. M. Rollo, and P. B. Russell.
GMN 5262.4 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/8553
1951 ROLLO, Ian McIntosh (1926 – 2015)
A 2:4-diamino pyrimidine in the treatment of proguanil-resistant laboratory malarial strains.
Pyrimethamine (daraprim).
GMN 5262.5 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/8554
1952 DICK, George Williamson Auchinvole (1914 – 1997); KITCHEN, S. F.; HADDOW, Alexander John (1912 – 1978)
Zika virus (I). Isolations and serological specificity.
First description of Zika virus, an arbovirus native to Africa. The authors named the virus after the Zika forest in Uganda, where they were searching for Yellow Fever. Instead they isolated a new virus in samples tak…
GMN 7864 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/10036
1952 DICK, George Williamson Auchinvole (1914 – 1997)
Zika virus. (II). Pathogenicity and physical properties.
Dick's second paper on the Zika virus, immediately following his first paper in the same volume of the same journal (see no. 7864). First statement that the Aedes aegypti mosquito is the vector of transmission of the …
GMN 10939 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13135
1952 SMITHBURN, K. C.
Neutralizing antibodies against certain recently isolated viruses in the sera of human beings residing in East Africa.
First report of human illness caused by Zika virus, detected in Uganda and Tanzania. 38 patients had neutralizing antibodies to Zika virus in their blood serum, proving that they had been infected by the virus. (Thank…
GMN 10940 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/13136
1954 –1960 IYENGAR, Mandayam Osuri Tirunarayana (1895 – 1963)
Annotated bibliography of filariasis and elephantiasis. 5 parts.
South Pacific Commission Technical Papers, Nos. 65, 88, 109 (and Supplement), 124, and 160.
GMN 5352.3 · https://historyofmedicine.com/id/6921
![HIPPOCRATES, [Ἱπποκράτης; Hippocrates of Kos] (-460 – -370)](/media/portraits/50)
